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Home ইংরেজি পাস ঠেকাই কে? Composition বা essay লিখার নিয়ম বা একটি শিখে লিখুন হাজার টা

Composition বা essay লিখার নিয়ম বা একটি শিখে লিখুন হাজার টা

Tarakbiswas December 04, 2017 ইংরেজি পাস ঠেকাই কে?,

নিচে composition বা রচনা বা essay লিখার নিয়ম দেওয়া হল:-

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বাংলাদেশের যে কোন সমস্যা

Introduction:- Bangladesh is a small and a developing country.

But she is beset with various acute problems. Nowadays is one of

the most common and frightful problems in our country. It has

become a great panic here. In the recent years this problems has

become very severe which cannot be described in words.

Present situation: - The present situation of (Tipscountbd.com)is acute than

ever before. If we read newspaper, we will be able to understand

how acute this problem is. It is obvious that now that problem is a

burning question in Bangladesh. It has become a great threat to a

decent life.

Causes of problem: There are a lot of reasons of this problem in

Bangladesh. Unconsciousness is the main root cause of this problem. Our govt. connives at this
problem. It has not taken

effective steps yet.(Tipscountbd.com).

How to remove it: we should learn well about this great

problem. We should realize the serious consequences of rapid

growth of this problem and train ourselves to build a planned

society. Our students can play an important role to remove this

problem. They should make the people aware. There should be

wide publicity about the serious consequences of this problem

through radio, television and other mass media. Government

must take necessary steps in this regard. A small country like ours

cannot afford to indulge this problem. So this problem should be

stooped at any cost.

Conclusion: It is obvious that has become a major problem in

our developing country. It has become a great threat to a decent

life. If we fail to stamp out this problem our development plans

and activities will standstill.

যে কোন Journey

Introduction: Journey is always pleasure to everybody. It charms

our mind and makes us happy. It is also a part of education. To

move one place to another to gain knowledge in order to new

experience and new knowledge is known as journey. After a

journey, we feel relaxed and fresh. Journey by ________ is

especially is very interesting and enjoyable to me.

Occasion: Last week I made a joyful _________ journey. During

the last winter vacation I was asked to visit my uncle’s house in

chittagong. So I got a change to make a happy but long journey by

_________ .

Description: It was Friday. It was a nice morning. The weather

was very nice that day. The sky was clear. I got up from sleep early

in the morning. I prepared myself for journey. I and my elder

brother reached to the sport at 7.00 am. We hired a boat / We

bought two tickets. After 15 minutes the boat/train/bus/plane

began to move on slowly. After a few minutes the

boat/train/bus/plane running in full speed. I enjoyed many things.

I saw some clouds floating in the sky. I saw trees, house and fields. I enjoyed all the things. We could see
the hills of Chittagong. I

could enjoy the

wonderful scenery of the hills.

Destination: After two hours, we reached our destination. We

faced no trouble on the way to Chittagong. We got down from the

bus/train/boat/plane and saw my cousin waiting for us. Then we

went to my uncle’s house by taxi. We were cordially there. All the

members of the family became very glad to see us.

Conclusion: The journey by ______ was the most joyful and

interesting to me. I enjoyed the journey very much. The journey

often peeps into my mind. I gained new knowledge and new

experience. Only by reading books we cannot widen our kingdom

of knowledge. I will never forget the journey.

scinch

Introduction: Modern age is an age of science. There is no aspect

of life that is not influenced by science. Science has made our life

easier and more comfortable. Modern science has invented a lot

of wonderful and useful things. It has made impossible possible.

Wherever we turn our eyes, we can see the contributions of

science. The inventions of science have conquered diseases,

natural disasters, space, distance, and time.

Where used: _______ does a great service to mankind in many

ways. It helps us in our daily life in many ways. Nowadays it is

widely used in daily life in the following fields:

Demerits: There is no unmixed blessing in the world. So,

_________ has its own demerits. Sometimes it causes harm to the

people.

Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be said that in spite of

having some demerits ________ is useful undoubtedly. We should

remember that the blessing of _______ should be utilized carefully

only for the benefits and interest of mankind.

শিক্ষা

Introduction: Education is the backbone of nation. No nation

can develop without it. Proper education is the prime condition

for development of a nation. There are three types of education

launching in our country such as (i) General education (ii)

Madrasa education and (iii) Technical education. There is also

informal education.

Description: এখানে আপনি যা পারেন কিছু বানিয়ে লিখবেন ---------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------- ---------------------------------------- .

Impediments: Bangladesh is small country but it has a huge

population. Most of the people live under the poverty line. They

do not go to school due to poverty. Beside, social set up and socio-

economics deprive many people of having education.

Necessity: Education is compared to light. On the other hand

illiteracy is compared to the dark. Education enlightens

individual, refines sensibility and develops working capacity and

skill. There is a saying,’ The more a nation educated the more a

nation developed. It is a duty of the government to ensure

education for her people for the national development. Education

means the enrichment of head, hand, and the heart of human

being in a harmonious way.

Conclusion: The nation development demands on it. So, the

government should take the effective measures for the

development of it. The role of the elite of the society, different

organizations and N.G.Os are praiseworthy. They have stretched

out their hands of help to the government in this respect. All-out

efforts of the concerned officials with the help of a government its

position can be developed. So, people of all walks can come

forward with their best helps in this respect.

বাংলাদেশের প্রকূ তি নিয়ে যা কিছু

Introduction: Bangladesh is called a country of six seasons. It is

blessed with natural beauty.(Name)is a time of charming nature.

The nature puts on a special look and offers a particular beauty.

The scenery of this time fills our heart with thrilling joy. It draws

the literary personages and they have written many articles on its

charming beauty.

Description: Natural beauty of this time: The nature puts on a special look in

this time. The beauty of (Name) is different from other times. In

this time the nature puts on a charming look. There are many

lovers of natural beauty in the world. They can enjoy the beauty of

nature in many ways. They seek for beauty in different things in

different times. They come out to enjoy the beauty of (Name). I

come to the contact with the nature in this time. I am charmed

with the beauty of this time. The mood of the weather of this time

is different from other times. It draws the literary personages.

They write many things about it.

Conclusion: Nature has lavishly poured its beauty in our country.

In this time the nature puts a charming shape. The offer of this

time is different from other.( Name) is a remarkable and

enjoyable. I like it very much. The natural beauty of this time is

very appealing. The offer of this time attracts me greatly.

মানবিক গুনাবলী

( Name ) is the most valuable and powerful element of succession

life . It implies obedience to set of rules for an orderly life in

society. It is the mode of leading life in accordance with rules .

Although ( Name ) is a mental faculty and invisible quality yet its

effect is greatly felt . Man is social being . In the society he can not

do whatever he likes. He has to abide by some rules. That is,

everybody should observe some rules to have peace in life.

( Name) is necessary in every walk of our life. It is the key to success

in human life. With this chaos will prevail everywhere. If we make

a list of successful persons we will find that their success depends

mainly upon this great virtue. By dint of it they do not only make

their fruitful but also

helped in the advancement of civilization. So the value of it is

equally great in every spheres of our life. ( Name ) is one of the best

virtues of mankind and absence of it makes a man unhappy and

forlorn. In fact, it is valuable than money. A man have much

money but if he lacks in the quality he will earn

no respect. So in all branches of life it brings reward for human

life. It is the most precious possession of a man. Therefore is of

great importance in man’s life. ( Name ) is seldom and inborn virtue.

I should be acquired by the force habit. Without (Name ) there can

be no fame, no progress, no success. In a word those who have

risen in their respective vocation have done so simply by dint of it.

Therefore everybody should have it at all costs and the earlier, the

better.

Note: ( ) এর ভিতরে পরিক্ষাই যেটা আসবে এটার নাম দিবেন সুধু৷

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MessageSocial Issues in India (causes, effects and solutions)

Social Issues in India

Introduction: Social issues (also social problem, social evil, and social conflict) refers to any undesirable
condition that is opposed either by the whole society or by a section of the society. It is an unwanted
social condition, often objectionable, the continuance of which is harmful for the society.

India is facing a large number of social issues such as caste system, child labour, illiteracy, gender
inequality, superstitions, religious conflicts, and many more. It is high time to get relief of these
undesirable social evils.

Major Social Issues: We have prepared a list of major social issues in India. They are briefly discussed
below in the following order:

Caste system

Poverty
Child labour

Child marriage

Illiteracy

Low status of women

Gender inequality at work

Dowry system

Sati practice

Alcoholism

Superstition

Sanitation and cleanliness

Religious conflicts

Beggary

Juvenile delinquency

1. Caste system

Introduction: Caste system is a system of defining class or assigning status to individuals from the time
of birth. In India, the caste system is mainly profession based. India has been a victim of caste system
since ages.

The causes, effects and solutions of Caste system in India are discussed below:

Causes: The main reason behind the growth of Caste system in India is the assignment of caste based on
job specialization. There were different types of jobs in the society which were done by the people
based on their capability. This division of job based on specialization resulted into caste system.

Four classes of Caste system: The four classes includes:

The Brahmins - the priestly class. They were mainly engaged in religious and priestly activities. They
were also appointed as advisors to the Kings.

The Kshatriyas - the warrior and ruler class. They were mainly engaged in warfare activities.

The Vaishyas - the trader class. They were mainly engaged in business, agriculture, and trading activities.

The Sudras - the lowest of the four traditional class engaged as domestic servants and laborers, etc.

Negative effects of Caste system: Caste system has many disadvantages such as:

Encourages untouchability,

Promotes Inequality,

Undemocratic in nature,

Fake differentiation in superiority and inferiority.

Increases gap between upper and lower caste people.

Caste system is also a danger towards the National integration of the country. Caste system is a major
cause for many inhuman and immoral social practices such as untouchability, child marriage, sati
system, prostitution, etc.

Solution:

Education will help the people to become aware of the disadvantages of Caste system.

There is a need for widespread social change in favor of equality of human-beings. Caste system can be
discouraged through social education in rural areas.

There should be special classes at schools that imparts value and moral education to the children.

Superstitious people are extremely fearful and discourage any change in social norms. Education will
help shed away superstition, which in turn, will help shed casteism as well.

With better education and economic progress, people belonging to diverse caste get opportunity to mix
and work together. Many of them become friends while working together on a project.

2. Poverty
Introduction: Poverty refers to a situation when people's basic needs are not fulfilled. When people
doesn't have the necessary food to eat or clothes to wear or shelter to stay then its called poverty. Life
becomes very difficult for people with income is below the poverty line (BPL).

The causes, effects and solutions for poverty in India are discussed below:

Causes: The major reasons or causes of poverty are:

People don't get proper education which leads to poverty. People are poor because they are illiterate,
and they are illiterate because they cannot afford education. Illiteracy and poverty stays side-by-side.
They both are the cause and effect of each other.

In case where the resources and opportunities are limited and the population is high, there arises a
situation of joblessness which ultimately leads to poverty.

When a large number of people live in poverty, there is limited scope for the development of country's
economy.

Some natural and environmental problems such as lack of rainfall, drought, etc. often lead to poverty.
There are many other reasons also like caste system, unemployment, etc.

Effects: The negative effects of poverty are mentioned below:

Poor people will always have to depend on others to survive.

Low quality foods may leads to bad nutrition.

Poor people have less liberty for the choice of profession.

Poverty may affect the moral and self-esteem of people living in extreme hardship.

Poverty also results in building stress which ultimately affects the relationship of people.

The low standard of living prevails among poor people.

Solutions: The solutions for poverty are discussed below:

Poverty can be checked by increasing job opportunities. It will decrease the rate of unemployment
which ultimately results in decrease of poverty in economy.
Government should take more steps towards charity, trusts and have some transparency while spending
money in those social institutions.

There is a need for initiatives of paid leave to the workers.

The education system should be reformed and initiatives should be taken to bring more children to
schools.

3. Child labour

Introduction: Child labour is a system of involving children in any economic activity. Children at the age
of playing engage themselves into economic activity for their family. Child labour can be seen
throughout the country in a wide way.

The causes, effects and solution of Child labour are briefly mentioned below:

Causes: The major causes of child labour in India are:

Unemployment,

Poverty,

Illiteracy, and

Low standard of living.

If the above problems can be resolved from the Indian society, then the country will have less social
issues.

Due to unemployment of the parents, children do not get proper education and are forced to get
involved in child labour. Educated people are less likely to engage their child as child labours. In general,
educated people want to keep up a certain level of standard and live a respectable life. On the contrary,
poor and illiterate people are not even aware of the evil effects of child labour.

Effects: The negative effects or major disadvantages of child labour include:

Child labour is an inhuman practice. The mental growth of the children engaged in child labour is
checked.

Children get less time and opportunity to go to school. They are deprived from education which makes
them illiterate.

Child labour obstructs personal growth. The standard of living of people remains low.

Child labour destroys their childhood.

Children are the future pillars of the economy and involving them into child labour will only make those
pillars weak. Ultimately, child labour affects the country's growth.

Solution: The main solution to child labour is:

Imparting education and knowledge to children.

If incomes of the parents can be increased then it is possible for the children's to get education.

Government will have to take more steps towards proper enforcement of labour laws.

People who are employed and are above the poverty line should take steps towards replacing child
workers with adult workers. It will benefit not only the society, but the country at large.

4. Child marriage

Introduction: Child marriage refers to the marriage of individuals below the prescribed limit of age.
Marriage is to be considered legal as per the Indian Law, when the groom's age is 21 and above and
bride's age is 18 and above.

Though, child marriage has caused problems to both and boys and girls, the most severe victims of the
evil practice are the girls.

The causes, effects and solutions for the social problem of child marriage are given below:

Causes: The causes or the main reason behind the child marriage is the poor economic condition of the
family of the marriage parties.
Besides there are other reasons also for child marriage like illiteracy, providing security to their
daughters by marrying them to secured person, child trafficking, etc.

Negative effects of child marriage: The negative effects of child marriage include the following:

Due to child marriage, the girls become pregnant at an early age. Since their bodies are not properly
developed to have kids, it may lead to early maternal death. In many of the cases, the infant baby's
health doesn't seem good.

Child marriage also leads to illiteracy and poverty. A girl who is married at an early age is deprived of
opportunities for education and personal growth.

Due to less compatibility and understanding, relationship between the couples hampers.

Solution: Education is the only and the best way to stop child marriage. Educated people from society
should raise voice against child marriage.

Gender equality and women education is very important to stop the evil practice of child marriage. The
girls become extremely dependent upon her parents because of lack of education. As such, she is not in
a position to speak against the will of her parents. If a girl gets equal opportunity to get educated, then
she will be in a better position to decide, what that is best for her future.

Government should take steps to enforce the laws on child marriage. The problem of child marriage can
be solved by raising awareness about the disadvantages of child marriage.

5. Illiteracy

Introduction: Illiteracy refers to the inability to read and/or write. The problem of illiteracy is a major
social issue in India. The problem has spread through-out the country in a wide way. It is one of the most
dangerous obstacles in the economy's growth.

The major causes, negative effects and solutions of the problem of Illiteracy in India are discussed
below:
Reason: The major reasons of illiteracy in India are discussed below:

Since many adults in India are illiterate, they don't understand the importance of getting education for
their children.

Due to the problem of unemployment and poverty, children get little opportunity for proper education.

Many people stay illiterate due to some physical or mental disabilities.

Other social evils like caste system, gender inequality also cause illiteracy.

Disadvantages:

One of the major cause for crimes is illiteracy. Due to illiteracy issue, rates of crime are gradually
increasing and health, productivity and growth of the country is gradually decreasing.

Most illiterate people are unaware of the benefits of maintaining cleanliness and hygiene.

Illiterate people find it very difficulty to secure a good job and earn livelihood.

Solution: The only and the best way to eradicate illiteracy from the society are by education.

The scheme for mid-day meals at schools is a welcome step.

Government should take steps to promote free education for the backward class of the society in
government schools.

Government also look at the matter that people get fair payment for their work. Appropriate steps
should be taken to create more employment opportunities for adults, so that they can educate their
children by sending them to school.

6. Low status of women

Introduction: Low status of women refers to the inferior position of women (in comparison to men) in
the society. This reflects the narrow mindset of the society. It is seen all over the country, but widely
prevalent in the backward areas.
The causes, negative impact, and solutions of the problem of low status of women are briefly discussed
below:

Causes: Narrow mindset of the society is the main reasons behind this problem. Women in India are
considered inferior than men since ages. A large part of the society believes that men are more capable
to earn more than their women. It is widely seen that the male members of the family try to control the
activities of the female members, which leads to the low status of women.

Negative impact: The negative impact of the lower status of women are:

Women do not get the adequate chance to do something to contribute to the society.

Since the status of women in society is low, people want a boy child instead of a girl child. This
intensifies the problem of female foeticide.

Solution: The solution to the problem is:

The empowerment of women is of utmost importance for solving the problem.

Awareness must be created to change the narrow mindset of the society. Campaigns must be launched
to acknowledge the role and contribution of women in the society.

Education can also help to solve the problem of low status of women in the society.

Mass-media campaigns should be promoted.

7. Gender inequality at work:

Introduction: Inequality at work refers to any type of discrimination in working environment based on
caste, gender, race, color, etc. But gender inequality at work means discrimination or unequal treatment
between male and female workers.

Causes: The main reason behind the issue of gender inequality at work is the mindset and culture.
The ego of male members prevents the female members to enjoy equal position at work places. People
also do this because of un-awareness.

Impact and effects: The main impact of gender inequality at work is that society gets shrink and
deprived of the minds of the female worker. It also gives rise to low status of women issue in the
society.

Solution: The solution for social issue of gender inequality at work is in the hands of people themselves.
People should start training and impart proper education for gender equality.

People should also change their perception that women will get less salary in comparison to men. For
that, people should introduce successful business women as the role model at their workplaces.

8. Dowry system

Introduction: Dowry is one of the most evil practices that are prevalent in the Indian society. Dowry
system is actually the transfer of money, property and other valuable assets of bride's family to the
groom's family on the eve of marriage.

