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Earthquake Response Analysis of Sites using DEEPSOIL

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7th Indian Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference – 7IYGEC 2019

15-16 March 2019, NIT Silchar, Assam, India SILCHAR CHAPTER

Earthquake Response Analysis of Sites using DEEPSOIL

D. Nishanth Kiran1& M MadhuSudhan Reddy2, Mohammad Muzzaffar Khan3
1
M.tech Student, 3Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal – 506004, India
2
Research scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, KL University, Guntur-522502, India
G. Kalyan Kumar4
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal – 506004,India
(kalyan@nitw.ac.in)

ABSTRACT: Earthquakes are one of the natural disasters that cause a huge amount of loss in terms of econ-
omy and human life. The local site conditions such as the topographic condition and soil profile plays an
important role in amplifying earthquake waves thereby causing severe damage at particular site compared
to other site. To achieve safety against natural disasters like Earthquake, it is necessary to construct the
building considering geotechnical problems like site effects. The site effects usually amplify the seismic
waves which can be assessed by ground response analysis studies. In the present study, 1D earthquake re-
sponse analysis has been carried out in different sites of Andhra Pradesh capital seed area of 16.5 km 2 in
Amaravathi city in Guntur district. To evaluate site effects, borehole data upto a depth of 15 m has been
collected. The Earthquake time histories were used as input motion. The site amplification at surface has
been assessed by using the equivalent linear approach in DEEPSOIL software. In addition to that, Re-
sponse spectra and variations of strain (%) time histories, PGA, maximum strain (%) with depth were as-
sessed. These results are used for dynamic analysis and design of earthquake resistant structures. In this
study, it is observed that waves are amplified at high level and it results in high peak ground acceleration
when compared to bedrock level acceleration

Keywords: Ground Response Analysis, Earthquake, Dynamic Analysis, PGA, Amplification, Guntur .

.1 INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are one of the devastating hazards in the world. Latur earthquake on 30th September 1993
(M 6.3), Jabalpur earthquake on 22nd May 1997(M 6.0), Koyna Earthquake on 11 Dec 1967 (M 6.5) and
Bhuj earthquake on 26th January 2001(M 7.9) are some of the recent earthquakes occurred in peninsular
India. This recent seismicity has revealed that the Indian peninsular shield is no longer considered to be a
„stable land‟ or seismically inactive region. Earthquake causes huge damage to the regions by ground
shaking, landslides, tsunamis etc., Therefore there is a need for amplification studies to analyse the
amount of destruction caused due to earthquake. Seismic waves are the reasons for major destructions
during earthquake. These waves travels several kilometers in rock and few meters in soil. Therefore, soil
plays a key role in determining the ground response analysis and its characteristics. It is evident from past
earthquakes that response of soil is different at different locations to ground motions imposed by
earthquake loading. Therefore, there is a need to model the soil to characterise and analyse the cyclic
behavior of soil by these studies. Ground response analysis are generally analysed by 1D response
assuming that seismic waves travel in vertical directions through soil layers. 1D response modelling can
be analysed by linear, equivalent linear, and non-linear approach. Equivalent linear approach is mostly
used and it is approximation of non-linear behavior of soil. This analysis is carried out in SHAKE,
DEEPSOIL computer software which are popularly used. In equivalent linear approach, initial estimates
of shear modulus and shear strain is estimated. These estimates are used to compute the peak strain and
from this peak strain, effective strain is computed which will be used to find the new shear modulus and
damping ratio from standard curves given by seed and Idriss (1970) and Vucetic and Dobry et al.,(1991).
These process is repeated until the values difference comes narrow and these parameters are taken as
equivalent shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio to perform dynamic analyses. These parameters
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Earthquake Response Anlaysis of Sites using DEEPSOIL

are used in evaluating the local site effects which plays a key role in our study. The results obtained can
be used to construct earthquake resistant buildings and liquefaction analysis and various dynamic
analysis.

2 STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION

The study area under scope is a location having an area of 16.5 km2 in the villages of Lingayapalem,
Udandarayapalem, Thalayapalem in Thullurmandal of Guntur district and map view of area is shown in
figure 1 representing the locations of boreholes. It is located between 80°33'3.19"E, 16°31'15.03"N and
80°29'2.31"E, 16°32'37.37"N. It is the third most populous district in Andhra Pradesh. River Krishna also
partly flowing in the district and there are other small rivers and channels flowing in the district. There are
hills in surrounding areas and can be found forest reserves in the North East region. Guntur will comes in
zone 3 according to IS 1893 part-I (2016) makes moderate earthquake having magnitude from 4.9 Mw to
6 Mw. For detailed estimation of local site effects, geotechnical data is collected from SPT test conducted
at study area upto a depth of 15m and detailed soil strata is shown in figure 2. In this study, first 3 bore-
holes were considered in each grid (A, B, C as shown in figure 1) for analysis of local site effects.
.

