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    Introduction To Types of Soft Matter

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    GauravKinng
    The document introduces different types of soft matter including molecular systems like surfactants and liquid crystals, dispersions like colloidal suspensions and foams, and discusses their characteristic sizes. Soft matter exhibits short-range ordering and dynamics governed by Brownian motion. Intermolecular interactions like van der Waals forces determine the macroscopic properties and thermal stability of these systems.

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    Introduction To Types of Soft Matter

    Uploaded by

    GauravKinng
    26 views9 pages
    The document introduces different types of soft matter including molecular systems like surfactants and liquid crystals, dispersions like colloidal suspensions and foams, and discusses their characteristic sizes. Soft matter exhibits short-range ordering and dynamics governed by Brownian motion. Intermolecular interactions like van der Waals forces determine the macroscopic properties and thermal stability of these systems.

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    Lecture_1_Introduction_1601355381802

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    The document introduces different types of soft matter including molecular systems like surfactants and liquid crystals, dispersions like colloidal suspensions and foams, and discusses their characteristic sizes. Soft matter exhibits short-range ordering and dynamics governed by Brownian motion. Intermolecular interactions like van der Waals forces determine the macroscopic properties and thermal stability of these systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views9 pages

    Introduction To Types of Soft Matter

    Uploaded by

    GauravKinng
    The document introduces different types of soft matter including molecular systems like surfactants and liquid crystals, dispersions like colloidal suspensions and foams, and discusses their characteristic sizes. Soft matter exhibits short-range ordering and dynamics governed by Brownian motion. Intermolecular interactions like van der Waals forces determine the macroscopic properties and thermal stability of these systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    28/09/20

    Introduction to Complex Fluids


    (CLL771)

    Lecture 1

    Introduction to types of soft matter

    ?
    Free surfactant-stabilized foam film
    2

    1
    28/09/20

    Characteristic size domain of soft matter

    Types of soft matter


    • Molecular
    • Surfactants

    Self-assemble in a variety of structures


    4

    2
    28/09/20

    Types of soft matter contd.


    • Molecular (contd.)
    • Liquid crystals

    • Biomolecules

    Types of soft matter contd.


    • Molecular (contd.)
    • Polymers

    • Gels

    3
    28/09/20

    Types of soft matter contd.


    • Dispersions
    • Colloidal suspensions
    - Spherical

    Gold nanoparticles

    Semiconductor
    microspheres

    Latex: polymer spheres Silica on polymer


    7

    Types of soft matter contd.


    • Dispersions
    • Colloidal suspensions (contd.)
    - Cubes, polyhedrons etc.

    Gold and silver nanoparticles

    4
    28/09/20

    Types of soft matter contd.


    • Dispersions
    • Colloidal suspensions (contd.)
    - Rods and fibers

    Types of soft matter contd.


    • Dispersions (contd.)
    • Foams
    • Emulsions

    10

    10

    5
    28/09/20

    Different types of colloids


    Medium/Phases Dispersed Phase
    Gas Liquid Solid
    Dispersion/ Gas None Liquid Aerosol Solid Aerosol
    Continuous (All gases are mutually Ex. Fog Ex. Smoke
    medium miscible)
    Liquid Foam Emulsion Sol
    Ex. Shaving cream Ex. Milk Ex. Blood
    Solid Solid Foam Gel Solid sol
    Ex. Styrofoam Ex. Gelatin Ex. Stained glass

    11

    Common day examples of soft matter


    Surfactants?

    1. Adhesives 2. Inks 3.

    Polymers and gels?

    1. Plastic materials 2. Tyres 3.

    Colloidal suspensions?

    1. Food 2. Cosmetics 3.

    12

    12

    6
    28/09/20

    What makes soft matter different?

    Crystalline solids SOFT MATTER Simple liquids


    Short-range
    Ordering Long-range
    (propensity to None or short-range
    self-assemble)

    Kinetic energy
    << k BT » k BT > k BT

    Cannot flow Can be induced to flow Flow readily


    Rheology
    under certain conditions
    (elastic) (viscous)
    (viscoelastic)
    13

    13

    Intermolecular interactions

    Govern the macroscopic


    properties of the system Hard-sphere potential

    Most common approximation:


    Lennard-Jones potential

    A B
    V (r ) = + -
    r 12 r 6
    Long-range attraction
    Strong short-range corresponding to the
    repulsion dispersion forces

    What does the high compressibility in liquids imply? Repulsive force short-ranged and strong.
    14

    14

    7
    28/09/20

    Magnitude of bonds compared to thermal


    energies

    Intermolecular forces Magnitude comparison Nature of interaction


    to thermal energy
    Van der Waals forces ~ kB T Non-directional
    Ionic interactions* ~ 100 kBT Non-directional
    Covalent bonds 30 to 100 kBT Directional
    Metallic bonds 30 to 100 kBT Somewhat directional
    Hydrogen bonds 25 to 100 kBT Directional
    Hydrophobic interactions ~ kB T Non-directional

    *Usually lower due to screening effects caused by the presence of free ions.

    kBT = 10-20 J

    15

    15

    Characteristics of soft matter (contd.)


    Dynamics
    Governed by Brownian motion,

    x = 2Dt
    x, root mean square displacement
    D, difusion coefficient
    Random walk

    k BT
    D=
    f Frictional coefficient

    f = 6phR (for spherical particles as given by Stokes’ law)

    k BT
    D= Typical diffusion coefficients for molecules in liquids ≈ 10-9 m2 s-1
    6ph R
    16

    16

    8
    28/09/20

    Characteristics of soft matter (contd.)

    Thermodynamic stability?
    • Lyophillic: “Solvent loving” (for water = “hydrophillic”).
    • Thermodynamically stable
    • Reversible dispersion process
    DG = DH – T DS < 0

    • Lyophobic: “Solvent hating” (for water = “hydrophobic”).


    • Thermodynamically unstable (but may be kinetically stable)
    • Irreversible aggregation
    DG = DH – T DS > 0

    17

    17

    Characteristics of soft matter (contd.)


    • Kinetic stability: Particle-particle interactions ?
    • Surface charge
    • Surface properties
    • Osmotic pressure
    p = R T Cp (1 + B22 Cp + ...)
    • Stability
    Ø Flocculation (reversible)

    Ø Aggregation (irreversible)

    Ø Coalescence (emulsions)
    18

    18

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