Reason: There are several reasons of prevailing dowry system in the society like:

Tradition of asking for dowry at the time of marriage.

The greed among the family of groom for quick and easy money.

People also ask for dowry for maintaining status.

Disadvantages: The major disadvantages of Dowry system in the society is:

The bride's family who generally belong to middle and low-class has to face the bitter-side of it. Bride's
family spend lavishly during the marriage. Because of this social evil, some families lose huge money.

Parents often take loan for their daughter's marriage.

In many cases, by watching the poor situation of their parents, bride becomes mentally affected.
Sometimes, the mental torture due to dowry leads to suicidal tendencies.

Many cases of dowry deaths have been seen in past years.

Emotional torture and divorce are other evil effects of dowry system.

Solution: The solution to stop the practice of this evil system is in our hands only.

People should stop discrimination between a boy and a girl.

Girls should also be allowed to have their education and proper knowledge.

Awareness must be created and for these people with the help of media.

Last, but not the least, parents should change the thoughts of dowry from their mind and children
should stand against their family for doing this.

9. Sati System (Sati Practice)

Introduction: Sati system or pratha is one of the cruelest, evil, inhuman and immoral social practices
prevailing in our country.

Sati system refers to the act of committing suicide by the widowed women on the funeral pyre of his
husband. This is an inhuman act.

In 1987, Roop Kanwar committed sati at the age of 18. After this incident, both the State and the Central
Government enacted acts to abolish the Sati system.

Disadvantages: The main disadvantages are:

Sati System in itself is an inhuman practice.

Women are deprived of their basic right to live their life.

Sati system also shows the domination of men over the women.

Sati system reduces the self-respect of women and brings down the status of women in the society.

Causes: The causes behind the Sati system are:

To maintain the status: As people of high caste were not allowed to marry with low-caste, so after the
death of her husband, she was burned alive only to save the status

Sati was also committed to save her sexuality with the other member of the society.

Sati was also practiced by women to show her love and devotion towards her husband.

In the backward areas where widows were treated as untouchables were forced to commit sati.

Solution: The solutions for the evil practice of sati are:

Educating the people through mass communication.

Bringing a change in the perspective of the people that a widow person cannot marry with anyone.

Government has already enacted the Sati Prevention Law. Sati Practice is illegal in India. The evil is
rapidly diminishing from the Indian Society. However, awareness has to be created to stop the sati
practice completely.

10. Alcoholism

Introduction: Alcoholism is also known as Alcohol-use-disorder. It is a general term for the problems of
uncontrollable consumption of alcohol. It deteriorates the health of the drinker and in medical term, it is
considered a disease.

Causes: There are a numerous causes or reasons for alcohol dependence or addiction of alcohol or
alcoholism, such as:

Childhood incident which affects badly (trauma),

Peer pressure,

Difficult upbringing and childhood,

Easy availability of alcohol,

Showing off in front of friends,

Spending most of the times with different types of people who are already addicted to alcohol.
Disadvantages: The disadvantage of alcoholism is far more than imagined. They are:

It hampers the drinker in both ways, physically and mentally.

Alcoholism can cause cancer in any parts of the body mainly in kidney, liver, and stomach etc.

It also hampers the digestive system of the body.

Alcoholism can also create depression and behavioral change. This can affect his personal life and his
relationships with friends and families.

Solution: The solutions are:

There are many institutions who are working behind the solving the problem of alcohol addiction and
Government is also not far behind in this.

Detoxification of the body,

Establishment of rehabilitation and counselling centres for alcohol addicted patients,

It is very important that patient is willing to quit the habit of alcohol. Otherwise any detoxification or
rehabilitation also will not able to solve the problem of alcohol addiction.

11. Superstition

Introduction: Superstition refers to the irrational beliefs of supernatural forces. Superstition is one of the
major social issues affecting the entire country.

It's a belief of human beings that there are some supernatural causes behind the bad events. Science
doesn't believe in this type of supernatural causality because science always tries to give scientific
explanation for every event. But, deep down inside human beings have their own belief.

There are many superstitions prevailing in the country. Human beings have the tendency to believe bad
before the good.

Reason: The main reason behind superstitions is:

Fear: Fear is the main obstacles for everything. Superstition arises due to human fear.

Lack of Knowledge: Basically superstition arises due to lack of knowledge.

Religion, tradition and social practices are others causes of superstition.

Disadvantages: The major disadvantages of being superstitious are:

Fear: People start to think less broadly and always develop constant fear in mind. This fear affects not
only the individual but also his family and society.

Waste time and energy: People waste of much time and efforts.

People stop for few seconds whenever they sneeze. All these arise due to human fear and imagination.

Solution: The main solution is to get knowledge and education because knowing nothing causes fear in
mind which ultimately arise superstition.

By adjusting or gaining knowledge, mind can develop the reason behind the occurrence of superstition
and one can understand very well that these things doesn't affect anybody's life.

Also by being always positive, one can get rid of those superstitions.

12. Sanitation and cleanliness

Introduction: Sanitation and cleanliness is a basic problem and one of the important social issues of our
country. People should clean their areas and take care of personal hygiene to stay healthy and away
from any diseases.

People should clean the areas of keeping food; clean their area of staying to promote cleanliness. People
should maintain adequate sewage disposal system so that the public health is not put at risk.

Disadvantages: There are many casualties of not having sanitation and proper cleanliness.
People suffer from various diseases such as diarrhea, malnutrition, dengue, malaria and many more.

It also suffers children's development.

Reason: The major reason behind this is the carelessness and laziness of people themselves. The people
themselves create the problem of dirt and unhealthy environment.

People think of their own only and do not think of others. People do not mind to throw garbage in open
areas which may negatively affect the environment.

Solution: The solution is in the hands of the people itself.

People have to start to make their area clean and stay healthy.

People should make a proper area for sanitation so that public health will not suffer.

Mass awareness programmes are already initiated by different institutions, organisations and
government bodies to save human race.

13. Religious conflicts

Introduction: Religious conflicts are the most harmful social issues of today. Sometimes violence, war,
conflict, etc. arises because of religious fanaticism.

Causes: The causes are briefly discussed as follows:

Difference in beliefs: People belonging to different religions have difference in their beliefs. This
difference often leads to conflict.

Poor upbringing: The religious belief of a person has its root in his childhood. People learn what they
see. If their ancestors were intolerant towards other religions, then they also do the same thing. Human
beings themselves create religious violence.

Lack of education: Illiterate people can be easily mis-guided by people who want to spread violence in
the name of religion.

The mindset of some people who think other religions as small often leads to communal conflict. These
people try to dominate over people of other religion.
Negative effects: Sometimes conflicts between communities leads to violence and crimes. People
become fearful and it affects the overall progress of the country. The lack of communal harmony in
society leads to disunity.

Solutions: The solution for religious violence is in the hands of the people only. People should gain
proper knowledge and develop better understanding. By removing the thoughts of cruelty, one can
correctly judge what's right or wrong. Awareness must be created and for this media will be very useful.

14. Beggary

Introduction: Beggary is another social problem in our country. People who are in extreme situation of
need and poverty are called beggars. The state of being a beggar is called beggary.

Causes: There are many causes behind the beggary problem in India. Some of the reasons behind
beggary are poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, social customs, physical disability, mental state, disease
and many more.

Impacts and effects: The main disadvantages of beggary is that

Beggars largely depend on what they get from the people and this is in fact a big problem because they
start to depend totally on this and stop finding any other source of income.

Now, they have become burden to the society and they in fact forcefully made their children to do the
same.

The cruelest part of beggary is that they sometimes allow doing anything to their own body for money.
They are sometimes forced to cut their hands or legs.

Solution: Government has to take large initiatives to remove the problem of beggary from the society
like providing job security, recruiting more employees in the Governmental sectors and many more.
Beggary problem can also be in control if the children who are begging can be put in the Govt. schools
for education because education is the main key to eradicate any social problem.

15. Juvenile delinquency

Introduction: Juvenile delinquency is also termed as Teenage Crime. Basically, juvenile delinquency
refers to the crimes committed by minors. The crimes by teenage boys or girls are generally done
without having proper knowledge of it as they know very little about the world.

Negative effects: The crimes by minors affects not only the children but to the family and the society.
Children's are the future generations of the country. Education of the children is hampered and the
status and reputation of the family also goes down. People become less secured and there is always a
sense of tension and distress.

Causes: There are numerous reasons behind Juvenile delinquency, such as:

Lack of knowledge: They know very little about the outside world. They sometimes commit crime
unknowingly.

Trauma: Trauma of any childhood or teenage incident may have negative effect on mind.

Violent films and movies: Watching any stuff like murder, violence, etc. may again negatively affect the
mind of the teenager.

Family Disturbance also cause for the crime.

Solutions: There are many organisations who deal with the problem of Juvenile delinquency. They are
established to help those children who are involved in it. They increase their thinking ability and
decision-making skills. They start to understand the meaning of Juvenile delinquency and the results of
it. There are rehabilitation centres and consultancies also run by the Government who treat those
children and make them a good person.

A Short Article about Child Labor in India

Child Labor in India

It is sad that for a long time child-labor has been in vogue in India. They are seen working at hotels and
restaurants, factories and houses. Children are the automatic choice of the employers. For, they work
more but are underpaid.

Working Conditions of Child Laborers: Child labor presents a grim picture of the socio-economic
condition of a large section of our population. In a large overgrowing family, where there is hardly a
square meal a day, the young child is compelled to go to work to earn bread.

Working under hazardous conditions they start living a life of perpetual unhappiness and frustration. It is
a tale of deprivation and longing.

Causes: Poverty, over-population, parental neglect and social callousness turn them into child labors.

Consequences:The engagement of child labor is a heinous social offence. Only a diseased society keeps
up this evil practice. Children are born to live and bloom freely. Everyone should see to the full
expression of their potentials. For, 'what is done to children, they will do to society'.

Child labor is a threat to our society. The evil effects of Child Labor are given below:

Child labor is a major hurdle in the economic development of a nation.

A child, when engaged in economic activities, is deprived of proper education.

Child labor negatively affects the health of the child. Engagement of children in factories and mines
often leads to severe diseases. This malpractice needs urgent attention.

These children are not able to enjoy their childhood.

How to Stop Child Labor?

A child who gets a good social environment grows up to become a good citizen, which in turn helps the
country to grow and develop.
Education of the masses will be very helpful to raise the consciousness of general people. For this, mass
media campaigns over radio, television, newspaper, internet, etc. can be used.

Thanks to the government, the child-labor ban act was passed. Let us not violate the act. Let all children
enjoy the glory and beauty of childhood.

Dowry System: Causes, Effects, Solution

When we think of the deep-rooted social evils in our society, dowry system seems to be one of the most
influential of them. With its adoption across different communities across religions or caste has led to a
century old ceremony turn into a social atrocity. The gift exchange ceremony to induce harmony in the
relations has been severely modified to impose forced monetary extraction from the bride's family. Be it
in cash or kind, additional financial burden takes a toll on the sufferer.

Meaning

According to Wikipedia, 'Dowry” in the sense of the expression contemplated through the Dowry
Prohibition Act is a demand for property of valuable security having an inextricable nexus with the
marriage, i.e., it is a consideration from the side of the bride's parents or relatives to the groom or his
parents and/or guardian for the agreement to marry the bride-to-be.

According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, dowry is the money or property that a wife or wife's family
gives to her husband when the wife and husband marry in some cultures.

Similarly, the oxford dictionary defines it as the amount of property or money brought by a bride to her
husband on their marriage.

The word dowry owes its origin to Anglo-Norman French word, dowarie, and has continued to exist for
long in the society. The practise, which once was a gift exchanging ceremony, has transformed into a
dilapidated social evil, striking the very building blocks of the relation to shatters. The groom's family
seemingly go reluctant to part with the dowry and its the bride's family which faces the brunt.
The ancient India cannot be accounted for the downfall of status of women in the society and the surge
of the dowry system. According to several studies, dowry wasn't the primary requisite to initiate the
selection of the bride. Rather, her personal characteristics, and eticates as a human defined her stance
for the perfect partner to the groom.

According to Al-Biruni, dowry system wasn't practised in ancient India as early as 1035 AD. Marriage was
not a liability, rather, it was the event of peace and enjoyment. The male would gift a present to the girl
and henceforth held no right to ask for it back again. Rather, the girl held the discretion in the process
and could return the gift if she was not ready to marry the entity.

Causes of Dowry System

The causes of dowry system is explained below:

Greed-Expectation: When the marriage ceremony talks are initiated, a major sector of the society holds
the thought that it is the event for extortion from the bride's family. Several reasons are cited including
the dowry is being demanded to compensate the costs of the groom's education and liability. Well, the
fact that the girl is also a responsibility for the family, not a liability, is ignored widely. The primary
reason behind such desperate measures can be justified through the greed factor. Owing to
expectations of material benefits from the bride's family, dowry is demanded for, and at times, when
the demands are not met, either the marriage is called off, or the bride is exploited leading to domestic
violence.

Social Status: The ancient India was quite liberal in the event of gift exchange during marriage. All of it
would rest upon the financial status of the families. However, at present, the dowry amount and in-kind
gift exchange has led to depletion in status of women in the society, and led to depiction of social stance
through the networth exchanged. The financial status of the bride's family is of little or no significance to
the groom's family leading to prospective dowry extortion in a marriage. Yet again, the bride's family try
to pay it out owing to the fact that losing a marriage proposal would deteriorate their status in the
society.

Illiteracy: With a literacy rate of 74.04% in the country, it is quite valid to consider it the primary cause
for different social evils. Being from the segment that is not knowledgeable about the laws and
legislation, they face several atrocities owing to dowry exchange practices. They are left with little or no
choices and have to meet the demands of the groom's family, which when not met, leads to exploitation
of the women.

Status of Women: It is quite obvious that women's status in the society is not an equal one. The plight
doesn't end here. Rather, the society owes its infrastructure buildup to the effective contribution of
both genders alike. However, it is significantly ignored and the ultimate sufferers are the women in such
setup. The dowry system is the brainchild of such mindset and is the primary reason behind the plight of
women in the nation.

Lack of Willingness to adhere to laws: The Government of our nation has drafted several legislation to
counteract the dowry system. However, after the decades of drafting, these laws are still insignificant
and this social evil still resides in our society. Seemingly, the primary reason behind the failure is lack of
mass participation. People pay no heed to such laws and make sure to exploit the dowry system to gain
material benefits under the veil of a marriage proposal. Hence, the demands are made, and owing to
ignorance of anti-dowry laws, the bride's family suffer at the hands of the groom and his family.

Effects of Dowry System

The effects/ impact of dowry system is discussed below:

Initiates gender imbalance: When we speak of gender inequality in the nation, dowry system can be
considered the catalyst for this issue. According to the social infrastructure of the nation, it is a common
perception that a woman is a liability and is to be married off someday, with a dowry debt at disposal.
Well, for the masses, the birth of a girl is an inception to long-term plans to pay off the dowry along with
the child.

Seemingly, this saving venture hampers the future of the girl and restricts her of equal opportunities for
the mail child. The very future planning for a better marriage proposal ruins the prospects of a merrier
life for the child. Well, dowry system can be accounted for atrocities on the masses. The plight of the girl
child is initiated with her birth due to this particular infrastructure and continues to hamper her peace of
mind and tranquility. According to the latest 2011 census stats, the number of females per 1000 males
stands at a meager count of 943. Hence, this impacts the building blocks of the society and hampers the
growth of the nation.
Social Effects: Society owes its origins to masses and when we speak of the constituent evils of the
segment in our subcontinent, dowry system is one of the most leveraged one. Being widely practiced
across the nation, every other family faces the brunt of it. If a demand is not met by the bride's family,
she suffers at the hands of her groom's family leading to social imbalance and emotional breakdown.
Seventy % of our population resides in the villages and this practice still holds its stance midst the
economy and the society as a whole. The society seemingly judges the worth of a person on the basis of
dowry accepted or received and this framework can be attributed to the detrimental status of woman in
the society.

Decrements status of women: When a girl is born, for particular individuals, the societal framework is
dismayed. She is no longer a happiness and her birth is no more an occasion. She is deprived of basic
rights to education, freedom and speech. However, owing to the basic structure, and the dowry
ideology, her ordeal doesn't end with marriage. For a female individual, with little or no self economic
support, she exists at the assistance of her groom. Hence, when his demands aren't met, it leads to the
breakdown of the empathetic relation between the two entities leading to disparity. After a period, this
ordeal doesn't come to conclusion, rather, it leads to domestic violence and poses a serious threat to
the future of the family. The girl loses on her freedom once she is married and it yet again, comes at the
cost of a dowry debt.

Promotes domestic violence and crime: Dowry system initiates the act of violence in the society. When
demands are not met by the bride's family, the atrocities elevate proportionately. At times, extreme
steps are undertaken to shell out financial grants or material benefits from the bride's family. Well, yet
again these steps can be attributed to the much debated domestic violence. The crimes against women
take a surge owing to this structure of extortion.

Economic effects: Economy is not just the financial stockpile of the nation. Rather, it is a deep-vested,
mass effort to bring the platter for every individual. Dowry system, though it seems a minor social evil
can affect the nation and it's individuals alike. Owing to this setup, women aren't granted equal rights
and opportunities, leading to loss of economic workforce from the segment. Women are active
participants in the development of the nation, and if their rights are hampered at the domestic level, it
affects our economic build-up significantly. We lose the consistent workforce at the hands of a social evil
and hamper the growth of our own home and the society.

Deteriorating financial status of bride's family: Dowry doesn't affect the bride alone. Rather, its ordeal
extends to bride's parents and they have to bear the financial demands of their counterparts to ensure
well-being of their child. With regular demands from the groom's family, reports of suicides are yet
again common in the country. Needless to say, this social evil should necessarily be eradicated for the
society and the nation.

Loss of self-esteem among the women: The demands being met for the welfare of the bride comes at a
cost. Out of concern for her parents, she loses on self-esteem by believing she is a burden on her family.
It costs her peace of mind, and her right to a better life. Dowry system has imposed an invisible chain
upon the freedom and self-respect of women and continues to haunt them since time eternal.
Observing the problem closely, the greed of an individual ruins the peace of a beautiful brain.

