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Key Problem Key Problem Key Problem

Excessive Fluid Impaired Gas Ineffective Breathing

Volume Exchange Pattern

Key Problem
Key Problem Reason for Needing Health Care
Imbalanced nutrition
Decreased Cardiac ST- segment elevation myocardial
Tissue Perfusion infarction (STEMI)

Key Problem Key Problem Key Problem

Decreased Cardiac Ineffective peripheral Impaired verbal

Output Tissue Perfusion communication

P. Schuster, Concept Mapping: A Critical Thinking Approach, Davis, 2002.

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Data don’t
know where
to put in
boxes:

#7 Key Problem/ND #2 Key Problems/ND #1 Key Problem/ND

Excessive fluid volume Impaired Gas Exchange Ineffective Breathing
Supporting data: Pattern
Dyspnea Supporting data: Supporting data:
Generalized 1+ non pitting Intubated Intubated
edema AC vent setting (rate 18) AC vent setting (rate 18)
FIO2 40 ABG’s pH 7.31, pCO2 46.6,
ABG’s pH 7.31, pCO2 46.6, HCO3 16
HCO3 16 Uncompensated respiratory
Uncompensated respiratory acidosis
acidosis dizziness/syncope/dyspnea
prior to admission

#3 Key Problem/ND:
Key Problem/ND
Decreased Cardiac Tissue #8
Imbalanced nutrition:
perfusion
Less than body
Reason For Needing Health Care requirements
Supporting data:
(Medical Dx/ Surgery) Supporting data:
EKG showing ST elevation
ST- segment elevation myocardial NPO diet
elevated troponin (9.470)
infarction (STEMI) Hx of diabetes (glucose 206)
blockage of proximal left
70 yo male, Full code Albumin 2.6L
circumflex artery
Hypoactive bowel sounds
chest pain
Key assessment- respiratory & cardiac

Allergies- penicillin’s (rash)

#4 Key Problem/ND #5 Key Problem/ND #6 Key Problem/ND

Decreased Cardiac Output Ineffective peripheral tissue Impaired Verbal
perfusion communication
Supporting data:
Hx of hypertension Supporting data: Supporting data:
Stent placement Blockage of proximal left Intubated
Troponin 9.470 High circumflex artery Propofol IV (sedation)
Aspirin NG Uncompensated respiratory Lorazepam IV (sedation)
Plavix NG acidosis
ABG’s pH 7.31, pCO2 46.6,
HCO3 16
AC Vent setting

Problem #1: Ineffective Breathing Pattern

General Goal: Maintain rate of 18 on A/C/ tachypnea free

P. Schuster, Concept Mapping: A Critical Thinking Approach, Davis, 2002.

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Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… have a breathing rate that matches A/C
of 18

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. Auscultation of breath sounds 1. Lung sounds clear
2. Ensure proper positioning of 2. Tube secure, 22cm at lip,
tube midline
3. Monitor Respiration rate 3. Respirations 18 AC
4. Insure proper positioning of 4. Patient supine, HOB 30
patient in bed degrees
5. Keep ETT free of secretions 5. ETT free of secretions
6. Monitor skin color 6. Skin pink, warm, dry
7. Monitor oxygen saturation 7. Oxygen 98%

Evaluation of outcome objectives: outcome met for shift, breathing rate remained 18 on AC

Problem #2: Impaired Gas Exchange

General Goal: Increased Gas Exchange
Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… have ABG’s within normal
limits/maintain oxygen saturations at normal levels

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. assess respiratory rate 1. Respiratory rate 18 on AC

2. auscultate lungs for adventitious
sounds 2. Lungs clear and equal bilaterally
3. Monitor oxygen saturation 3. Oxygen 98%
4. Monitor ABG’s 4. ABG’s WNL during shift
5. Elevate head of bed to 30 degrees 5. HOB at 30 degrees
6. assess skin for cyanosis/pallor 6. Skin warm, dry, pink

Evaluation of outcome objectives: outcome met for shift, ABG’s WNL, oxygen saturations at normal
levels

P. Schuster, Concept Mapping: A Critical Thinking Approach, Davis, 2002.

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Problem #3: Decreased Cardiac tissue perfusion