Figure1: Map view of study area with borehole locations.

Figure 2: Detailed Soil strata at boreholes.

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Earthquake Response Anlaysis of Sites using DEEPSOIL

3 GEOTECHNICAL DETAILS

In the study area, SPT test was performed at different locations as shown in figure 1. Bedrock was ob-
served at 15m depth in few locations and extended to 30m others.Site was characterised with different
soils like silty clay (residual soils), silty sand, sand (alluvial soils) and stiff clay were mostly found in
eastern side and with addition to this soil, pebbles, yellowish soft disintegrated rock can be found in the
western side of the area.Undisturbed, disturbed samples were collected from test site and analysed in
laboratory. SPT–N values for every strata of entire soil depth were given in figure 3. Ground water table
influences the site effects which should be considered. Water table levels are shallow, having depth upto
3-4m at all the boreholes. It infers that their location is at the upstream side of the river.

Figure 3: SPT –N values along depth

4 INPUT MOTIONS

Input motions are selected based upon regional seismicity, PGA values. The study area comes under
zone 3 having a maximum PGA value of 0.16g [IS-1893 part 1 (2016)]. Chamoli earthquake (Mb = 5.4
and PGA = 0.11g) of 29th March 1999 is selected as the input ground motion to analyse soil effects and is
applied at hard stratum shown in figure 4.

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Figure 4: “Chamoli” Earthquake input motion

5 RESULTS

5.1 SURFACE ACCELERATION TIME HISTORIES

The surface acceleration time history obtained at these boreholes in response to Chamoli earthquake
motion shown in figure 5 (a to c). The peak ground acceleration (PGA) observed as 0.2g, 0.18g and
0.17g at A1, A2, A3 boreholes. PGA at B1, B2, B3 boreholes are 0.23g, 0.22g and 0.21g. Similarly, at
C1, C2, C3 boreholes was 0.18g, 0.2g, 0.21g. PGA values are quite high at B and C to values at A, it is
due to the presence of clayey layers at these boreholes. The Amplification is higher at all boreholes,
due to availability of hard stratum at shallower depth (nearly 15 m) at all borehole locations.
A1 – BH B1- BH

b
a
C3- BH

c
Figure 5: a ,b ,c Surface acceleration time histories at boreholes A1, B1 and C3.

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Earthquake Response Anlaysis of Sites using DEEPSOIL

5.2 RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Response spectrum can be interpreted as the locus of maximum response of a Single Degree Freedom
system for given damping ratio. The response spectrum at 5% damping at ground surface for these bore-
holes were shown in figure 6. The IS1893- part I (2016) spectrum for medium soils and zone III is shown
for comparison. It is found that the IS spectrum is unconservative in low period range for all grids (A, B,
C). It is analyzed that seismic design is required for lower period soils. This generally affect the structures
of low to medium rise buildings, where fundamental period of the buildings are typically on the lower
side. In addition, PGA alone cannot be used as a benchmark for seimic design requirement, as the soil
factor also plays a very important role in amplifying the motion beyond the limit specified.

g h

i
Figure 6 : g, h, i Response Spectra at different grids (A, B and C)

6 CONCLUSIONS

This analysis is used to found the effect of local site effects at Guntur by using 1-D Equivalent Linear
Approach using DEEPSOIL software. The acceleration time histories of Chamoli earthquake has been
used as Input motion.
1. The peak ground acceleration for same earthquake motion is different at different boreholes. The high-
er amplification were found (greater than 0.2) which shows the effect of local site effects on the seismic
waves. These amplification is due to deposition of residual soils like silty clay at larger amount. These
PGA values will be used for designing under drain pipes, underground structures.
2. Response spectrum for 5% damping have been obtained for different borehole locations. The variation
of response spectrum in terms of spectral acceleration and time period are noted. It can be used as design
guideline for different type of structures at these locations.
3.From the analysis, it is found that IS 1893 part (2016) codal spectrum for zone III is found to be uncon-
servative at all boreholes.

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4. It is found essential to consider local site effects in seismic design at all these locations.

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