Laws Against Dowry System in India

The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 was one of the most significant
attempt for the uplift of women's status in the society and the abatement of dowry system. This
legislation marked the inception of an evolution leading to development of a legal infrastructure which
effectively monitored the exchange and facilitation of exchange of dowry. It imposes a penalty in section
3 in case of exchange or demand for dowry. The minimum term for the lay-off was 5 years and a
minimum fine of INR 15,000 or the amount of dowry, depending upon whichever is higher. In case a
demand for dowry was made, it was equally punishable in the legislation. Well, if a direct or indirect
demand was made, it would invoke a prison term of 6 months at the threshold with a fine of INR 10,000.

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Women are one of the most significant assets
of the society and are active contributors in an all round development of the nation. However, owing to
the male dominated setup in our society, they suffer both physically and mentally. Well, their ordeal is
not limited to the society as a whole. Rather, several cases reveal that domestic violence is still a
significant deterrent against the uplift of the woman's status in the society.

To counteract the abuse women face at their own abode, the Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence Act, 2005 was passed. It facilitated a civil law solution to protect a woman from domestic
violence in India. The definition and the segments included in the legislation are diversified and include
all forms of abuse, namely, physical ,emotional, economic, sexual or verbal aggression.

Solution

The solution/preventive measures aimed at curbing the dowry system is summarized below:
Education: Education is the primary catalyst of growth in any nation. If we have to reach out across the
nation and make sure the mainstream community is at par with the nation's prospects, education is a
necessity. Lack of education leads to irresponsible decisions leading to financial exploitation from a
marriage relation. Dowry system is a social evil and owes its origination to ignorance and illiteracy.
Eradicating this evil is not possible without educating the society. The legislation aren't enough to bring
a revolution. Rather, the masses are the ones who hold the concentrate to eliminate the dowry system.

Making women self-dependent: The female sect of our society is an active contributor in the
development of the home, the society and the nation as a whole. To churn out productivity, and ride
upon the reins of development, women empowerment is a necessity. However, owing to the dowry
system, they are exploited both emotionally and verbally. It hampers their development and thought
process. Hence, ensuring employment opportunities for the female sect and making education feasible
seems the first step to ensure annihilation of dowry system from the society. In the long run, legislations
will turn out to be effective, if crimes are reported, and a well educated society inclusive of self-
dependent women will ensure robust reporting of dowry related crimes.

Gender Equality: The primary reason behind dowry system is the existence of a patriarchal society.
Owing to such a social infrastructure, the dowry system still finds its takers and propagators. To ensure
removal of dowry system from the nerves of our system, gender equality is the second step. Educating
children about the drawbacks of dowry system, and making sure that they inculcate the spirit to boycott
it, is the long-term solution to the issue. To eradicate this evil, we need to learn and educate others
about the ill-effects of it and it can be achieved by providing equal rights to both genders. Well, granting
equal employment opportunities won't be enough. Rather, altering the mindset of the masses, and
making them realize that a girl child is an entity, not a liability is the long-term solution to the issue.

Initiating Mass Media Campaigning: Media is the propagator of knowledge and the janitor of
information interchange. Well, almost every single revolution owes its origins to media campaigns. Yet
again, the dowry system asks for a revolution. The legislation have been in the stock for the past few
decades, but they have been ineffective to deal with the case. However, media holds the potential to
remove dowry system from the mainstream Indian society. By publishing related news and making the
authorities aware of any reported case of dowry related crime, they can keep an effective check upon
the prospects. Enhancing information interchange is the first step to a well-aware community and media
is the perfect medium for the task.

Government Initiatives: Government is the body which holds the key to development of a nation. It is
the formulator of laws and executes them to make sure people follow them for the betterment of the
society. Dowry system has been a part of the society since time eternal. The government has made
legislation to limit the dowry exchange. However, it has turned out to be ineffective. Well, to ensure the
people follow the laws, proper implementation should be carried out. It should monitor the sentiments
of the community and ensure that no dowry exchange exercises are carried out.

Social Awareness Campaigns: When we speak of awareness and revolution, we have to recall that it
cannot be brought about by the legislation or the government alone. We as individuals, make up the
society, and the first step for change is to be initiated by the society itself. Dowry system has long been
exploiting the weak and hampering the right to peaceful existence of a woman. Well, government can
formulate rules, it depends upon the community to follow it or not. Hence, social awareness is the
necessity to ensure robust annihilation of dowry system from the nation. It is a feat which cannot be
achieved by the government alone. Active community participation is the primary requisite to make
people aware of their rights and hence, in the long term, garner women their rights, and grant them
apodictic freedom.

Evils of Dowry System in India

Introduction

The dowry system is the worst of all evils in Indian Society. The word 'dowry' means the property and
money that a bride brings to her husband's house at the time of her marriage. It is a practice which is
widespread in the Indian society in one form or the other. At the beginning it was voluntary, but later on
the social pressure was such that only some could escape from it.

The Evils of Dowry System in India

The dowry at present is a source of both joy and curse in the society. It is also a joy to the husband and
his relatives who get cash, jewellery, costly dress, utensil and furniture.

But is a curse to the bride and her parents who have to bear gigantic cost to satisfy the irrational
demands of the family of the boy.

It is a matter of immense regret that societies which were earlier free from dowry are gradually falling
prey to it. If the demands for dowry ended with conclusion of marriage, there might have been some
room for relief.
But it is a sad experience for many that the demands of dowry are extended towards the bride's parents
even after the marriage of their daughter.

She is sent to her parental home to bring more cash, ornaments, etc. as dowry. If she returns without
dowry, cruel treatment or torture waits for her.

When more pressure is put on the bride's parents, their dear daughter has no other option but to
commit suicide to evade more insult and torture at the hands of the members of her husband's family.

Solution

It is our moral duty, social obligation and legal right to fight against the dowry system. The evils of dowry
system must be removed at any cost.

At public pressure the Government has enacted certain anti- dowry laws but these have not produced
the desired results.

The effort of the people in society need to act rationally, if they want this evil is to be removed.

The lofty expenditure of the marriage ceremony must be cut down.

Women must be trained since girlhood that their life is not hopeless without marriage.

They should be encouraged to have higher education.

Their age of marriage should be raised.

They should be encouraged to enter into various fields of paid jobs, as their higher economic status also
discourages demands for dowry.

The practice of mass marriage should be encouraged for the sake of economy.

Illiteracy: Meaning, Causes, Effects, Consequences and Solutions

What is the meaning of illiteracy?

Illiteracy is a state whereby one is unable to read and write. In its simplest form, it can be defined as lack
of any or sufficient education.

Sometimes people who have had very basic education also experience challenges in reading and writing.

Illiteracy can also mean ignorance or the lack of knowledge in a specific subject. For example, a person
may have gone to school but does not know how to operate a computer. Such an individual has no
literacy in computer and is known as computer illiterate. Nearly every job advertised requires one to
have computer literacy due to the digitization of most processes at the workplace.

A mistake in reading or writing that is seen to be characteristic of an illiterate person is also referred to
as illiteracy. For this definition, a speech or letter that has several errors can be said to be full of
illiteracies.

Functional illiteracy, on the other hand, is used to describe a situation where a person has writing and
reading skills considered inadequate to perform employment duties that demand reading and writing
skills that go beyond the basic level.
The challenges of illiteracy cut across:

*Gender

*Age

*Race

*Geographical location

*Cultures

What are the causes of illiteracy?

There are so many reasons why an individual can be illiterate. These are some of the causes of the
inability to read or write:

1. Illiteracy among parents: Many illiterate parents do not put much emphasis on the importance of
education. Several of those born to parents who can neither read nor write end up being illiterate. This
is especially true in remote areas where many people in the older generation have not gone through
formal education. The reverse is true for those who have been brought up by parents with an elaborate
educational background. They realize the necessity of taking their children to school and therefore
ensure that they receive a good education.

2. Lack of family support: This can be the cause of illiteracy more so where a child has difficulty reading
or writing because of dyslexia. In a situation where the family does not understand the child's condition,
it may simply be assumed that he or she is not a bright person and maybe school is not meant for
everyone. Supportive family members help a child overcome reading disability and go through formal
education with minimal challenges.

3. Unemployment of the educated: Some people believe that the only reason someone should go to
school is so that he or she can get a good job and make a good life. Without the promise of
employment, education is not a necessity to them. In a country where many of the educated are
unemployed, there may not be enough motivation for the illiterate to go to school. After all, they
reckon, why would you spend so much money paying for your education when there is no promise of a
return on investment? In countries where those who have gone to school have good jobs and
reasonable incomes, there may be sufficient motivating factors for people to get rid of illiteracy.
4. Lack of awareness: In places where several members of the local population do not understand why it
is important for them to go to school, the level of illiteracy may be high. Disinterest in the benefits of
formal learning can also be caused by lack of awareness on the importance of going to school. The
number of illiterate people in urban areas tends to be lower than that of those in rural areas. People in
towns are more aware of the need to eliminate illiteracy, the challenges that arise from lack of
education and the social benefits of being literate compared to those who live in the remote place.

5. Social barriers: Many social barriers such as restrictions on girls' education in some societies lead to
illiteracy among the affected segment of the population. Education of the girl child has been an issue in
some parts of the world leading to the formation of different organizations focused on championing the
education of women. Forcing children into marriage is another social issue that causes illiteracy in the
community. Family or social norms where female education is not allowed also causes illiteracy. In
societies where the caste system is still in force, those who fall into the wrong caste may not get the
opportunity to go to school. They are condemned at birth to remain illiterate.

6. Lack of affordable education facilities: Those who live in very remote areas with few or no education
facilities may remain illiterate. The nearest school might be found several miles away. Instead of going
through the tiresome process of walking for long distances on a daily basis just to go to school, many
choose to stay at home. Lack of access to education facilities in rural areas has contributed a lot to the
high number of illiterate people in these places.

7. Poverty: Poor parents with low incomes find it difficult to pay school fees. They are forced to choose
between providing basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing and taking their children to school. In
countries where basic education is not free, the number of children who do not go to school tends to be
higher compared to places where basic education is free and mandatory.

What are the consequences and effects of illiteracy?

What are the consequences of Illiteracy? How does illiteracy affect the life of an individual and the
society? These are some of the effects and consequences of the inability to read and write:

1. Hinders economic and social progress: Illiteracy greatly inhibits the economic and social progress of
an individual as well as that of the country. Education gives one the power to seek opportunities and
pursue them. People who have gone to school or are well educated have the expertise and intelligence
to make good investment decisions and drive the growth agenda of a nation. Illiteracy, therefore,
hinders the development of the country.

2. Poverty: Illiteracy leads to poverty. Education equips one with the right skills and expertise for gainful
employment. A person who has not gone to school and is unable to read and write may experience a
hard time in finding a job especially in a world where the corporate environment is increasingly in
demand for employees who are well-trained and can cope with an industry driven by technology.
Without a reasonable source of income, taking care of the dependent family members may prove to be
difficult.

3. Child marriage: This is also a problem that may come about due to illiteracy. Parents may fail to
recognize the benefits of taking children to school to learn how to read and write. Instead, the girl child
may be forced into early marriage. It may also be a means of raising money through dowry payments to
support the rest of the family members. In a way, the girl child is viewed as a property in some cultures.
They can be traded to help the family make ends meet. The practice is especially rampant in areas
where a lot of people have not gone to school.

4. Difficult life: An illiterate person can lead a difficult life in so many ways. The inability to find gainful
employment can subject one to a life of poverty with poor living conditions. There can be a lack of basic
necessities such as good shelter, clothing and decent meals. Illiteracy can also make one a societal misfit
more so in areas where many people have gone to school and have the ability to read and write. Such a
person can be the center of ridicule and suffer from stress and low self-esteem. Without the ability to
read and write, it can be hard to read instructions which in some cases may have dire consequences.
They say ignorance is bliss but that is not true when a person's life is on the line.

5. Social crimes: Through education, a person can cultivate some civic sense and develop behavior
patterns that are socially acceptable. Illiterate people may engage in unlawful acts in the society due to
lack of employment or simply as a result of being uncultured. In countries where the number of those
who have not gone to school is high, social crime levels also tend to be high.

6. Underpayment, Underemployment, Unemployment: We live in a world where the job market favors
people who are properly educated with useful skills to drive company growth. Many illiterate people are
thus underpaid, underemployed or unemployed. They are unable to earn income and in many cases
perform a lot of duties with little pay.
7. Intergenerational Illiteracy: The issue of illiteracy can cut across generations within a family. It can
become cyclic in such a way that even the third or fourth generation family members suffer the same
fate. Intergenerational Illiteracy mainly comes about because education is given little to no value in the
family setup. The children that come along will thus see illiteracy as the norm and not make any effort to
learn how to read and write.

What are the possible solutions to stop or control illiteracy?

1. Free education: The provision of free education in schools, colleges, and universities by the
government can play a major role in reducing the level of illiteracy in a country by getting more people
to school. Since some people fail to attend school due to lack of money to pay for the fees, offering free
education can increase the number of people attending school and subsequently reduce illiteracy levels
within a society.

2. Awareness: Creating awareness about the importance of education can help people understand why
they need to go to school. Non-governmental organizations, government agencies, and other concerned
parties should put in place deliberate measures to create awareness in the society and reduce the
number of people who are unable to read and write.

3. Grants: Offering grants, subsidies, and scholarships can reduce the financial burden that parents and
students bear in paying for education. It would make it possible for students to learn without
interrupting their education due to lack of school fees. Parents would also channel the money that
would have been used to pay for school fees towards other income generating projects. The cost of
financing education can prove to be too high especially for those who live in poverty.

4. Late night classes: Working people can opt for late night classes. In this way, they can learn even as
they earn income through their daytime jobs.

5. Free books: The government and different foundations can offer free books in schools to encourage
students to develop a reading culture. Offering free books can also reduce the financial burden placed
on parents in the provision of textbooks.
6. Digitization: Since we live in the age of technology and information, creating digital platforms for
reading and learning can help reduce illiteracy in the society. It can also help take care of the challenge
of shortage of education facilities. Digital libraries can provide a good platform for those who live far
away from urban centers to expand their knowledge base and become more informed.

7. Lower educational cost: Even though education has its rewards, it is very costly to finance. Many
graduates usually leave school with huge debts in the form of student loans. It makes saving and
investing difficult. The cost of university education has been a key political and social issue in many
nations. By lowering the cost of education, the government can make it easier for people to study up to
the highest level possible.

Conclusion

The value of education cannot be underestimated. Many people like to think of it merely as a process to
gain skills and expertise necessary for the job market. Even though education gives an individual a
competitive advantage in the job market, that is not all that it does. Going to schools plays a major role
in the mental as well as social development of a person. The lessons learned and the experiences that a
person goes through while in school prepares him or her for life in the society. One can learn problem-
solving skills and develop social intelligence necessary to overcome everyday life challenges. Illiteracy,
therefore, has no room in the modern society. The more the number of people who have gone to
school, the better the community. Everyone should aspire to be educated and gain knowledge because
of the important benefits of being literate.

Problem of Alcoholism and its Treatment

Introduction

For long in the history of mankind alcoholism was a moral problem, resulting from moral degradation
and weakness of will power. Drinking Alcohol is just one of the several ways in which people wrongly
react to stresses and strains which are too difficult for them to meet in the normal manner.

Alcohol addiction is as old as civilization

Drinking Alcohol is as old as civilization in India. There are sections in Indian society in which the use of
alcohol is not only common but is also a sign of respectability, modernism and what not.
The use of alcohol is considered pathological if it is used in excess, if the individual cannot do without
drinking, if its use is disapproved, by society, if it has injurious effects on the mind and body of its users.

Alcoholic psychosis

Alcoholic psychosis is primarily a mental disorder of middle life. The number of men is greater than that
of women. A very high percentage of them are either widowers or divorced. Among men the proportion
of bachelors is greater than that of married people.

What Psychologists say about Alcoholism?

Psychologists explain the drinking habit by the purpose drinking serves. People drink alcohol to escape
from worry, anxiety, responsibility and misery of life. Under the influence of drink, the timid feel brave
and the unhappy feel cheerful. It helps to overcome frustrations and disappointments. All this may be
true but it is not a complete explanation.

Everybody in this world has problems and worries. But why is it that only some take to drink to meet
their problems and worries and others does not?

Alcoholism presented as repressed homosexuality

Many psychoanalysts explain alcoholism by repressed homosexuality. They argue that men drink alcohol
excessively mostly in the company of other men and in such bouts they come in bodily contact with
each other. In such bouts of excessive consumption of alcohol the repressed homosexuality of the
alcoholics finds expression.

Alcoholism as partial suicide

One psychoanalyst K.M. Menninger puts forward an interesting theory. According to him addiction to
alcohol is partial suicide. It is an attempt at self-destruction so that greater self-destruction may be
avoided. He sees in the thwarting of his ambition, disappointments in love and business, threat of
disgrace and the like a great danger to himself and indulges in milder self-destruction to avoid a greater
one.
These and other theories are not complete explanation of why people drink but they throw a good deal
of light on the problem.

They fail to account for individual differences in the use of alcohol and are too simple to be accepted as
a satisfactory explanation of behaviour of alcoholics. The most striking fact about the use of alcohol is its
great popularity in all cultures, regions and countries and among all classes of people.

Alcoholism is very popular

Many campaigns have been organized against it, many legal restrictions have been placed on its use,
laws of prohibitions have been enacted, temperance societies have waged ceaseless war against its use
and almost every religion has propagated against it and yet alcoholism is as popular as if was before.

The fault was with our interpretation of alcoholism.

We naively believe that drinking alcohol is just a matter of habit. Contrary to popular belief, alcohol is
not a stimulant but a depressant.

