BACKGROUND

A. Understanding CCU (Cross Culture Understanding)

   Cross-Cultural Understanding comes from three passing words,

culture, and understanding, from three different meanings of meaning. The
understanding of the Cross is cross-cultural, the culture between the two
countries that goes through mass media or through other means of interplaying
each culture. Culture is the "glue" that binds a group of people together.
(Douglas-Brown, 1994).
Gradually realized that the truth generated by the discipline of
science is individually universal and unable to answer issues in society
comprehensively. This condition encourages scientists to incorporate
theoretical contributions and methods from various disciplines that are deemed
strategic to understand the cultural phenomena in the reality of human life as
well as its representation which is considered crucial in the life of society
Understanding Inter-Personal (Interpersonal Understanding) is the
desire to Understand others. It is the ability to listen and accurately
Understand the thoughts, feelings, problems of others that can not be uttered
or not delivered completely. This competency measures the complexity and
depth of understanding of others, as well as cross-cultural sensitivities.
  Sitaram (1970): Art for understanding and mutual understanding between
different audiences of culture.

   Cross-cultural understanding is a course that studies the diversity

of cultures that exist in the world as well as the impact of culture on the
continuity of social societies within a particular cultural sphere. In cross-
cultures we can see people and their behavior with existing cultures and very
diverse. To look for similarities and differences in individual functions
psychologically, in different cultures and ethnic groups In order to avoid
problems in the society. And also to look at both universal and unique
behaviors to identify ways in which cultures have an impact on our behavior,
family life, education, social experience and so on.
 The CCU provides guidance on how to interpret a given culture, and how it is
in the culture.

B. Brief History of the Japan

Japan is an island nation located on the eastern continent of asia
( east Asia ). As an island nation, Japan has about 6.852 island, both large and
small. Among the main island of Japan are Hokkaido, Honshu island, shikoku
island and kyusu. Japan is also one of the world’s longest coastlines of about
29.751 sq km ( 29,751 mil ). Honsu Island is the largest island in Japan. The
capital of Japan, the city of Tokyo, is located on this Honshu island.
Now, Japan ranks third as the country’s largest economy next to
the United States and China ( China ). Gross domestic incomes or nominal
GDP of Japan is us $5.443 trillion with per capita incomes of us $42,900,- but
in Japan id also experiencing a problem of population decline, the Japanese
birth rate is only 7,5 babies per 1000 population while death rate is 9,9 death
per 1000 population. Then the Japanese population growth rate is negative,
which is around – 0,24% ( data for 2018 ).
Japan has nickname, “ The country of the rising Sun”, adheres to
the Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy government is a Prime minister
who is usually the leader of the largest political party or coalition in
parliament. The Term if office of the Prime Minister of Japan is 4 year.
Based on Geographically, Japan is located between 30° N - 47° N
and 128 ° E – 146 ° E. Japan has no land borders with other countries. East of
Japanese Island is the Asian Continent ( South Korea, North Korea, China and
Russia ), while to the west is the Pacific Ocean.
The Conclusion is that Japan is a big and large country in Asia,
but with low birth rate and high rate mortality rate. Japan can also say an
archipelago with 6.852 island ( including big and small islands ) and Japan use
Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy government system, where the head of
state is the emperor, and the head of government is the prime minister.
    CONTENT AND THEORY