General Goal: Have absence of arrhythmias
Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… maintain vitals within normal range

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. Check bilateral pulses for

Quality and regularity 1. Pulses regular/equal in all extrems
2. monitor EKG for irregularities 2. EKG NSR
3. monitor pulse oximetry 3. Oxygen 98%
4. assess for murmurs 4. No murmurs present
5. administer cardiac meds as ordered 5. Cardiac meds administered
6. have emergency/defib equipment 6. Crash cart ready
readily available 7. Troponin levels elevated
7.monitor troponin

Evaluation of outcome objectives:all vitals WNL, troponin levels were continued to be monitored

Problem #4: Decreased Cardiac Output

General Goal: Maintain Adequate Cardiac Output

Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… maintain normal vital signs and have
improved troponin level

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. monitor EKG 1.EKG NSR

2. Monitor Tropine 2. Troponin levels elevated (9.470)
3. assess VS 3. VS WNL
4. Auscultate heart sounds 4. S1&S2 present, absent of murmurs
5. monitor HR/rhythm 5. HR WNL/regular
6. Measure Cardiac output 6. Adequate cardiac output
7. Maintain Iv access 7. IV’s Patent

Evaluation of outcome objectives: vitals WNL, troponin levels elevated

P. Schuster, Concept Mapping: A Critical Thinking Approach, Davis, 2002.

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Problem #5: Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion

General Goal: Maintain adequate tissue perfusion

Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… have warm and dry skin, balanced I&O,
absence of edema

on the day of care.

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. Inspect for cyanosis 1. Skin pink, warm, dry

2. Monitor respirations 2. Respirations 18 on vent AC
3. monitor I&O 3. Input matched output
4. Assess GI function 4. Bowel sounds hypoactive
5. Monitor electrolytes 5. Electrolytes WNL (exclude calcium
low)
6. Monitor ABG’s 6. ABG’s WNL

Evaluation of outcome objectives: all outcomes met except for calcium being slightly low and generalized
1+ non pitting edema assessed

Problem # 6: Impaired Verbal Communication

General Goal: Effective communication
Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… respond with appropriate non verbal
behaviors such as positive dolls eyes

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. Assess environmental factors 1. Lights dimmed, quiet room

2. pay attention to nonverbal cues 2. Patient remained stable
3. Assess ETT tube/cuff pressure 3. Proper placement and patent
4. Neurological Assessment 4. Sedated
5. Involve family in plan of care as
much as possible 5. Plan of care discussed with family
6. Ensure sedation drugs are administered
as ordered 6. Propofol and Lorazepam given

Evaluation of outcome objectives: appropriate nonverbal cues assessed

P. Schuster, Concept Mapping: A Critical Thinking Approach, Davis, 2002.

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Problem #7: Excessive fluid volume

General Goal: Balanced fluid Volume
Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… have decreased generalized edema,
balanced I&O, serum lab values within normal limits

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. Assess BP/edema 1. Generalized edema/ BP normal

2. Assess urine color 2. Yellow/clear
3. Assess renal function 3. Kidneys functioning properly
4. Assess Foley/provide care 4. Foley proper placement/patent
5. Assess IV sites/provide care 5. IV sites patent free of phlebitis
6. Administer IV fluids per order 6. IV fluids given per order

Evaluation of outcome objectives: balanced I&O, calcium low, generalized 1+ non pitting edema

Problem #8: Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements

General Goal: Improved Nutritional Status
Predicted Behavioral Outcome Objective (s): The patient will…… have normoactive bowel sounds and lab
values within normal limits

Nursing Interventions Patient Responses

1. Assess GI status 1. Hypoactive bowel sounds

2. Assess NG residual q4h 2. Clear/ yellow
3. Monitor serum labs 3. Hypocalcemia
4. Assess daily weights 4. Patient of proper weight
5. provide good oral hygiene 5. Oral hygiene performed
6. Ensure proper positioning in bed 6. Patient supine HOB 30 degrees

Evaluation of outcome objectives: hypoactive bowel sounds, hypocalcemia

P. Schuster, Concept Mapping: A Critical Thinking Approach, Davis, 2002.

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P. Schuster, Concept Mapping: A Critical Thinking Approach, Davis, 2002.