Excessive alcohol intake attacks and paralyses the higher centers of the brain thus weakening their
control on the lower centers. As this control weakens the primitive impulses and emotions of man, they
are no longer restrained and get a free expression. Thus alcohol is a means of escaping from one's
rational and social self. Before drinking alcohol he was frustrated, depressed, anxious and bored but
after drink he feels warm, vigorous, helpful and happy. He now feels quite capable of accomplishing
tasks which he avoided. Drinking wine and other forms of alcohol produces a sense of security arid
competence. Such a theory is more comprehensive than theories we have mentioned earlier.

Effects of Alcoholism

In general the effects of alcohol are very injurious. When the alcohol content of the blood rises to 0.3
percent, serious disturbances in movement, speech and vision are seen and thinking is confused. And
when it rises to 0.5% the entire physiological and neural balance is upset and the person becomes
unconscious. This unconsciousness in a way protects him from more serious consequences because he is
prevented from consuming more alcohol which might bring about his death. The effects of alcohol vary
with the individuals, their physical conditions, their personality, the amount of food he has already taken
and the time for which he has been drinking. There are people who consume quite a large quantity of
liquor but show no signs of intoxication and retain their bodily and intellectual alertness.

The actual effect of alcohol on the brain centers is not fully known but it does not seem to cause damage
to the brain tissues. But it does seem to slow down the functioning of the brain.

In some people excessive consumption of alcohol may cause cirrhosis of liver but it does not have any
harmful effect on other organs. Excessive indulgence over a period of time leads to abnormal behaviour,
to psychotic reactions.

Some social factors contribute to the increase of alcoholism. How respectable is the drinking habit, how
readily available the several varieties of liquor are will to some extent influence the amount of alcohol
consumption in any society. In countries whew wine is manufactured from grapes and is found in
abundance people will drink mostly because it is freely available and cheaply sold. Prohibition may not
altogether stop the use of alcohol but it certainly has a preventive effect.

Indian Women are less susceptible to the temptation of liquor.

Women consume less alcohol due to their training or social pressure. The number of male alcoholics
admitted to hospitals is four times larger than that of women. Among Indians there are certain social
groups in which wine drinking at festivals and ceremonial occasions is socially approved.

Drinking is very common among motor and truck drivers and some large towns in India are faced with
the problem of intoxicated drivers being a menace on roads particularly at night.

Alcoholic Addicts

The alcoholic addicts drink to excess and cannot resist the desire to drink more and more; they damage
their career and their families, they may develop cirrhosis of the liver.

Treatment of Alcohol addiction

Today the methods of treating alcoholism have undergone a basic change. Drinking is no longer
considered the cause but the result of a person's difficulties. The reactions and after effects of heavy and
prolonged drinking may need medical treatment in the form of sedatives, hot baths, toning up the
system by washing and resting his stomach and giving him nourishing diet. For chronic alcoholism efforts
are made to improve the physical health of the patient by making up vitamin deficiency and removing
organic defect if any. But a detailed course of psychotherapy is necessary to strengthen the individual's
defense against the miseries of life. This psychotherapy should be undertaken in a hospital so that the
patient is removed from those stress situations in which he feels the urgent necessity of drinking and his
physical and mental difficulties are well looked after.

Methods of psychotherapy for treatment

Methods of psychotherapy may be grouped under three heads.

In the first group we have the various forms of surface treatment such as suggestion, moral
encouragement and persuasion and hypnosis. During the hypnotic state the patient is given a suggestion
that he will not drink, that he will dislike drinking and that he will avoid alcohol and often obeys these
suggestions on recovering from the hypnotic state. But these methods do not have any effect on the
basic problems and difficulties of the patient which have led to alcohol addiction.

The second group of therapeutic methods consists of substitute emotions. Many rakes have turned a
corner after coming in contact with religious and social reformers who gave them a new outlet for the
expression of their emotions. Religious conversation, seeking joy choosing social service to the needy
and the poor or joining social and political missions have deeply affected the personality of many alcohol
addicts and induced them to seek satisfaction in activities other than drinking. A movement called
Alcoholics Anonymous has gained considerable popularity and its programme and approach is
fundamentally different from routine temperance societies.

The third group of psychotherapeutic methods aims at laying bare the root cause of drinking. People
take to alcohol because it provides means of adjustment to stressful emotional and personal problems.
Psychological treatment will bring out the real nature of such conflicts and difficulties, to strengthen the
personality of the patient, to resolve conflicts and meet difficulties in a realistic manner and thus to get
rid of them. Once the patient is made to understand what the complexion of his conflicts is and how
they can best be resolved he will not resort to such artificial means of adjustment such as the use of
alcohol.
Short Essay on Gender Inequality

Gender inequality refers to the gender based inequality against women. Women are often denied their
social, cultural, economic, and political rights leading to a decline in the condition of women.

Gender inequality is when people of all gender do not get equal privileges. It refers to the unequal
treatment of people belonging to various genders.

It refers to an unjust situation when women are devoid of their right to be treated equally with their
male counterpart.

Gender inequality refers to a situation:

when men and women are not treated equally, or

where men enjoys certain privileges over women, or

where men misuses their dominant position to establish control over women, or

when the voices of women are discouraged, or

when women do not enjoy equal right for education, or

when the good performance of women is unjustly ignored

During the last 50 years, there is a change in perception towards women. Constitutionally, the women of
today enjoy similar opportunities with men.

The participation of women in the mainstream workforce is continuously increasing. They are largely
employed in banking, hospitality, health care, and other server sector industries.
However, they have minimal presence in manufacturing and engineering industries. In comparison to
women, the top managerial posts are generally held by men. This may be due to the fact that men who
are already at high position prefer to appoint men at higher positions.

Jobs that require physical strength are also mainly dominated by men. In general, men are believed to
be physically stronger then women.

Gender inequality is most commonly found at workplaces. Very often they are denied of fair pay or
equal pay. Even in corporate environment women have to face various challenges. The Glass ceiling
effect is also believed a reason for inequality against women. Glass ceiling effect refer to the invisible
barrier that obstruct a women to rise to higher position in spite of having merits on the basis of
education, ability and part tract records.

Even women who work outside home and earn a good income are expected to spend time with children
and complete the household works.

The feminization of poverty also reflects the indifferent treatment that women face throughout the
world. It is unfortunate that women constitutes a greater proportion of world's poor.

Women Empowerment is now considered a human rights issue. Gender inequality cannot be fully
eliminated merely by the legal and administrative measures. The educated people should develop a
national consciousness of the positive impact of gender equality. There is a need for changes in
perception towards women. The human society would be most advantaged only if women are treated
equally and are not deprived of their rights. Let us hope for a society where women are not
discriminated because of their gender.

Equality should be for all, regardless of gender, age, race or nationality. Everyone should command the
same respect, and enjoy the same opportunities. That means respecting women without qualification
and never thinking or treating them in a disrespectful way.
Short Essay on Smoking in Public Places

Smoking in Public Places

When a smoker smokes at a public place, it is not only the smoker who sustains the harm. Even those
who are not smoking, but are in the company of smokers are also harmed.

Reasons Why Smoking in Public is Bad

Non-smokers feel very uncomfortable when they are exposed to the smoke of a cigarette.

If a person smokes in public area, then even non-smokers have to inhale the smoke emitted out by
them.

These people who are not habituated for cigarette smoke are put to risk of various diseases.

There are men, women, boys and girls of all ages at public places. The smoke that is inhaled passively by
young children can be very detrimental for their health.

The sight of watching someone smoking may attract teenagers to indulge in the habit of smoking.

Smoking has been banned in cinema halls or in conference halls.

At many places, there are smoking chambers attached to prominent public places and big offices. Those,
who cannot do without smoking have to go to those chambers to have a smoke. In public places,
smoking is not permitted.

Smoking Banned in Public Places

In India, there is nationwide ban on smoking in public areas under the provisions of Cigarettes and Other
Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) and Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008.

Smoking is not allowed at public places such as shopping malls, restaurants, bars, offices, public
transports, airports, railway stations, cinema halls, hospitals, banquet halls, libraries, etc. However,
smoking is not banned on roads and inside private cars.

Those who do not smoke find the smoke of a cigarette to be intolerable - their head begins to ache if
someone is puffing out the smoke around them.
What are the causes of Poverty?

Poverty refers to the extreme situation of scarcity of essential items that people don't even get the
adequate food, clothing, medicines, shelter, for subsistence existence.

What are the causes of poverty?

1. Overpopulation. The disproportionate rise in population leads to a situation when the demand is high
and the supply is limited results into acute shortage of essential commodities.

2. Low agricultural output. The low agricultural output of crops results into inadequate supply of food
grains.

3. Low production of industrial products. The low industrial productivity of essential items of daily use
such as clothes, cooking utensils, etc. makes these items unaffordable for poor people.

4. Diseases: There is constant risk of breakage of diseases in unhygenic environment. These diseases
affect the poor people very badly.

5. Flood and drought situation: The flood and drought situation causes heavy losses to the
agriculturalist. When the food crops gets destroyed, it leads to shortage of food products. The flood also
harms the hut and other shelter of poor people.

6. Illiteracy: Educated people get better opportunity to work. Illiterate people are often forced to do
menial jobs.
7. Caste system: The division of labor on the basis of caste acts as a hurdle for the poor people who want
to come out of poverty level.

8. Untouchability: The problem of untouchability is further worsening the condition of these poor
people. These people are not allowed to undertake many professions and are forced to live life in
misery.

9.Gender Inequality: There is prevalence of gender based inequality against women in various social,
economic and religious activities. Women are not allowed to undertake economic activities. At
workplaces, they get inadequate remuneration. This is leading to a condition called 'Feminization of
poverty'.

Essay on ‘Fight Against Corruption'

Fight Against Corruption

Corruption is a burning national issue. We must all come together for our 'fight against corruption'.

By 'corruption' people usually mean actual bribery, nepotism, misuse of public money and other
offenses like hoarding, profiteering, black-marketing and smuggling.

Corruption is rampant in various spheres of education, business, employment, election and marriage.

The lack of employment opportunity often depresses the job-seeker. As long as there remains an
unbridgeable gap between the employment needs and employment opportunities, it remains difficult to
get a job, and there would always be people to exploit their needs. Giving and taking bribes under false
assurances is a common phenomenon in such a case.
This can be stopped either by refusing to pay any such illegal gratification or by bringing the matter to
the notice of the Police authorities.

Election process is an area where corruption raises its ugly head. Electioneering in a country, where
large sections of the electorate are illiterate, often get misleaded by the vote-seeker. This corruption can
be fought if individual voters remain true to their conscience and vote-seekers bank on their worth and
power of arguments rather than on weight of their purse.

Corruption has found its way at centers of Education. Nowadays, even non-academic people are seen
around the academic world primarily in search of certificates. They in collusion with other money-
minded people among Paper-setters, Examiners and Tabulators often make mockery of the examination
system. This can only be avoided by rising the consciousness of individual to 'fight against corruption'.

And the sphere where individuals need no help from outside to fight corruption is that of marriage.
Grooms consider themselves to be a costly commodities. They demand for dowries.

Solution

The various form of corrupt practices such as, hoarding, profiteering, black-marketing and undue price-
rise, etc. need to be stopped. People can form consumer-resistance group with his fellow consumers
and then their united effort would be strong enough to curb the malpractices of the unscrupulous
people. These victims should fight against corruption. The should explore their legal rights. If necessary,
they would also get the help of the Police authorities in this matter.

In the case of smuggling of valuables and non-available goods, individual has very little scope to resist
except taking a vow not to purchase any such smuggled good even if offered at a lower price.

Conclusion:

We often blame the government for their failure in checking corruption. But it is time to realize that it is
more a question of public morality, of individual conscience and initiative than efficient administration
to eradicate all such vices and corruptions.
10 Reasons Why Physical Activity is Extremely Important

Physical activity can be defined as any movement of your body that uses energy. Thus, housework can
be a physical activity - and can even be a great form of exercise if you really get into it.

Common types of physical activity include dancing, swimming, jogging, football and yoga. Every adult
should engage in physical activity several times a week, with physical exercise that raises your heart rate
being particularly beneficial for good health.

Physical activity is very important for your health and wellbeing. To illustrate this fact, we have listed 10
reasons why physical activity is extremely important.

1. Physical exercise is important for cardiac health

Because it gets your heart pumping, physical activity improves your cardiovascular health. It improves
your heart's stamina and also benefits your circulatory system. In this way, physical fitness reduces your
risk of heart disease. By reducing your blood pressure, it also reduces your risk of suffering from angina
and similar conditions.

2. Fitness is a powerful weapon against diabetes

Physical activity helps to curb the development of Type II diabetes. It also helps to stop Type II diabetes
from developing in the first place. This is because exercise improve your blood's sensitivity to insulin.
Add a healthy diet into the mix and you have a winning combination.

3. Fighting cancer
Keeping fit has been shown to reduce your risk of certain cancers. For instance, by reducing the amount
of estrogen in the female body, exercise reduces women's risk of breast cancer.

4. Physical fitness boosts mental health

Exercising boosts your mood and stops you feeling sluggish and low. Studies have found that exercise
reduces stress and anxiety (not least by reducing pent up energy) and helps you to feel energetic,
powerful and independent.

5. Improving muscle tone

The more you engage in physical activity, the stronger and more toned your muscles will get. Getting
stronger makes everyday activities such as carrying the groceries home or lifting heavy boxes much
easier.

6. Exercise wards off obesity

You may have heard the phrase 'obesity epidemic'. Obesity is associated with various lethal illnesses,
including cancer and Type II diabetes. The more you exercise, though, the less likely you are to become
obese.

7. Want to sleep better? Just exercise!

Having a regular exercise regime imporves your sleeping patterns. If you find that you go to bed filled
with excess energy and unable to sleep, it may be the case that all that you need to do is exercise a little
during the day. Be careful not to exercise too close to bedtime, though, as this can keep you awake.

8. Bone health
Improving your core strength through weight bearing exercise (such as weight lifting) helps your bones
to stay strong and enables you to combat ailments such as osteoarthritis.

9. Memory and concentration

Exercising regularly has been shown to improve memory and concentration - and physical activity may
even help to ward off dementia. So, whenever you work out, you are also improving your mental fitness.
Crack open that cryptic crossword right after the gym and see how you fare!

10. Higher energy levels

You may feel tired right after a hard workout, but overall physical activity boosts your energy levels.

10 Solutions to Climate Change and Global Warming

Global warming and climate change are closely connected: global warming causes other kinds of climate
change like floods, blizzards and changes in the seasons due to the way in which the warming of the
earth disrupts weather patterns.

Climate change refers to any change in the climate, including storms, 'freak' blizzards and droughts.
Global warming, however, refers specifically to the overall warming of the earth.

The tips below are aimed as solving the problem of climate change and global warming: things that we
can all put into practice from today onward.

10 Solutions to Climate Change and Global Warming.

1. Use fewer CFCS: Though widely banned, these substances (which can be used in aerosols and
pesticides) are still in use in some parts of the world and they can cause huge damage to the ozone
layer.

2. Switch to sustainable fuels for heat and power sources: Burning fossil fuels is a major cause of climate
change, so switching away from these fuels both at home and at work is an effective way to combat
climate change.

3. Learn to love nature: Appreciate natural beauty every day - whether that means going on a hiking trip
through the mountains or whether it means simply sitting in the garden with a hot drink before work -
so that you stay motivated to combat climate change and global warming. How can we take action to
save the environment if we do not know and care about what it is that we are protecting?

4. Shop ethically: Use your consumer power to only shop with carbon neutral or environmentally
friendly companies.

5. Shop less: Reduce your dependence on gas guzzling, environment polluting factories by simply buying
fewer things and reusing and repairing the items that you do have.

6. Inform others: Teach others about the dangers and the causes of climate change and global warming.
The more people who are taking action, the more effective the movement will be.

7. Write to your local authority: Let the government or other local authorities known your opinions, and
urge them to take action to combat global warming and climate change.

8. Donate to environmental charities: Even if you are not best placed to take action yourself, you can use
your money wisely to help dedicated activists to make a real difference in the world.

9. Plant trees and flowers wherever possible: If you own or can buy land, consider turning it into a forest
rather than developing it into residential or commercial buildings. Trees are like the lungs of the world,
helping to regulate the amounts of carbon in the atmosphere. And, if you do not own land, there are
other things that you can do such as purchasing seed 'bombs' (or simply handfuls of seed) and throwing
them onto waste ground, causing flowers to spring up. If you choose bee friendly seeds, you will help in
a much wider sense, too. Not only are bees endangered at the moment, but they are vital for
stimulating the growth of fruits, trees, flowers and vegetables through pollination. So a simple handful
of seed can have a real knock on effect.

10. Fly less: The aviation industry is a key cause of pollution in the atmosphere. Save your plane journeys
for essential long haul flights and more occasional holidays. And, when you do fly, look for ways to offset
the carbon footprint of your flight, for instance by donating to reforestation projects.

Conclusion.

We can all take action, starting right now, to address the very real and very urgent problems of global
warming and climate change. And, if we all act together and get those in power involved (such as
governments) then our actions will become ever more effective.

10 Ways to Improve the Indian Education System

Introduction: It's absolutely true that the future and overall development of any country depends upon
the fact that how educated its citizens are.

Though, gaining a professional degree is not possible for everyone due to various reasons, but what
actually matters is the basic education. That is, one should know how to read and how to write.

India has shown significant improvement in education since 1947 until today. However, we believe that
there is always some room for improvement in every field. So let us discuss 10 ways that can help us
improve our education system.

1. Skill Based Learning - Schools should be allowed to provide skill based training. It can be done best by
recognizing the areas of interest on any student. If someone is interested in repairing mobiles, there
should be provision for mobile engineering course. If someone loves trying hands in handicraft items,
the training should be provided for the same and so on. Skill based training will ensure one thing - Self-
employment!

2. Focus on Rural Education - Mahatma Gandhi said, 'The future of India lies in its villages. If the villages
perish, India will perish too.” This alone explains the significance of focus on rural education. We should
have schemes and schools that provide good education to children living in villages. Also, it should be
assured that good and experienced teachers are there to impart education to children.