A. Culture
  Culture that comes fom the Sanskrit language, namely “ Buddhayah,
is aplural from of buddhi ( mind or lintellect ) which is defined as something
that has to do with mind and human reason.
Culture is a way of life that develops, is shared by groups of people,
and is passed down from generation to generation. This culture is made up of a
variety of complex elements, including religious and political systems,
customes, tools, language, buildins, clothing, and works of art.
Language as well as a culture, is an iseparable part of humans, so
that most humans are more likely to think of it as genetic inheritance. When
people try to communicate with people of different cultures, and better adapt
their differences, and prove that culture can be learned.
Culture is a comprehensive lifestyle. Culture is complex, abstract,
and broad. Various cultures also determine communicative behavior. This
socio – cultural element is scattered, and includes many human social
activities.
Definition of culture according to experts,
1. Melville J. Herskovits and Bronislaw Malinowski, argued that everything
that is in society is determined by the culture that is owned by the
community itself. The term for that opinion is cultural determinism.
2. Herskovits, view culture as something passed down form one generation to
another, which is then referred to as superorganic.
3. Andreas Eppink, culture contains the whole understanding of social
values, social norms, science, and all social, religious, and other structures,
in addition to all ontellectual and artistic statements that characterize a
society.
4. Edward Burnett Tylor, Culture is a complex whole which contains
knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and other abilities that a
person gets as a member of society.
5. Selo Soemardjan and Soelaiman Soemardi, Culture is a means of creating,
feeling, and creating people’s creativity.
 With the various definitions above, it can be concluded that
culture is something that will affect the level of knowledge, and includes a
system of ideas or ideas that exist in the mind of a human being, so that in
everyday life, culture is abstract.
Whereas a cultural embodiment is objects created by humans as
cultured creatures, in the form of behavior, as well as objects that are real,
for example patterns of behavior, tools of life, language, social
organization, art, religion, etc. Which as whole is aimed at helping humans
to carry out their life in society.
There are so many cultures in Japan, starting from traditional
ones such as a tea ceremonies, then seppuku which is done by samurai, to
those in the modern era such as anime and manga.
We know, Japan after the second world war, Japan began to
rebuild its country. Because we know that during the second world war,
two cities in Japan were bombed by United State of America, which
caused enormous damage and loss, both in terms of casualties and
economics, until now, Japan managed to restore it, event better.
Apart from the progress of its manufacturing industry, Japan is
also taking advantage of economic opportuinities in the enternaiment, one
of the areas of the Japanese entertainment industry that has gone global is
manga and anime. Some children, teenagers, or even adults in Japan ad
around the world are very fond of manga and anime offerings.
Brief history of the Japanese Manga and anime industry, Japan
is one of of the countries that produces the largest comics or manga in the
world. Sales of manga in japan per year can reach 500 millions manga in
magazine form, and 450 million in the form of books or comics. Manga
literally can be interpreted as free painting or paonting drawn at will
without any particular.
First appear the manga originated from choju giga which was
the work of a Buddhist priest during the Heian era named Toba Sojo
Kakuyu. He depicts the various faces of animals using a brush. Choju giga
is also known to be the oldest scroll drawing in Japan which contains
paintings of animals such as rabbits, monkeys, and frogs that behave like
humans. This scroll has a length of 30 cm x 11,5 meters and consist of 4
volumes. The use of manga drawing techniques has been seen in choju
giga, with lines depicting sound effects and characters running fast. In
addition, there are also images such as cloud and fog effects that indicate
the transition of time and space.
Furthermore, in the period of 1961, the success of Japanese
manga in the modern era was one of the roles of a doctor who was also
talented as a comic artist, animator, and animation producer from Japan,
named Tezuka Osamu. He has changed the world of manga by using a
more interesting storyline and quality drawing techniques. At first, he
imitated Disney’s animation style which in turn gave birth to works that
far surpassed Disney in his time. He was also the first to implement a
production system in the manga world, by diving tasks among his
assistants. In addition, he also innovated by updating the division of the
box in manga writing and developing techniques for drawing through
effect lines in manga. Tezuka also pioneered a visual revolution in the
world of manga by making a 30 minutes animated TV show for the first
time in Japan. One of the anime shows that he pioneered was astro boy and
became the first anime to be broadcast outside of japan.
Manga is an illustration of pictures and conversations that are
packaged into a comic story that is interesting to read. Meanwhile, anime
is a visual presentation in the form of a video which is usually adapted
from a story in a manga series. Manga and anime are becoming
increasingly popular and recognized by people around the world.
It is not surprising that many people outside Japan know
information about Japanese language and culture through Manga and
Anime media. In Japan itself, manga is intended for all ages and circles,
according to their respective genres. It has become commonplace when we
see adult Japanese men dressed in neat suits sitting on the train at the time
of leaving or coming home from work reading thick comic books in their
hands. This is very natural to find because manga is an important part of
the Japanese Indusry.
Manga is generally black and white in color and has various
types of genres ranging from themes around everyday life, youth romance,
sports activities, mystery cases, to futuristic science fiction genres. In
Modern times like today, some manga also publish special editions for
clolor comic series. Most manga that target young readers have a simple
animation style and cute and adorable character depicted as having big
eyes. It is intended that Manga artists can more easily convey the emotions
of the characters in the Manga.
According to the target audience, Japanese comics are divided
into four categories, namely boys ( Shounen ), girls ( Shoujo ), teenagers
( Josei ), and adults ( seinen ). These manga genres are sold freely and can
be easily found in bookstore or convenience stores all over Japan.
Futhermore, manga works that are popular and get high ratings will be
adapted into animation, works by an anime production studio in Japan.
One of things that is also important in the world of anime is the
voice actor ( seiyuu ). It is common when we hear one anime’s voice
sounding similar but with a different sound intonation according to the
type of anime character. That is the greatness of a seiyuu / voice actor who
with totality makes different voice intonations, but still makes the audience
absorb the storyline in an anime film. Besides that, the theme song or
soundtrack for the opening and ending of an anime show is equally
important. Music artists in Japan are also competing to be honored by
perfoming songs from major anime series. This is guarantee that promises