3. Free Basic Computer Skills Classes - The reason that we suggest this point is very straightforward. It is
the era of Information Technology and hence, education is nearly incomplete without having basic
computer training in it. Be it accounts, engineering, teaching or just the simple back office jobs,
computers are everywhere and so, our pupil should have the basic knowledge about them.

4. Teachers Training - Our country has already got many training programs for teachers. The need of the
hour is to design a curriculum for teachers in such a way that uniformity arises in teaching standards all
over India. Moreover, teachers should be trained in such a way that they know their rights as well as
duties.

5. Subsidies and Grants for Professional Courses - We are lucky to have different scholarships existing in
various schemes for the underprivileged as well as for the meritorious students. We can further improve
in this area by having subsidies and grants in various professional courses. This way, aspiring students
will not have to leave their studies in between due to their personal financial limitations.

6. Educate Parents - Educating parents is equally important so that they do not force their children for
career which do not actually interest them. Also, necessary steps should be taken to augment and
improve the communication between teachers and parents.

7. Health education - Another area that needs improvement and attention is the health education. We
should try to include Yoga or various other workouts in our education system so that children get to
learn the value of good health and maintain the same.

8. Smart Classes - Though many of the Indian schools and institutes are already following this concept,
but we should take a step where all educational institutes can be connected with the concept of smart
classes. With the help of different audio-video devices, multimedia concepts and other necessary IT
elements, we can make our students learn and understand in a much better and modern way.

9. E-libraries - Introducing this concept in our education system will be of great help as anyone will be
able to access the books and required study material from anywhere with ease. Moreover, the E-
libraries can be updated quickly with new material and books.

10. Making Sports Compulsory - Last, but not the least, we should try to make sports compulsory in our
education system. This will not only help students to embrace a bright career, but will also help our
country in the long run! Moreover, this option will also generate employment for so many talented
sports persons who, due to some reason, could not further pursue their career in sports.

Conclusion

Remember, the education system of ancient India has always marked its impression all over the world.
So why not achieve another milestone in education by making some more improvements! With little
effort, planning, hard-work and a positive attitude, we can definitely take our education system to new
heights!

25 Reasons Why Nutrition is Important

Nutrition is very crucial to normal functioning of the body. Without it, the body would be helpless
against diseases and conditions. So you need it at all times and here are 25 reasons why nutrition is
important;

Keeping the body in perfect shape.

Prevention from disease attacks.

Providing the body with energy to keep going.

Boosting immunity and bolstering against diseases and conditions.

To keep us in perfect health at all times.

For growth and development.

To control our body wealth.

To keep the body in a perfect responsive mode.

Keep the body insulated during cold weather.

Support tissues in the body system.

Create balance for optimal body functions.

For creation and replacement of dead cells and tissue.

Support healthy reproduction.

Brings out the best in our bodies.

For health mental wellbeing.

Controlling of body weight.

Improves on our beauty.

Healing of injuries.

Prevention of deformities especially for children.

Keeping the digestive system in the best condition.

Helps in getting rid of toxins.

For strong bones.

Healthy sleep at all times.

For healthy lifestyles, nutrition is important.

Help develop the brain.

Now you have it all; give your body what it requires for it is important to have nutrition.

25 Reasons Why Technology is Important in Education

Introduction: Old Stone Age period used to regard small changes like the use of chalks and books as
technology. A lot has changed and education institutions are now using cutting-edge technological
equipment during classroom instruction.

What is technology?

Technology refers to the use of latest scientific equipment for practical activities such as carrying out
observations, recording, analyzing and even data interpretation.

Technology is a result of efforts applied in fields of engineering and applied sciences. Education has a lot
to gain from technology.

Some of the following reason explain exactly how beneficial technology can be to education and
educational institutions.

25 Reasons Why Technology is Important in Education

1. Enables diversity in learning styles: Students learn differently, and a teacher may not be able to cater
for all his/her learner's needs. The availability of technology in education makes it possible for learners
to move at their own pace.

2. Breaks monotony in learning: Integrating technology shifts learning from being teacher-centered to
learner-centered. The teacher acts mostly as a facilitator rather than an instructor.

3. Learning is made flexible: With technology integrated into the education curriculum, students no
longer have to learn about the same thing at the same time. One student can read about plants while
another is reading about animals.

4. Enables teachers to prepare learners for the real world environment: The world is changing at neck
speed towards technology. Thus, it is imperative that students are equipped with skills that will enable
them to cope up with the change.
5. Increases learner's aptitude to learn: Technological devices make the classroom a place of fun hence
learners are excited to learn.

6. Facilitates distance learning: The tech world has enabled people to take their courses online while
working at the same time. No need for physical contact with the instructor.

7. Savings: Buying a laptop or a tablet is less expensive as you can get all your information on the
internet compared to buying many textbooks for various courses which are costly.

8. Access to the most up-to-date information quickly and easily: The internet has a lot of educational
information, which is regularly updated. Learners can search information on the website and compare
opinions from different writers.

9. Increases collaboration: Students and instructors can now share information easily from any location.

10. Reduced workload: Records on students' performance, class attendance, courses taken by students,
school enrollment and others can be stored on computers. Computer records are not easily lost. Thus,
they can be accessed anytime they are required as opposed to the traditional methods of recording on
papers which can be easily misplaced.

11. Leads to globalization: Students can learn, understand and appreciate different cultural perspectives
hence globalization.

12. Sharpens students skills: Skills such as communication, complex problem-solving self-direction,
research and the likes are acquired and enhanced through the use of technological devices.

13. Multi-media approach to education: The use of audio-visual approach in education using filmstrips,
audiotapes, computers, etc. facilitate perception.
14. Ease of updating information: To update educational content on the internet is not cumbersome and
it is also cost-effective.

15. Retention rate is improved: Students learn by doing rather than listening. This helps them to
remember what they learn more easily.

16. Reduces weight: As opposed to the heavy textbooks, learners will just carry a mobile phone, laptop,
or tablet which has all the necessary books and projects and are much lighter to carry around.

17. Allows students to demonstrate independence: Since there are numerous articles on the internet, a
student decides the one he wishes to refer to.

18. Facilitates distance learning: Both teachers and students can easily prove their work with evidence
from primary documents on the internet.

19. Improves learners focus: Conducting a research using the internet to access information is time-
saving and can keep learners focused for longer periods since it's enjoyable.

20. Prepare students for their future careers: The integration of technology in education gives learners
opportunities to pursue careers such as programming and software engineering, health IT, analyst
among others.

21. Technology is an assessment tool: Children use videos, games, and simulation to learn. In this case,
they need to problem-solve, think critically and transfer knowledge from other experiences learned
earlier.

22. Learners are engaged in the teaching-learning process: Animations, videos, and diagrams show
students what you are teaching and hence they can participate in answering questions, group
discussions, etc.
23. Builds positive digital citizens: Educating students on how to communicate with others online makes
them responsible for the type of messages they exchange.

24. Learning can occur anytime: Learners can study at whichever time, day or night since the internet
when readily available.

25. Students gain an equal voice: When a student writes an article or an e-book, judgment is based on
the quality of writing and not the race, gender or age.

We need to invest some cash in technology to make it work for us efficiently. Advanced technological
equipment will make education an enjoyable journey and give instructors an easier class time.

25 Ways to Stop Global Warming

Global warming is perhaps one of the most crucial, and most debated topics of our time. Most often, it is
large companies who bear the brunt of criticism here.

Corporations' sizeable carbon footprints and wasteful ways have been singled out time and time again
as the main causes of global warming. However, there are also plenty of seemingly small things that
individuals can do to help to prevent global warming.

Global warming is sometimes used synonymously with climate change. However, climate change does
not always involve the earth warming.

What is global warming?

Global warming can be defined as:

- the warming of the earth.

- gradual increase in the earth's temperature that is sustained over a long period of time (i.e. it is not
simply attributable to a fluke weather system).

- The effect of the so-called 'greenhouse effect' whereby a buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere traps the sun's infrared rays, causing the earth to heat up dramatically.

25 ways to STOP or PREVENT Global Warming

As the definition above shows, excess CO2 in the atmosphere is one of the leading causes of global
warming. But how can we reduce our CO2 emissions and thus stop the earth from warming up further?
Below, you will find a list of 25 ways to stop or prevent global warming. Some of them may surprise you!

1. Swap your light bulbs for energy efficient ones.

The simple act of changing all of the light bulbs in your house to carbon saving energy efficient bulbs can
dramatically reduce your carbon footprint.

2. Drive less.

Travel less by car and plane - this releases fewer greenhouse gases. Car exhaust fumes are contributing
to the greenhouse effect, which is the name for the phenomenon caused by CO, CO2 and sulfides
creating a thick layer in the atmosphere that traps the sun's rays and warms the earth (like a giant
'greenhouse'). Thus, cars are one of the main causes of CO2 in the atmosphere. So, why not take the bus
or the train to work, or carpool with your friends?

3. Write to corporations asking them to reduce their omissions.

Post on social media, write a letter, or attend a protest: let corporations with a high carbon footprint
know that you are opposed to their environmentally careless ways.
4. Plant more trees.

Trees are great for sucking CO2 out of the atmosphere and releasing oxygen in its place. You could plant
a few trees in your garden for your grandchildren to enjoy, or take part in a larger community
reforestation project.

5. Recycle more.

Recycle and reuse used items wherever possible rather than buying new things. There are plenty of
ways to recycle. Use your food scraps as compost or chicken food. Carefully sort your cardboards,
plastics and cans for the recycling truck to collect. Mend old clothes rather than throwing them away.
There are plenty of ways to recycle.

6. Choose solar energy.

Solar energy is green and does not contribute to global warming! When we choose solar energy, we
choose to burn fewer fossil fuels.

7. Go Vegan.

The meat industry is a leading cause of CO2 omissions, so why not switch to a vegetarian or vegan diet?

8. Save water.

Install a smart device in your toilet to save water when you flush, only boil as much water as you need to
for that cup of tea, and switch the faucet off whilst you are brushing your teeth. There are so many ways
to conserve water!
9. Buy fewer new products.

Factories churn out CO2 in astonishing amounts, so try and cut out some of those factory produced
products from your shopping list.

10. Watch out for extra packaging.

Avoid purchasing items with unnecessary extra packaging: extra packaging increases a product's carbon
footprint.

11. Throw away less trash.

Use durable boxes instead of disposable wrappers for your lunch. Use reusable cloths instead of
disposable paper towels for cleaning the kitchen. You get the picture!

12. Insulate your home.

Insulate your home properly, don't leave the heating on when you are away and opt for eco friendly
halogen heaters rather than gas boilers or other fossil fuel based heating sources. Heat seeps out
through crevices, poorly insulated roofs and poorly glazed windows. Save energy by having your home
thoroughly insulated.

13. Raise awareness.

Join a campaign, recruit others, and help to spread the message of climate change awareness.

14. Educate yourself.

Attend talks and webinars on climate change and read books and articles on the subject.

15. Print out fewer documents.

Save paper (and thus trees and energy) by reading documents online or on your kindle instead of
printing them.

16. Put your heating on a timer.

Why should your house be heating up when you are out at work?

17. Eat local.

Buy from local farmers' markets or grow your own veg. Food flown across the globe to your
supermarket causes a whole lot of CO2 to be emitted from those airplane engines!

18. Choose green fuel.

Ditch that leaded fuel for something better for the environment.

19. Use a clothesline.

Let the sun dry your clothing instead of guzzling energy with an electric clothes drier.

20. Shop wisely.

Only shop from climate friendly companies that are either low carbon or carbon neutral.

21. Choose renewable fuel.

We should choose renewable and sustainable energy sources. Fill that coal burner with biofuels!

22. Keep your car well maintained.

The better maintained your car's engine is, the less likely it is to use fuel inefficiently and to excess.

23. Look for the energy star on your appliances.

This shows that they are approved as being energy efficient.

24. Buy eco-friendly house cleaning products.

There are plenty of brands you can choose from!

25. Opt for environmentally friendly cosmetics.

Vegan, local, low carbon footprint cosmetics are the way to go!

Conclusion.

There are so many small things you can do to help to stop climate change: they all add up!
28 Reasons Why Education is Important

Introduction: Since time immemorial, education has always been there. It has undergone many changes
to become the complex field it is today. Currently, education has so many disciplines that it's had to
cover all of them in a single lifetime.

What is education? The word education comes from the Latin word educare. Educare means to draw
out. This etymology can shed light on the true meaning of education.

Hence, education refers to the process of imparting knowledge into an individual. Some people define
education as filling a person's head with facts and knowledge. However, etymologically, education
seems to be more about drawing out a person's true potential.

Being educated is totally different from being literate. Literacy refers to the ability to read and write
while being educated refers to being knowledgeable. Let's look at some of the reasons why education is
important.

28 Reasons Why Education is Important

Education is so important, and we should all keep on educating ourselves throughout our lives. Below
are 25 reasons why education is so important.

1. For Knowledge: Education provides us with knowledge about ourselves, the universe and other living
creatures. This knowledge, in turn, helps us to know how we should correlate for greater purposes.
When we understand the science of geology, for instance, what seemed before to be a dull, bland cliff
face suddenly becomes a record of immense moments in the history of earth. Knowledge of biology
brings the meadows to life with natural history and knowledge of architecture, history and literature
turns every street corner or patch of ground into a site that is rich in meaning thanks to its associations
with authors past and present, exciting innovations in architecture or historic battles or agreements.
2. To get employment: Education equips us with skills and tools that help us get enrolled in
organizations where we render our services for income.

3. To know your rights: Education enlightens us. It helps us to know what our rights are and what to do
when they are broken.

4. To appreciate each other's culture: Education teaches us the culture of different societies that make
up the world. By understanding others' way of life, we are able to appreciate them. The more that we
know about different cultures, about different religious, about different philosophies and about history,
the more we realise that there are many ways of seeing the world. This helps us to get a useful
perspective on the world and to empathize more with the views of others.

5. For the country's development: By enabling us to earn income, education helps us succeed, which in
turn leads to the improved economy. As we both all work hard as individuals, our collective efforts are
seen in the country's improved GDP.

6. Make us human: Education bestows within us the ability to reason which sets us apart from robots.
It's reasoning that makes us care for each other and the environment.

7. For socialization: Education systems are set up in populated places. This enables us to make friends
and form new ties.

8. Improves creativity: The knowledge we obtain from education help us to think creatively through
deduction, analysis, evaluation and many more. It's this creativity that brings forth new inventions.

9. To manage crises: We encounter a lot of crisis in life from crumbling economies to allocation of
limited resources. Education helps us to manage such crises by making sober decisions.

10. Independent thought: True education is not just about absorbing facts. Rather, it is about learning to
think properly for ourselves. This is one reason why education is so important: it teaches us to think
critically about the world around us and to make better informed decisions about our life.
11. To avoid being fooled: Being educated shields you from people who are used to duping others.
When you are educated, it's easier to tell if a person is lying or not.

12. Respect: Educated person is always give and command respect of others.

13. Makes us rational beings: Since we are guided by intellect, education has made us rational beings.
We are able to reason before doing anything in a rush. Anyone can be opinionated, but truly educated
people know that it is important to back up our opinions with facts. In the same vein, education helps us
to check the beliefs and opinions of others against the facts so that we can decide whether to share
those opinions or to reject them.

14. Makes us confident: Education has made us confident beings. We are able to tackle challenging
issues life throws our way.

15. Helps us to learn many languages: Education opens a channel for an individual to learn many
languages thus appreciating other people's culture. Learning many languages also widens our social
interaction beyond local boundaries.

16. Makes us law-abiding citizens: Education teaches us to be law-abiding citizens. It enlightens us the
importance of respecting each other's boundaries and solving conflicts to avoid scuffles.

17. Saves the environment: Education teaches us to care for the environment for both our sake's and
that of the coming generation.

18. Low infant mortality: Educated parents know how to take care of their kids by providing them with
shelter, food, clothing and medication. This has lowered the infant mortality rate in many places.

19. For building new technologies: Every day, scientist and inventors are always working hard to come
up with new technologies to help human beings live better lives.
20. Improved lifestyle: Most educated individuals live a good lifestyle. We are talking about wearing
classic garments, eating in the best hotels and owning some of the latest technological gadgets.

21. Foregoing baseless superstitions: With the power of reasoning, education helps us to distinguish
right from wrong and logical from illogical.

22. Fosters equality: Educated people respect each other. They respect human life and know that we are
all made of the same stuff.

23. Helps us correct mistakes made by previous generations: By digging deeper into the way of life of
our former generations, education has helped us forge new directions by avoiding the mistakes they
made. This has minimized our failures while promoting advancement.

24. Broadens our horizon: Education has equipped us with skills and knowledge that widens our minds
to think far and beyond. By avoiding stagnation, we are able to explore new abilities and talents.

25. Upholding ethical values: Education teaches us to monitor our temper and other antisocial
behaviors. By keeping such behavior in check, we are able to live peaceful lives without feuds.

26. Keeping the brain active: Education, if continued throughout our lives, keeps our brain active and as
such helps to keep our memory and cognitive abilities sharp. Life long learners have been shown to have
a greater chance of avoiding dementia, for example.

27. Enjoyment: Getting educated is enjoyable, and we can make our closest friends in the classroom. It is
enjoyable to learn new facts and to achieve new things, to wonder at the world and to solve increasingly
harder and harder problems.

28. Educating others: The essential thing to remember about education is that it should be passed on
down the generations. Getting an education is thus also important because it enables you to teach
others. Education grows and grows. And, one of the true joys of education is definitely being able to
pass it on.

Conclusion: Education is not just an important tool to get a job (though that is very important of course),
it is also a joy in itself. It gives us perspective on the world, helps us to shape our opinions and enables
us to help others as well. The more educated we become, the more resourceful we will be to this
generation and the next.

5 Reasons Why Cleanliness is Next to Godliness

'Cleanliness is next to Godliness' is a very common aphorism. This aphorism suggests that being clean
and tidy is the next best thing to being morally good. The aphorism can also be used to signify the fact
that cleanliness and Godliness are very similar.

What is cleanliness? Cleanliness can mean being hygienic, neat and tidy. But, it can also signify a spiritual
or mental cleanliness: freedom from evil thoughts, words and deeds.

What is Godliness? Godliness refers to the state of being akin to God. Someone who is Godly usually is
peaceful and calm, with a sense of serenity, goodness, kindness and spiritual poise about them.

5 Reasons Why Cleanliness is 'Next to Godliness'

1. Positivity. Keeping things clean and in order gives you and others a happy feeling, and so does being
good and peaceful. Taking positive action to clear up the environment, or just to spring clean our
cupboards feels great. Taking positive action to be kind to others and do good deeds also feels
wonderful. These feelings of positivity are not so different from each other: here, cleanliness and
Godliness are very similar in terms of the effects they have on our minds.

2. Spiritual advancement. Cleanliness is all about taking care of yourself and your surroundings, and
getting rid of anything dirty. This is similar to spiritual advancement, where we care about our spiritual
health and rid ourselves of negative, unkind or evil thoughts and deeds.
3. Health: physical, mental and spiritual. Staying hygienic and ridding our surroundings of germs is good
for our health. Keeping our minds 'clean' is also good for our spiritual health. Scientists have found that
mental and physical health are not strictly separated: if we have healthy bodies, this helps our minds to
stay positive and happy too, and vice versa. Here, again, looking after our body and looking after our
mind become two very closely linked activities: cleanliness is very much next to Godliness.

4. A sense of beauty. There is a real beauty in a sparkling clean house, a tidy and well cared for garden
and also in the human body when we look after ourselves and allow our inner beauty to shine through.
A Godly person also has beauty in their actions, words and thoughts.

5. Motivation. Working to keep things clean and neat brings joy and a sense of satisfaction. Working on
the physical cleanliness of ourselves and our surroundings motivates us to do good in the spiritual
aspects of our lives too. If we get into good habits when it comes to cleanliness, we will tend to find that
we have the strength of mind, discipline and determination that we need to get into good habits of
morality as well.

Conclusion. Cleanliness is next to Godliness in a metaphorical sense: a clean body and home is like a
mind that is free of unclean thoughts. However, cleanliness can also quite literally inspire us to be Godly,
thanks to the joy and motivation that cleanliness brings to our lives. Both cleanliness and Godliness are
about taking positive action to get rid of bad things and to make the world a nicer place for ourselves
and for others.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Inventions of Science

Invention of science means the coming up of new useful processes, machines and improvements that
did not exist there before. The end product must be something that is unique and of its own kind in the
world of science.

Some examples of science inventions include medicine, cars, buses, trains, chemicals, radios, TVs,
computers, ammunition, airplanes, arms and bombs.
Advantages.

Fast communication. With the invention of computers and phones, people are able to communicate
with each other regardless of their location.

Fast transport. Cars, buses, electric trains and airplanes make it easier to travel across the world with
much ease. One can travel over a long distance in a short period of time.

Increased productivity. Working with computers reduces the amount of time taken to have results. In
the case of producing documents, it takes a shorter time to type rather than hand write.

Improved health. Most diseases are manageable due to the invention of science. Medicines have been
discovered that aid to prolong life and also machines that support life.

Increased awareness. Science inventions have led to a better understanding of the world. People know
about the existence of space and its nature as well.

Disadvantages.

Health impacts. The invention of some chemicals has increased the chances of health issues such as
respiratory and skin diseases.

Increased chances of warfare. Most countries have acquired bombs, arms and ammunition, fighter
planes and the like which have led to many dangerous wars with increased death of people.

Over-dependence on invention. Most people depend on invention to work. Others have gone to the
extent of looking for robots to so their job.

Increased pollution. When computers are out of fashion and others are invented, they end up being
damped which is a health hazard. The increased use of chemicals also causes pollution.
Increased competition. Powerful countries end up having unhealthy competitions on who is going to
invent what first. This leads to enmity among nations.

Conclusion.

Inventions have lead to the growth of the economies in the world as well as the education sector. It
should therefore be embraced, but done in a sustainable way.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Television

Television

Television is one of the most important invention of Science. Scientifically, it is only a higher form of the
radio. In addition to its old function of passing on sounds, it transmits and receives visual images using
electromagnetic radiation.

First developed in UK by John Logie Baird in 1926, TV has today evolved into the most powerful
instrument of audio-visual communication.

To our common folk this instantaneous reproduction of both sight and sound still appears magical. They
are simply overwhelmed with wonder and joy as they see and hear people who may be thousands of
miles away. Even when they leave, wonder does not seem to have gone out of their eyes.

Advantages

1. Relief from anxiety and monotony: Television delights and instructs us in various ways. Artistic
programs including drama, song and dance give us relief from the anxieties and monotony of daily life
and take us to the realm of imagination. We all get very tired when we return home after working
outside for the entire day. We can watch television shows while relaxing on the sofa at our drawing
room. It fills our life with vigor.
2. Entertainment: It is said that 'variety is the spice of life” and television offers a variety of
entertainment channels. There is no doubt for the fact the television offers wide variety of
entertainment both for the adults and the kids as well. We can choose from the series of plays, serials,
movies, and sports televised. Television offers entertainment for every one of us. For adults, there are
movie-channels, news-channels, live shows, reality shows, serials, etc. For small children, there are
cartoon-networks, educational-networks, etc.

3. Media interviews: The media men have regular interviews with eminent writers, scholars, scientists
and other celebrities. These extend our awareness of various subjects and sharpen our desire for
knowledge and understanding. When we watch interviews of our celebrities, we understand how they
overcame their early-career difficulties. We get inspired by watching these interviews of great and
successful personalities.

4. Live shows: There is no end to the pleasures. It caters to millions of people of all age. They are thrilled
as they witness live-cast shows of important games and incidents. We become very excited when we see
the live matches of cricket, football, soccer, tennis, etc. Major international games such as Olympics are
shown live on the television. Live events of various music shows, award functions, etc. are telecasted
live on television.

5. Moral lessons: But, besides entertainment, many television shows are aimed at teaching moral
lessons to the society. Though, mass television campaigns, efforts are made to boost a sense of integrity
and moral-values among the common people. Various documentaries are also made to raise the
consciousness of the people so that the society can be benefited by their actions. The harmful effects of
drug, alcohol, smoking, etc. are displayed to encourage the viewers to stay from these evils.

Disadvantages

In spite of its popularity, television is not free from disadvantages. That calls forth certain criticisms.

1. Negatively effects the studies of the children: The young children spend more time watching
television than sitting with books. It greatly affects their studies. Parents should ensure that the study of
their children doesn't get negatively affected in any way.
2. Dull and indecent programs: Some of the television programs are often dull and indecent. It divert the
attention of the youth. It creates certain feelings in them which are detrimental to their future.

3. Distraction: Some of the cinema shows and advertisements are unhealthy for youngsters. The youth
should use television carefully so that their mind doesn't get distracted.

4. Wastage of time: People steal out of their work at times and gaze at Television shows in marts for
hours together. They waste immense time doing nothing while watching television.

5. Quality of educational programs: The national educational programs are yet to come up to our
expectations. The number of quality education programs are few. Very often, they fail to meet the
expectation of the students.

6. Develop idleness: The excessive love for Television leads to idleness, sentimentalism and weakening
of our sense organs and imagination. During holidays, instead of going out in the open and play some
sports, the youngsters prefer to remain idle watching television.

7. People read fewer books: During leisure time, people get enough time to read books or do other acts
of recreation. However, people are more interested in watching television than reading books.

8. Alienates us society and elements of nature: Too much dependence on Television alienates us from
society and nature, the direct touch of which alone can revitalize our senses and imagination.

Conclusion: In spite of the fact that television has some disadvantages, the utility and importance of
television in modern world cannot be denied.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching Television (TV)

Television (TV) is a wonderful invention of modern science. It has both advantages and disadvantages.
They are each discussed below in points.

What are the advantages of watching TV?

1. We can watch news channels to know the present affairs of the around the world. Nowadays, there
are also large number of regional news channels.

2. Our children can learn moral lessons in a fun way by watching special episodes meant for children.

3. The television shows, music, video-songs, live matches, etc. are sources of our entertainment.

4. We can learn to make our favorite dishes by watching cooking episodes.

5. The tele-shopping channels offer many bargain deals.

6. We become aware of the present socio-economic condition of our country and of our world.

7. We can follow the latest trend by watching the fashion and modelling shows.

8. The spiritual shows builds our character.

What are the disadvantages of watching TV?

1. When we watch too much of TV shows, our eyes get tired.

2. Television creates too much sound. Our mind gets cluttered with those sounds.
3. Many Television shows are considered indecent for kids and children.

4. We often compromise our sleeping hours to watch our favorite TV serial.

5. Our favorite actors are often shown consuming alcohol or smoking a cigarette. Young people often get
negatively inspired to intake these harmful substances.

6. Too much of watching TV may distract us from our true motive of life.

Advantages of Local Self Government

Democracy as a system of government encourages the participation of people at every level of

governance. The local or grass-root level of a democratic set-up is called the local self government. No
other system of governance involves the common people in administration as much as the democratic
system. The democratic structure in India has three levels of governance,

national or federal,

state or regional,

local or grass-root level.

Advantages
1. It is in this level of democracy that the participation of the people in the management of their own
affairs is more direct, clear and significant.

2. Because here the supervision of people of the representative is direct and constant.

3. Lord Bryce believed 'the best guarantee for the success of democracy is the practice of local self
government'. Involving people at the lowest stratum of society or at the grass root level with the
administration may be said to be the modern version of direct democracy. It brings the people and the
local government face to face with one another.

4. In a problem ridden transitional society like India unless democracy is decentralized it cannot be
meaningfully employed as a means to welfare administration.

5. Devolution of power from the higher to lower levels is a necessary democratic method to bring about
a complete involvement of the sovereignty from the top to the bottom.

Advantages of Reading Books

A book is a storehouse of knowledge and experiences. It has several advantages.

A book is our best friend. In our society we have friends and foes. Even the so-called friends can cheat us
in times. However, books are our never-failing friends. Just like a good friend, it gives us company during
idle time. A good book guides us in our lives.

Books are the voices of wisdom, past and present. The knowledge stored up in them invites us and gives
us joy.
We read books not only for instructions but also for entertainment. It is the most harmless occupation
for using time in a productive manner. The bookshelves are the standing source of joy to all book-lovers.
To an educated man there is no pleasure comparable to the pleasures of reading books. Books provide
us with varieties of entertainment. Some give us loud laughter, some a smile and some only an
unexpressed joy.

Books help us forget for a while the cares and anxieties of daily life. Those who can read books are lucky
indeed. A reader of books forgets his worries for the time being and finds pleasure from it. Money
cannot buy peace of mind. Power cannot heal our sorrows. Books can, when all other fail.

A book is the windows to the outside world. The books on traveling can take us into the jungles of
Africa, to the desert of Sahara, to the top of Everest or to the ice-fields of the Arctic. And all the while we
can relax in bed or on armchair.

A book can put us in the time-machine. It can take us the great minds of the past and the present. Books
on antiquity bring vividly to us the world of the past. We go back in thought to the dim, old days of the
past.

Books can broaden our mind and gladden our heart. We see into the secrets of life and universe in the
books on science, religion and literature. We love books for all these reasons.

Knowledge itself is also a great source of pleasure. Books on expeditions and adventures fire our
imagination. Detective stories give us thrills and keep us absorbed. From all these we derive both
pleasure and surprise.

However, there are numerous books and we need choice of books. We do not have enough time and
energy to read all these books. We know, good books ennoble our minds, while bad books pollute it.
Our time is precious; we cannot waste it by reading trash. So, we should read those books which may be
our best companions, which can enlarge our vision and make our life more meaningful.
Advertisement: Purpose, Types, Uses, and Abuses

Advertisement is a paid form of notice or public announcement to promote or publicize products,

services, events, etc.

Advertising refers to the commercial activity of creating and making available the advertisements to the
public.

Purpose of advertising: To advertise means to make known publicly. Tradesmen advertise their goods to
find a ready and wide market.

In the past, there was not much need of advertisement. Goods were taken to the market places. Buyers
and sellers met there. Goods were seen and were bought and sold.

Now with the advance of science the whole world has become the market for business. The physical
contact with direct customers is less as the customers are spread over long distances.

Moreover, different producers turn out things of similar nature. Rubber goods, glasswares and other
things of daily use are of different makes and qualities. Therefore, there is much competition in the
market. Advertisement has become part of good salesmanship.

Types of Advertisements

Advertisement appears in newspapers. That is the commonest form of it. Most men read newspapers
and see advertisements.

Posters, handbills, hoardings in the streets are used for advertisements.

Sometimes advertisements appear in neon lights or on the screen in multiplex and cinema houses.

Businesses advertise on televisions and radios to get mass coverage.

Today, a large number of companies prefer to reach target audience through online advertising. They
make use of contextual advertising methods to display advertisements to only those customers who are
interested in related products.

Uses

Advertisement has great value in business.

Customers often do not know where first class goods are available. They come to know of them from
advertisement.

Even goods that are widely known and much used must still to be advertised. If they are not advertised
to attract notice, sales drop off.

New goods produced cannot find a place in the market unless they are advertised.

Advertisement is an appeal to the customers to choose the goods so advertised. It, therefore, brings
money to traders. It also helps buyers to buy the things they need.

Abuses

At times, there is abuse of advertisement.

Some advertising agencies design advertisements to mislead the innocent public. They create artificial
demand for useless stuffs and sell these items at huge prices. Thus, the innocent middleclass people are
often mislead into buying unnecessary goods and wasting money.

Sometimes indecent advertisements are displayed that do not serve the interest of the society.

These abuses should be checked.

Brief note on Advantages and disadvantages of Decentralization of Power

Decentralization of Power

The decentralization of power at the lowest level of the society is meant to educate and involve the
common people in the management of their own affairs.

Local Administration in Urban Areas: The local administration in the urban areas in known as municipal
administration. There are three types of local urban bodies namely, Corporation, Municipality and
Notified Area Council depending on the size of the city.

All these three bodies perform more or less the same type of work. These organizations function
through the elected members of the city. These bodies collect taxes to run the administration but it is
too meager to meet their expenses. They heavily depend on the state government of funds.

Advantages

The advantages of decentralization of powers are:

It pays greater attraction to the solution of local problems.

Creates local leadership.

Creates consciousness in the lowest level of the society

It also works as a laboratory of democracy to experiment new policies.

Disadvantages:

The disadvantages of decentralization of powers are:

It creates feeling of regionalism among the people.

The local leaders fail to appreciate the national problems.

Climate Change: Major Causes of Climate Change

Climate change means a extreme, drastic and highly noticeable change in the earth's climate. The
climate consists of weather patterns.

More specifically still, climate change refers to changes in weather patterns caused by human activity,
such as the burning of fossil fuels.

The phrase climate change only started to be used towards the end of the 20th century. This is because
it is a 20th and 21st century phenomenon, linked to huge fuel use associated with the industrial
revolution.

Climate change is closely related to ozone depletion, global warming and the greenhouse effect. Climate
change is a phrase that is often used interchangeably with the phrases global warming or the
greenhouse effect. However, these phrases are not exact synonyms.

Major Causes of climate change

1. Global warming: The overall cause of climate change is the warming of the earth's atmosphere. This
comes about due to the greenhouse effect, whereby a layer of polluting gases (including CO2, sulfides
and CO) in the earth's atmosphere trap the sun's rays and cause them to warm up the earth and the air
surrounding it. It is called the greenhouse effect because it evokes the way in which a greenhouse traps
the sun's rays and thus warms up the air inside it. Global warming is caused by humans, and the ways in
which they do so are described in the six points below.

2. Human use of fossil fuels: When they combust, fossil fuels release large amounts of carbon dioxide
and this contributes heavily to the greenhouse effect and climate change. Out of the three main fossil
fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), coal releases the most CO2 into the atmosphere when it is burnt.

3. Burning plastics: Poor waste removal that involves burning plastic can pump tonnes of nitrous oxides
and sulfur dioxides into the atmosphere.
4. Human consumption: Human consumer culture lies behind a lot of climate change. Our false belief
that we constantly need to buy new things creates a demand that fuels factories and other industries
that use a lot of fossil fuels and chemicals that pollute the atmosphere.

5. Deforestation: As human beings cut down forests for fuel or to make way for building projects, they
get rid of the earth's natural mechanisms for regulating the levels of oxygen and carbon in the
atmosphere: the respiratory processes of trees. The Amazon rainforest, in particular, which is
disappearing at an alarming rate, is often described as a giant 'biotic pump' or a lung of the world.

6. Human travel patterns: Air travel and car travel contribute hugely to the release of greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere. Even if you do not personally travel by car, you might still be contributing to this if
you purchase clothes or groceries that have been freighted over to your country by air or by container
ship.

Conclusion

We should all start to take urgent action in order to halt climate change before it is too late. After all, as
we are the species that is responsible for climate change, we are also the species that should be working
hard to put it right. There are many ways to stop climate change. Chief among them are burning fewer
fossil fuels, buying fewer things, going vegan, eating locally produced food, reversing deforestation and
traveling less by air and by car, van and lorry.

,.

Communication: Its Meaning and Importance

What is Communication?
The word 'communication' comes from the Latin word 'communicare', which means 'to share'. So,
communication is a sharing of information.

This sharing aspect is very important: some people think that communication is just about speaking or
conveying a message while the other person listens. However, good communication is more of a mutual
exchange of information, with both sides speaking and listening in turn.

As well as being verbal, communication can take many other forms. It can be physical (in what is known
as 'body language') or written down (for instance when we read a letter or see an advert on a billboard).
We can communicate via images and via the touch of a hand too - silence itself can be a way of
communicating how we feel.

Communication is something that we all do every day, and it benefits us all to brush up on our
communication skills so that we are the best communicators that we could possibly be.

All living things in the Universe communicate.