to increase the popularity of J-pop and J-rock artist who fill anime
soundtrack in Japan.
Japan is very serious in terms of working on the manga and
anime industry which now cannot be underestimated. The nickname of
animated film shows only for children has slowly begun to change with the
emergence of various anime genres according to their respective target
ages. Here are some interesting facts about the Japanese manga and anime
industry.
Colorful hair is one of the hallmarks of anime made in Japan.
This is not a coincidence or a fad. In Japan, color is a symbol that
represents the character or nature of something, including hair color in
anime. For example, a character with bright green hair represents someone
who is trustworthy and has high tolerance but is prone to jealousy.
Meanwhile, red hair symbolizes a personality that tends to be passionate,
ambitious, and adventuros.
More than a third of all books printed in Japan are manga. So
popular is the Japanese anime industry that up to now, there have been
around 130 voice acting schools in Japan.
Many professional mangaka started their writing career through
Doujinshi. Doujinshi is a fan made manga that has difference plot and
ending from the original manga. Japan controls nearly 60 % of animation
and comic production that circulate all over the world.
How much does a mangaka earn? This must be questioned by many
lovers of reading this one. Here are some information that I get about the
income of a mangaka in general.
Broadly speaking, the income of a mangaka can be divided into 3 :
1. Genkouryou, Genkouryou is the basic income of a mangaka that they
receive from the company that publishes their work. And usually, this
fee is calculated per page. And usually again, the comic publishing
company will set a limit on how many comic pages they can publish,
depending on the reputation and level of popularity of the manga. By
default, the pay per one page is seven thousand yen, or roughly the
equivalent of seven hundred thousand rupiah, however, if the
reputation continues to increase up to twenty thousand yen or around
two million rupiah per page.
2. Inzei, if a mangaka cannot rely on the income from genkouryou, a
mangaka also gets “inzei” or royalities from chapters that have been
successfully booked, normally they will get 10% of the sales of comic
books they make, please also note that the average price of one comic
books in Japan range from Rp. 40.000,00.
3. Another earn of mangaka is from, game, anime, and merchandise
Royalities, if their manga is very popular and made into anime, they
will also get the royality, especially until they make games and various
merchandise.
 Many of us think that the terms manga, anime, and cartoon refer to
the same thing. Even though all three have different meanings event
though they are related to one another, so what is the difference between
the three?
1. Manga
In detail, Manga is another term for illustrated or comic stories. The
term manga originates from Japan. This manga usually tells about
Japanese culture and life. The name for the person who makes manga
is Mangaka
2. Anime
In detail, Anime is term for typical Japanese animated film. Anime is
an abbreviation of animation which means a moving image formed
from a set of objects. Usually, anime is an animated embodiment of
manga stories. However, there are also anime that are made without
having to make manga first. In other words, anime is the designation of
animation or cartoon works made in Japan.
3. Cartoon
In detail, Cartoons are animated works made outside of Japan. The
term cartoon or cartoon is popular in the United States. Actually there
is almost no difference between the term cartoon and anime. It’s just
that cartoons use more animals as their objects, while anime tells more
about human life and Japanese culture.
This one activity also provides many benefits for those who do it.
Moreover, if you watch the anime it is done regularly and in depth. In that
sense, every anime that is watched is really watched is really watched
seriously, not just watching casually. There are couple benefits of
watching anime itself are as follows :
1. As a means of entertainment, this is the first benefit that you will feel
when watching anime. As you know, anime contains many elements
that can entertain us.
Starting from the storyline that is interesting or easy to digest ; unique
image of each character; until the anime soundtrack is nice to hear. So,
if you are too late and need entertainment, Watching anime can be the
best choice.
2. As a means to learn Japanese language and culture of Japanese, By
watching anime, you can get to know a number of syllables in
Japanese. Suitable for those of you who want to lern Japanese, but are
reluctant to study formaly. Apart from language, anime also usually
tells about the culture that occurs in Japan. Like fireworks parties,
drinking green tea, and so on.
You will find all of these cultures in almost every anime. Even though
the anime has a fairly modern place and time setting. By watching all
the Japanese culture in the anime, you will get to know more about
what culture is like in sakura country.
3. Spur creativity, as mentioned in the first point, anime has entertaining
elements, starting from the story line, character depiction, to the anime
soundtrack that accompanies it. All of these elements are apparently
not just entertaining. But it can also stimulate the brain to think more
creatively. So, if you are stuck and want to foster creativity, watching
anime can be the best choice.
4. Get useful life lessons One of the advantages that anime has the
presence of moral messages. The moral messages in anime itself can
appear in various forms. Starting from the wise words conveyed by the
main character, other player, to change in the character’s life ( usually
from bad to good ). The moral messages contained in the anime itself
are quite diverse. However, most of them commonly convey moral
messages are conveyed lightly without being patronizing. This will
certainly make it easier for you to accept it, and make it one of the
principles of your life.
5. Adding New Insights Apart from introducing Japanese culture, anime
usually also provides some knowledge that may not yet be popular in
your ears. Let's take the anime Slam Dunk as an example. In the
anime, you will learn some terms in the basketball world that you may
not have previously known. For example, double, dunk, travel etc. All
knowledge contained in anime is usually conveyed lightly and
informatively (accompanied by explanations). In fact, it is often
 delivered in a humorous style. So, you can absorb all this knowledge
easily.
6. Help You Know Yourself Anime always provides interesting, even
unique characters. One character among them must be able to represent
the character of the anime viewer. This can be proven by the presence
of cosplayers who often imitate the appearance of an anime character.
On average, they imitate an anime character because that character
really represents themselves. You will definitely find a character who
really represents you, when watching anime. No problem. You can
make the character as a mirror that helps to identify yourself more
deeply.
Also make the character a teacher who helps you become the best
version of yourself. The trick, is to take lessons from each character's
life journey. Also, choose which ones the character's behavior should
be imitated and which are not. For example, if you feel similar to the
character Sasuke in the Naruto anime both in terms of appearance and
character, then take examples of good behavior such as being loyal to
the place of birth, making friends with great people, thinking before
acting etc.