Plants, animals, bacteria, humans - everything that surrounds us, in a way, communicates.
Communication is the essence of our world, if there wasn't for communication there would be nothing.

Communication in Human Beings - Why Do We Communicate?

Human beings inherently communicate at all times. Our bodies and minds communicate with us, we
communicate with others and interact with the world that surrounds us. It's safe to say that
communication is absolutely vital and in this article we will give you 10 reasons why communication is
important, so make sure to keep reading.

Why is Communication Important?

It is very important to have effective communication skills. The importance of communication is

highlighted below in points.

1. Resolving disputes.
If neither side feels that they are being understood by the other, disputes can build up until they
become practically irresolvable. Good communication skills ensure that everyone understands what the
other person wants, and that compromises can be reached.

2. Knowledge.

We are able to learn new things thanks to communication. We communicate with others and our
teachers, mentors, friends and families communicate with us - this is how we get to learn and
accumulate knowledge.

3. Building genuine friends & relationships.

A good friendship is all about truly getting to know and trust the other person. Being able to
communicate your feelings, interests and plans is very helpful here. That way, you will be able to ask
them for support when you are stressed, share your joy with them when something good happens, and
make plans with them for the future as well.

How would we build a relationship with someone if we didn't have the ability to communicate our
thoughts to them? We build and cultivate relationships with others through communication.

4. Sharing of Emotion and feelings - a sense of belongingness.

Human beings are fragile and in almost constant need of a friendly listener. If we didn't have our friends
and families to share our deepest fears and secrets with, if we didn't have the ability to communicate,
the world would be a very different place.

5. Businesses exists because of communication.

Business would simply not be possible without communication. If there wasn't for communication, there
wouldn't be a way to share goods and services. Therefore, business itself wouldn't exist in no way, shape
or form.

6. Brand promotion.

If you want customers to buy your products, it is essential that you are able to communicate your brand
message to them. This will result in increased sales.

7. Persuasion.

One important aspect of communication is being able to persuade people to do things. Whether you
want to encourage others to donate to a charity you work for, or simply to persuade your kids to do
your dishes, good communication skills will really help you here as they will enable you to explain to
other people what the advantages are of your suggested course of action.

8. It helps us express ourselves in a clear fashion.

No one would know who we are, what we think or how we fill if we didn't have the ability to
communicate. Communication is what helps ups represent who we are to the world.

9. Pleasurable experience.

Human beings would have no ability to feel the sensation of please if they weren't able to communicate.
We feel pleasure thanks to communication.

10. Satisfy our needs and Getting a good deal.

If you can communicate well with your boss, you will have a better chance of promotion. Build up a good
rapport with a market stall holder and chances are they will put the price down for you. Communicating
confidently, politely but firmly is also very useful when you need to make a complaint about a product or
service, or when you need to get your money back in the store.

Further, without the ability to communicate, we wouldn't be able to satisfy our basic needs like water,
shelter or food. We would not be able to physically survive without it.

Conclusion

Communication is useful in daily life for avoiding conflicts and misunderstandings with our family and
friends - and for resolving disputes whenever they do arise. Communication is also a great way to build
loving and trusting relationships with other people in the first place.

Communication is also very important in the world of business. Whether we are working as part of a
team to get a project done in the office or simply trying to convey a branded message to consumers, we
rely on communication!

What more is there to say in the end? Communication is a vital part of all existing life and the fact that
we, human beings. have the unique ability to communicate in a highly sophisticated way is a true gift
that we need to cherish in order to lead productive, happy lives. Communicate with the people you love,
interact with the world around you and spend some time 'talking” to your inner self.

Compare and contrast Childhood and Adulthood

Introduction: Childhood and adulthood are two different - but equally important - times in our lives. This
article compares and contrasts childhood and adulthood in depth.

What is childhood? Childhood is the period of time when we are still growing up. Childhood is often
contrasted with the period of 'infancy', in which we are still young babies.

As children, we can think and speak for ourselves, but we have yet to become adults.
What is adulthood? Adulthood is the time in our life when we are 'grown up', though we may still be
developing as people.

Throughout the world, the beginning of adulthood is usually legally deemed to occur at a certain age -
for instance 18 or 21 years old.

However, it can also be argued that we become adults as soon as we become independent, responsible
for our own actions, and able to participate as part of society.

Differences between childhood and adulthood.

1. Independence.

Childhood is a time when we must live according to our parents' rules, and obey the rules of our schools
as well. By contrast, during adulthood we have much more independence and can generally choose
things like where we want to live, what we want to eat, and what job we will do.

2. Responsibility.

Childhood is generally characterized as a period of our lives in which we are relatively free of care:
people are looking after us and taking care of our needs for us. By contrast, during adulthood, we need
to take more responsibility for ourselves - this can include financial responsibility as well as moral
responsibility for our actions.

3. Knowledge.

As adults, we have accrued much more knowledge and experience of the world than we possess as
children. This knowledge can come from formal education, but it can also come from simply interacting
with other people in the world.
4. Freedom.

Though it might be argued that adults have more responsibilities than children, they also have a greater
degree of freedom. One example is travel. Children can very often not travel unaccompanied whereas
an adult can go wherever they want, whenever they want. Another example is deciding what to do with
their day. Adults do not need to ask their parents' permission if they want to go out to see friends or do
a little shopping. By contrast, children usually need to ask their parents if they are allowed to do certain
things - and they certainly cannot do them during school hours.

5. Memories.

Adults have built up a larger store of memories than children have. In fact, we usually cannot remember
anything earlier than our third or fourth year of life: many of our childhood memories are lost to us. As a
result, adults have more of a longer life history, and a richer store of experience than children do.

6. Innocence.

Childhood is often defined as a period of innocence, when we are shielded from the challenges and
difficulties of life. By contrast, it is often argued that part of being an adult involves facing up to these
challenges head on. However, many people say that in fact children are not as innocent as we would
believe them to be, and that they are perfectly capable of understanding difficult situations (for
instance, a parent's illness) with maturity and emotional depth. Parents often find that shielding their
children from 'unpleasant' facts can simply frustrate the child or make it hard for them to face such facts
head on later in life.

7. Identity.

As children, we are often seen in relation to our parents - the child of so and so. However, as adults, we
are identified in different ways: for instance, by our job, by our education, or by our hobbies and
interests. It may be asked, though, whether this is an intrinsic difference between children and adults, or
whether this is simply due to the ways in which other people view us differently when we are children
and when we are adults.

8. Parenthood.

As children, we look up to our parents for love and guidance. Though this is still a feature of our
relationship with our parents when we become adults, as adults we can also become parents ourselves.
Moreover, very often, our experiences of childhood help to shape the types of parents that we become
during adulthood. And, in their turn, our children may use us as their models when they come to be
parents themselves. Thus, it is important to always strive to be a loving, good parent as we are thereby
setting a good example for our children to follow.

9. Skills.

As adults, we tend to have a wider range of skills than children do. For example, adults can drive a car,
write in joined up handwriting, do more complex mathematical sums and so on. These are things that
children either find difficult to do or are even legally forbidden to do. Nonetheless, it is also true that
children sometimes have a greater aptitude for learning new skills than adults do. It is said, for example,
that it is easier to learn a second language fluently as a child than as an adult.

10. Bodily differences.

Growing taller, getting a deeper voice (for men), and noticing gray hairs are all bodily differences that
mark adults out as different from children. Another physical difference between children and adults is
that children will often seem to have more energy than adults too - and will be running around and
playing games all of the time - and yet children will also get tired earlier in the day and require more
sleep than adults do. Being aware of the physical differences between children and adults is important
for medical professionals as it enables them to give the very best care to all of their patients, both young
and old.

Conclusion
There are definitely differences between childhood and adulthood. However, this distinction is not
always as sharp as we initially think. And, of course, everyone is an individual with their own experiences
of being a child and then becoming an adult. So, what are the key differences between childhood and
adulthood for you? Is there anything that you think should be added to the 10 points above?

Comparison between Religion and Superstition

Comparison between Religion and Superstition

Introduction: Religion is the repository of mankind's highest aspirations and noblest ideals. It is a great
life-giving force. No nation can survive without religion. Superstition is the product of folly and un-
reason. Superstitions grow in the darkness of ignorance.

Similarities: Religion and superstition have some points of similarity. A religious man observes certain
rights and rituals. A superstitious man observes certain ceremonies.

These similarities between religion and superstition help us understand why a religious man often shows
his faith in superstitions. However, the similarities between religion and superstition are superficial.

Differences: There are many differences between Religion and Superstition.

1. Religion is a great spiritual force. It empowers our minds and sustains us even in our darkest days.
Superstition has no such power. It makes us cowards. Superstitious men cannot achieve success in life
because superstition breeds a defeatist mentality.

2. Religion is a powerful liberating force. It broadens our outlook. It teaches us to be tolerant and
sympathetic towards our friends and neighbors. Superstition, on the other hand, makes us suspicious
and narrow-minded.

3. Religion sustains mankind in all ages. Even in an age of science people derive inspiration from religion.
Science can not destroy religion. Superstition flourishes only in dark ages. In the Middle Ages most of
the people were steeped in superstitions. Superstitions disappear in an age of reason. Science destroys
superstitions. Now only the uneducated villagers believe in superstitions.

4. Religion gives us strength. Whereas, superstition fill our minds with fear of evil spirits.

5. We are living in an age of science. Science has made our life easy and comfortable. Religion has no
conflict with our modern outlook. In fact, the increase of material pleasures has made us more religious.

6. Religion plays an important role in modern life. Superstition, on the other hand, is a serious handicap
in modern life. It prevents us from enjoying the gifts of science.

7. Religions have well-defined teachings and dictums but superstitions are countless in their forms and
beliefs. When something happens which he cannot account for rationally, he is led to believe in the
existence of divinities or spirits causing such happenings.

Conclusion: Hence, we conclude that Religion is essentially different from superstition through the two
have some superficial similarities. Superstition may safely be cut off, without doing any harm to the
society.

Comparison between Traditional Society and Modern Society

Traditional Society and Modern Society

The following are the points of difference between traditional and modern societies:

1. Traditional societies are technologically primitive. They have little amount of control over nature and
environment. These people are practically at the mercy of the nature.
Modern or contemporary society enjoys the usage of advanced technology. People have greater
knowledge of the various components of nature.

2. Traditional societies are comparatively simple. There is less division of labour and specialization.

Modern society is characterized by specialization and complex division of labour.

3. Traditional societies were basically agrarian societies. The society consisted of small and poor
communities, depending on pastoral activities or on subsistence agriculture.

Modern societies are large communities. They are industrialized and have a bigger command over
resources.

4. Traditional societies are predominantly rural.

Modern industrial societies are predominantly urban.

5. In traditional societies, the scope for specialization is limited. Each person tends to occupy few social
roles. These roles themselves tend to be many-sided. The same person may be directing the agricultural
operations, making clothes, building a house, taking part in hunting and fishing and teaching boys the
way to do these tasks.

In modern industrial societies kinship roles are comparatively less important. There is wider scope for
specialization. Each individual has certain roles to be played. The social structure is highly complex.

6. In traditional societies kinship is the dominant institution of the social organization.

Though kinship is still very important in modern societies, it is only a little part of the total social
organization.
7. Traditional societies are typically illiterate.

Modern societies are generally literate.

8. There is absence of Mass media in the traditional society. Communication takes place by word of
mouth.

In a modern society mass media like internet, online videos, newspapers, radio and television, etc.
becomes vital.

9. In traditional societies the knowledge and information were shared with few people.

In modern society, a large number of people share knowledge through the books, internet, films, etc.

10. A traditional society is culturally uniform. There is diversity between local cultures, but not within
them.

A modern society is characterized by a variety of sub-cultures.

Computer and Internet: Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer and Internet

Introduction: Many of us use computers in our daily life. Whether we are studying for a degree,
connecting with friends, sending off a job application or watching a video online, the internet can be
something that we really rely on.
Some people argue that, despite the many ways in which they make our lives easier, there are
nevertheless several disadvantages to computers and the internet.

Why not make up your own mind by reading our list of 10 advantages and disadvantages of computer
and internet?

What is a computer? And what is the internet?

A computer is, etymologically speaking, anything that makes calculations. So, it has been argued that the
abacus is a primitive form of computer. In the modern sense, though, the word 'computer' is most
usually used to refer to an electronic device which can send and receive data, and process that data so
that it is meaningful to humans!

Many computers are connected to the internet in the present day. The internet was actually first
invented by the US military as a method for sending and receiving information securely and
electronically. Nowadays, though, the internet is used worldwide, by both private individuals and
corporations, and for both business and leisure. The internet is a global network of interconnected
computers, which allows these computers to share information with each other. So, when you send an
email for instance, you are using this network to share information with the recipient!

10 Advantages of Computers and the Internet.

1. Storing data.

The hard drives on computers, and the virtual storage facilities on the Internet (such as cloud based
storage systems) enable us to store huge amounts of data, safely and securely. All those precious
holiday photos, and that novel you have been typing away at, will all be kept indefinitely for you to
access whenever you need them.

2. Staying in touch.

The internet is a wonderful way to stay in touch. Use an email, social media, or video chat service to
communicate instantly with people all over the world.
3. Staying informed.

All of the world's knowledge (well, most of it) is accessible via the internet. All it takes is a few clicks and
you could be reading about anything from the temples of ancient India and China to the search for
equations for squaring the circle.

4. Essential for study.

More and more universities - and more and more schools, too - are demanding that students study,
write-up their essays, and submit their work using computers and the internet.

5. Unleash your creativity.

Painting programs and music editing software are just two of the ways that computer software can
enhance your creativity. More and more artists are incorporating digital aspects into their work - with
stunning results.

6. Sharing your ideas.

Start a video blog, or a written blog, and you can share your thoughts, ideas, and research with people
all over the world. Build up a fan base in countries that you have never visited and become an internet
sensation!

7. Staying informed.

The internet news is now updated more quickly than printed newspapers are. So, if people want to get
up to the minute information about current events, the internet is the place to go.

8. Winding down.

Use your computer to watch a DVD or stream a video, to listen to a podcast or tune in to your favorite
radio show. There are plenty of opportunities for rest and relaxation here.

9. Speeding up calculations.
The first computers, designed by Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace were used to perform complex
calculations at a fraction of the speed that it takes humans to perform them. Computers are very handy
for modeling difficult engineering equations - or just for totting up your budget for the month ahead.

10. Staying organized.

A typed document, a handy file, and a neat spreadsheet: all of these computer based tools are
wonderful for keeping your life organized!

10 Disadvantages of Computers and the Internet.

1. Tricky to learn.

IT skills can pose a challenge for some people. What is known as 'computer literacy' may be something
that you find it hard to get to grips with, and it may seem like a waste of time to try to learn.

2. Being disconnected.

When you rely on computers and the internet, and do not cultivate traditional skills like keeping
handwritten accounts or learning how to search for information in a library rather than online, a simple
power cut or lack of internet supply can spell disaster for your day!

3. Isolation.

The internet is supposed to keep us connected with other people. But, ironically, staring at a computer
screen all day can feel terribly isolating.

4. Eye strain.

Using computers for long periods of time can result in eye strain. This is especially true if our device has
a small screen, or if we are using it in a dark room.

5. RSI.

Tapping away at a keyboard with our arms and wrists in the same position for a long period of time can
lead to a painful condition known as repetitive strain injury (RSI).
6. Poor posture.

Hunching over our computers can really damage our posture!

7. The loss of traditional arts.

When we spend all our time typing emails, we may forget how beautiful a handwritten letter is. We may
never feel the urge to make a sketch or send a postcard to a loved one, as we feel that we can do it all
online!

8. Privileging people in rich or urban areas.

Not everyone can afford a computer, and not everyone (especially not people in remote rural areas)
have good access to the internet. Making our society dependent on computers and the internet
privileges people in rich or urban areas.

9. Poor quality information.

Not everything on the internet is true! But, it can be hard to tell which online articles are good quality
and which ones are full of lies. In this way, the internet is a level playing field - and dangerously so.

10. Difficulty in 'shutting off'.

When computers are clamoring for our attention at all hours of the day, it can be hard for us to wind
down and relax.

Conclusion

Computers and the internet represent what is possibly the biggest technological advance of our age.
With them, they have brought many benefits, including wonderful opportunities for business, education,
and social life.

However, computers have also threatened to privilege some groups of people over others, and to take
control of the way that we think! So, it is important to use computers and the internet wisely - ensuring
that we make them work to improve our lives whilst also relaxing and enjoying some of the traditional
pleasures this world has to offer, such as appreciating natural beauty or taking the time to write a hand
written letter.

Computer: Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction and Meaning:

A computer is an electronic device that follows a program to sequentially process information and
perform both mathematical and logical operations.

Loosely speaking, it is a gadget that is a collection of many different parts, all which perform separate
tasks but with one goal of delivering the output. It has a keyboard, which is the standard input method,
the monitor for displaying the output, the RAM for storing processes which are running, the operating
system which is the main software in the computer.

A computer is a gadget which has advanced the information communication and technology platform
and has dominated in the usage of the internet as well.

Advantages of Computers

It has enhanced the error free and consistent processing of data. Unlike human who are prone to errors,
a computer can perform many computations over a long time without making any error.

Computer has helped in data transmission over long distances. No matter the distance, data can be
moved from one computer to the other at high-speed.

It has speeded up the processing of data into information. In many places, say at supermarkets, the
computerized reading of the bar code is almost instant. It would have taken long time to read it without
the computer.

Computers are serialized. Each single computer unit possesses a unique serial number which helps in
identifying it from the rest. It is embedded in the firmware and synchronizes with the IP address to ease
functions like tracking and real-time location. This is helpful in instances when it gets lost or when a
certain computer has been used to perform malicious acts and it needs to be pinpointed.
In terms of cost, it has reduced the expenses incurred during data processing, transmission and also the
storage. A single hard drive can contain as much information as the one in a room full of typed or
handwritten manual files.

It has improved networking and general cooperation. Teleconferencing, sending of emails as well as
sharing of information over the internet is a major advantage which has been brought up by the
computers in the global business sector.