7. Growing Analytical Power Anime is usually presented on a per-

episode basis. Each episode has a gap of about a week. During that
time, you will definitely be waiting and guessing what happens in the
next episode (regardless of whether your guess is right or wrong).Did
the main character get what he wanted? Or, did he get a new, stronger
enemy? Your habit is gradually growing analytical power in your
brain. Analysis power itself is needed in many ways. Especially, in
fields of work that require high analytical power. Such as data analysts,
journalists, and researchers.
8. Adding a new hobby For those of you who want to add a new hobby,
watching anime can be the right choice. Besides having the benefits
previously mentioned, watching anime can also give you another new
hobby. Reading manga is one of them. As we know, the majority of
anime in Japan is the adaptation of popular manga. If you want to see
another version of the anime you are watching, you can read manga
from the anime later.
 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

  Understanding the culture of other nations does not mean

eliminating the culture of the nation itself. Cross Cultural Understanding is a
concept in understanding intercultural communication, so as to achieve high-level
learning objectives. In the current era of globalization, understanding of the
culture and character of other nations is very important. By understanding the
character of other nations, we are able to become a leader in a global space.
Because leaders require communication that is understood by everyone he leads.
Cross Cultural Understanding places the value of humanity beyond the
boundaries of ethnic, state and ethnic groups.

B. Suggestion

Culture on time & appreciate the time available and applied by the State
of America will be better applied in the people of the State of Indonesia,
because :

1. The American Society comes half an hour early (in time). And very rarely
never even come in time (on time).
2. Time is money in America is really felt.
3. Indonesian people are notorious for less time when there is an appointment
sometimes not on time. Unlike Americans, they are very appreciative of time,
because they least like the promise of a rubber clock or a late time. 4. If
there is a bridge, from the party making the appointment or otherwise, then they
will immediately notify first.

https://ilmupengetahuanumum.com/profil-negara-jepang-japan/

https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/pengertian-budaya-menurut-para-ahli-
beserta-definisi-dan-unsurnya/

https://tensai-indonesia.com/industri-manga-dan-anime/

https://today.line.me/id/article/Jangan+Sampai+Salah+Sebut+Ini+Bedanya
+Manga+Anime+dan+Kartun-
dd8e403e8d558a66226d86491d6b03f6b1683e912712c85e243a7e7c62acb
eef

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.akibanation.com/berapa-sih-
penghasilan-seorang-
mangaka/&ved=2ahUKEwiS4tinkMzrAhX8yjgGHRiXBKUQFjAAegQI
AxAB&usg=AOvVaw18lBPkhMLIo0wNBstL2gsP&cshid=15991102186
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