Increase in information access methods. It has the ability to read files stored in a flash drive, it can read
the barcode embedded in products, it can also decode data stored in different forms from the server. All
these would have required different platforms to be processed in the earlier days.

Efficiency utilization of resources. A database stored in the server can be used in a different location for
another purpose thereby reducing the need to recreate similar utility.

Flexibility. By comparison, it is probably the most flexible gadget around. A computer user can perform
multiple operations in a single unit without affecting other processes and without breaking it down.

It has enhanced information sharing. Especially in companies which rely on similar information about
their products, computer can be networked in the satellite branches to facilitate the reception of
information from the head office.

10 Disadvantages of Using Computers

Computer present chances of health complications. Spending a lot of time in front of a computer may
cause health damages. The sitting posture on its own can be a loophole for many health issues including
backache.

The computer serial numbers can never be changed. The computer gathers information in the course of
its usage by a particular user. This implies that it is associated with that particular user. In the event that
it changes ownership, there would be issues pretty much trouble to literally transfer the associated data
to the new owner.

The computer is generally rigid. When the need to make a correction arises, no matter how small it is,
most of the time is usually so much expensive and of course it needs a trained programmer.

There is so much sophistication when it comes to its use and support features. Implementing ordinary
operations in a computer is rather not straightforward like when doing it manually because of the need
for the program to handle that operation.

No matter how modern they are, to a great extent, they rely on the quality of the data submitted to
them by the user. Poor input will generate poor output and vice versa. Talk of GIGO (garbage in garbage
out).
They are prone to security breaches. With the increase in computer usage, there comes along the
challenge of sensitive information falling into the hands of unauthorized people. Computer systems can
be hacked by malicious people thereby leading to loss of crucial data.

Computers are generally not robust. In a networked organization, when the server or the mainframe
stops working, the whole network is rendered useless because of the much dependency to one main
computer.

Computers have led to the development and rise of computer viruses and malware. When downloading
from the internet, there is no guarantee that the file will be clean. A computer can be infected with
viruses which sometimes damage the data stored in them.

Computers are generally expensive to buy and maintain. The first purchase, buying of additional
software and maintaining it can be expensive. You are not guaranteed that it will never break down.

It has brought along immoral behavior among its users. The availability of the internet has perpetuated
the rise of hackers, has made it possible to access pornographic material with ease and even lowered
the productivity of employees for they can spend hours in the internet instead of working.

: naominjeri

Consequences of Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse effect is the outcome of the incoming and outgoing radiations from the sun that passes
through the glass walls and warms it.

Similar happens with the earth when the incoming UV radiations warm the inner atmosphere of the
earth.

The major cause of the greenhouse effect is the nature of earth's surface to absorb the incoming heat.
Once the heat comes in, it doesn't get released back at the same level and remains trapped in. This
causes the greenhouse effect.
The process of Greenhouse effect involves:

Trapping of sun's warmth by the atmosphere due to presence of greenhouse gases, and

heating up of the planet earth's surface due to the presence of trapped heat in the atmosphere.

Percentage contribution of four major gases: Mentioned below is the composition of the greenhouse
gases resulting in greenhouse effect on earth:-

Water vapour, 36-70%

Carbon dioxide, 9-26%

Methane, 4-9%

Ozone, 3-7%

Consequences of Greenhouse effect

1. Increase in Earth's temperature - Global warming

Global warming or a high rise increase in the temperature of the earth is a major effect of the process of
greenhouse effect.

2. Effect of ecosystem and biodiversity

Due to capture of high amount of heat and increased composition of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, the greenhouse effect show quite visible effects on the ecosystem and biodiversity.

3. Sea levels

This rise is the temperature due to greenhouse effect leads to the melting of the global ice, resulting to
the rise of the sea levels and other climatic changes as well.
4. Ocean Acidification

Increase in the prime greenhouse gas- Carbon Dioxide results in the ocean acidification. This happens
due to the process of sea water reacting with carbon dioxide and forming carbonic acid.

5. Adverse effects on plant growth and nutrition levels

Due to increased content of the greenhouse gases both plant and animal growth will automatically get
affected, hampering the ecosystem balance.

6. Depletion of the ozone layer

Nitrous oxide, another greenhouse gas is a prime ingredient that works on ozone layer depletion. If the
ozone gets depleted, our protective layer against the harmful UV rays gets depleted, giving a harmful
effect on both our skin and health.

Difference between Democracy and Dictatorship

Democracy means a government of the people, by the people and for the people. It is a form of
government where the government is controlled either by the whole population, or by a set of people
elected to run the government on behalf of the people.

Dictatorship is a form of government where one person or political entity has absolute authority and
control over the government. Attempts are made to maintain the powerful position of the the dictator
or his political entity.
Democracy and dictatorship are the two contradictory political ideologies. They form different forms of
Government and are quite different from each-other. Let us look at the following distinction:

1. Sovereignty: The people exercise sovereign power in democracy. The adult population exercise their
voting rights and elect their representatives to run the government. So democracy is called public
opinion-oriented government. A true democratic government assumes the participation of common
people in the governance.

Dictatorship form of government is controlled by the dictator. There is no place of public opinion in
dictatorship. The people cannot take part in administration either directly or indirectly. Here, irresistible
dominance of only one ruler is present everywhere.

2. Stability: Democracy suffers from the negative aspects of party politics. Owing to conflict of
contradictory party interests, political defections, etc. the government frequently falls in democracy.
One of the main defects of democracy is the lack of stability.

Dictatorship, on the other, is the rule of one party. There is absence of frequent change of governments
in a dictatorship setup. So, defections, political groupism and conflict of contradictory interests are
absent here.

3. People's consent versus brutal force: Democracy is a form of government based on the consent of the
people. The people can change the government if they desire so.

But in dictatorship the government is based on brute force, not on the will of the citizens. The dictator
forces the people to abide by his tyrannical rule with the help of the police and the military and other
representative measures.

4. Self-government: Democracy recognizes the right of self-governance. The government is formed by

the elected representatives of the people of the country. In case, the people of the country are not
satisfied with the working of the representatives, they can select another candidate in the next election.
The right of self-governance of people is absolutely refused in dictatorship.

5. Whether individual or state: In democracy, the state is considered necessary for the welfare of
people.

But in dictatorship, emphasis is laid on the all-pervading authority of the state and not on the individual.

6. Party system: Democracy encourages different political parties with divergent ideologies to function
in the political system. In fact, multiple parties are indispensable in democracy. Every party can work
freely in such a government. Opposition party may form public opinion in its favour by criticizing the
loopholes of the government.

But in dictatorship all other parties are abolished except the party of the dictator. The views other than
the views of the dictated by the dictator is not tolerated.

7. Nature of administration: In democracy majority of people are ignorant, uneducated and

superstitious. Very often, they are unable to elect a suitable representative. As a result, such
administration becomes the rule of the disabled and uneducated people. Further, a democratic set-up
has to undergo a lot of constitutional formalities which delays the decision making process.

But some are of the opinion that in dictatorship the country is governed under the leadership of a well-
qualified and expert ruler and so it is considered very speedy and effective in solving the myriad
problems of the country.

8. Emergency provision: In democracy, decisions are taken through discussions and deliberations. So,
this type of government is not useful at the times of emergency like war, ethnic and communal riots,
natural calamities and high profile terrorist attacks.

But the decision of the dictator is final in dictatorship and so it is very useful in times of grave danger.
9. Liberty: Democracy stands for liberty and individual rights. Recognition of political and social freedom
of the people is the characteristic feature of democracy.

But in a dictatorship all sorts of freedom of men are denied. In such form of government, total
militarization is thrust upon the body and the mind of the people. Individual liberty has little place in a
dictatorship setup.

10. Effect of party rule: Party conflict, misuse of the voting system, wastage of money in election etc. are
found to be the demerits of democracies.

But all these vices of the party system are not found in dictatorship as there is only one party in
dictatorship.

11. Equality and freedom: Democracy is based on the principles of equality, equal rights, personal
freedom, etc. People of divergent views are free to express their opinion. Every citizen is allowed to
freely develop their inner potentialities without restrictions. The personal endeavor of the individual and
the collective endeavor of the society is recognized.

But all these principles have no value in dictatorship. Dictatorship stands for conformity with the state.
In such administration the majority of the people compelled to accept the rule against their interest
without any protest.

12. Possibility of revolution: The people can change the government in a peaceful manner through the
ballot in democracy. So, this form of government is most likely to be free from the possibility of
revolution.

But the government can never be changed peacefully in dictatorship. The suppressed discontent of the
people for a long time takes the form of revolution and destroys such government.

Conclusion:
On the basis of the aforesaid discussion, it may be said that democracy is superior to dictatorship. But, in
practice, liberal democracy being guided by the interest of the rich and merchant classes ignores the
interests of the people. The majority of the people have practically no role to play here. Judged from this
point of view, it may be said that popular sovereignty can really be established in socialist democracy. In
such democracy, there is the control of the people over the means of production. As a result, the
political system is also run by the people for the people.

Disadvantages of Joint Family

Though there are a lot of advantages of living together in a joint family, it has some disadvantages also.
The disadvantages of living in a Joint Family are mentioned below:

Living in a joint family, you may have lack of leadership and decision making qualities as head of the
family will decide and does all the important decisions. So there is very less scope of development of
individual leadership and decision making qualities.

Some people is become very lazy within a joint family. The working members does the maximum works.
Some people becomes lazy since they don't feel the need of doing anything.

The individual personality development may get hampered due to the interference of elders in all kind
of personal things. This is something which cannot be easily avoided.

A joint family may lead to quarrel between the family members over the trivial issues like equal work
sharing or expenses sharing etc.

Sometimes when the members of joint family wants to get separate, it may bring many litigation
problems in front of them. Then, if it become larger, there may be court cases on relatives etc.

Some family members don't feel secure in a joint family as all members can share all the resources &
sometimes personal things, so here someone doesn't have the privacy to something. This may lead to
separation from their own parents.

A young women may feel well in a joint family. They may get dominated by their mother-in-laws and
other senior women in the same home.

There may be increased household work pressure on some young women of the house.

In-spite of the above disadvantages, the importance of living in a Joint Family cannot be denied.
Discipline: Its Meaning and Importance

What is the Meaning of Discipline?

Discipline refers to:

the practice of training, helping and guiding a person to adhere to a pre-determined code of conduct, or
to obey to a set of rules,

the actions required to be taken when a person breaches a pre-determined rule,

the methods deployed for controlling a person's behavior in a way that encourages a willingness to obey
rules and orders,

enforcing obedience to set rules, through punitive methods.

Why is Discipline so Important?

We cannot live according to our sweet will, regardless of the conveniences of others. This is why
discipline is important in every sphere of our social existence.

The need for Discipline exists everywhere. In this wide world, wherever we turn our eyes, we find the
reign of discipline. All the beauty of the world owes its origin to the inner harmony of nature.

In our own homes, too, there is a need for discipline. Every member of a family obeys the head of the
family for practical reasons. The head of the family earns money and supports his dependents. The
mistress of the house sees that the household is properly maintained. Naturally, all the members of the
family obey these two people.

Discipline is of utmost importance in student-life. If young students do not obey their teachers, they will
deprive themselves of much of the training they should have at this period. Such young men may
struggle to do the task that are easily done by others. A discipline student learn a lot more during his
school days. Society accepts disciplined person as fit for holding any responsible position in life.
Therefore, it is the bounden duty of all students to acquire the habit of discipline in the formative stage
of their life. A school without discipline can never impart good education to its students.

Discipline in the playground and battlefield: Discipline is of great value in the playground as well. A well-
disciplined team is likely to win a game in spite of its other weaknesses. However, without discipline
even a very strong team cannot fare well. Again, in an army soldiers have to be disciplined. If soldiers do
not obey their commander, the army becomes a rabble.

Disciplined liberty necessary: At first sight, it may appear to us that discipline takes away individual
liberty. However, liberty without discipline leads to absolute lawlessness.

Essay on Importance of Industrialization

Industrialization

Industrialization has come to be regarded as synonymous with economic growth and development. No
country desirous of rapid economic progress can afford to neglect industrialization.

Industrialization can help the progress of agriculture, trade, transport and all other economic activities.
Industrialization is the key to economic development. All advanced countries of the world are
industrialized.

It will make the best possible use of our human and physical resource. All types of goods for all types of
people should be produced in large, medium, cottage and small scale industries.

Importance of Industrialization
In the interest of economy, rapid industrialization is important for generating employment
opportunities, utilization of all types of resources, promotion of education, training and research,
improving the productivity of labor and balanced regional development.

Industrial growth brings a rapid increase in the national income of the country.

In order to reduce the continued increasing pressure of exploding population on our developing
economy, rapid industrialization is a must.

Land is limited in area but industrialization has unlimited scope.

To set up large number of industrial units we can create more employment opportunities and absorb a
large number of unemployed youths.

Agriculture cannot use all resources. So, industrialization is a must to make use of our resources.

Industry can make use of waste materials.

Industrialization widens horizon of our understanding and enables us to go through education and
researches. Thus it will prove the quality of our manpower.

We can use more capital and technologies.

We can have division of work and specialization in the industry.

This will result in the improvement of productivity of labor.

Industrialization is capable of removing regional disparities because barren lands can be used for this
purpose.

No fertile land and means of irrigation are needed for industrialization.

Industrialization will raise the standard of living of our people.

Conclusion: The solution of our problems lies in the rapid industrialization of the economy. Every region
should be industrialized. Agriculture is over burdened with population. In order to absorb the manpower
rendered surplus by the agriculture, there should be industries in the rural areas. There is unlimited
scope of industrialization due to continued researches, introduction of new technologies and invention.

Essay on Knowledge is Power

Knowledge is Power

Meaning: Knowledge is Power. Knowledge empowers us to take informed decisions. It gives us more
control over future events. Generally we think that power belongs to the strong. If two wrestlers fight,
we think that the stronger will win; in a battle the country with the larger army expects that it will be
victorious.

But a little reflection will make it clear that Knowledge is more important than power or physical
strength. Strength does play a part, but it is of no weight when pitted against knowledge. When we
know the secrets of a thing, we can exercise control over it because we know the way in which it can be
moved. Strength without knowledge is blind. A blind giant cannot cope with a man who has sharp eyes.

Knowledge of secrets in warfare: In warfare, the side with a strong army has its advantages no doubt,
but it will prove ineffective against a leader equipped with better knowledge of the secrets of warfare.
Take Alexander, for example. He defeated vast armies with only a band of Greek soldiers who had to
fight away from their homeland. We say that this was due to Alexander's genius or his generalship. But
what was this genius or generalship? It lay in swiftness of movement, strength of will and some other
virtues. But Alexander's principal virtue was knowledge of his own men, knowledge of the country of his
enemy and his strength, knowledge of the tactics and strategy of warfare. This is the ultimate secret of
success in all warfare. Other factors play their part, but knowledge is supreme.

Scientific invention of new weapons: Scientific inventions, including warfare materials, are the results of
man's quest for knowledge. The fortunes of battles have in all ages been determined by the part played
by new weapons. When gunpowder was invented, it made short work of armies fighting with swords
and spears. The last Great War was brought to a close by the dropping of atom bombs. The history of
modern warfare is to a large extent the history of new weapons - from gunpowder to the atom bomb -
and these inventions are only indications of man's knowledge of the secrets of destruction.

Knowledge of various forces of nature: How knowledge leads to power is best seen in man's increasing
control of the forces of nature. In primitive times man had no knowledge of nature and thought that the
trees and the hills inhabited by spirits and fairies. He believed in ghosts and gods and was himself inert
and powerless. But now man knows many of the mysteries of nature, and his knowledge is reflected in
his daily growing power over natural forces. Man has invented electricity and he now floats over oceans
and flies in the air. Man no longer looks with wonder and fear at a waterfall; he now dams it and
converts the water-power to energy that irrigates his fields and runs his mills and factories.
Medical Science: Another valuable contribution which man's knowledge has made to his power is found
in the science of medicine. In ancient times people thought that diseases were due to the malign
influence of spirits and stars, and they would go to magicians or try to appease the gods. But now-a-days
man tries to find the causes of diseases inside the body and to trace them to purely material factors.
This knowledge of the causes of diseases and also the properties of things has led to wonderful
advances in the science of medicine. Man has not yet been able to control all diseases, but he has
conquered many of them and has added to his length of life. This is possibly the most beneficent aspect
of man's knowledge.

Agriculture and cattle rearing: The increase in power through the acquisition of knowledge is seen in
every branch of human activity. Man no longer cultivates fields in a blind manner. His science is giving
him knowledge of the properties of soil, and this enables him to produce increased quantities of food
and other things. He studies even the ways of animals and learn to control them better than his
forefathers. Whether it is the small insects eating up his crops or the wild beasts in the jungles, man is
acquiring knowledge of animals and is learning to protect himself against them. Man is now the ruler of
the kingdom of nature and the kingdom of animals, because he has acquired knowledge of them.

Knowledge of psychology: Man's most recent achievement is the increasing power he has established
over himself through knowledge. This knowledge is being given to him by the science of psychology
which analyses emotions, impulses, reasoning and even dreams. This science goes beyond
consciousness into the region of the unconscious. This enables man to control his impulses and organize
his mental powers. Insanity was originally supposed to be beyond man's control and attributed to the
gods. But psychology has shown that insanity is connected with repression of impulses, and if we can
reveal the secret of this repression, the cause of insanity will be removed and the patient will become
normal.

Conclusion: This is, in a sense, the most wonderful of man's discoveries, and it will, in future, not only
make man more powerful but also a better and more rational creature.
Essay on Value of Time

Introduction: Time is always fleeting. It never stops. It listens to no one's request and never comes back.
Still it is the most precious thing in human life. The man who knows the value of time never wastes a
single moment.

Man must fill every moment of his life with work. The right way of using time is to get the best out of it.
The length of life is not measured by the number of years lived, but by the manner in which the time of
life was spent.

How to use it? Men often complain of the shortness of time. The forget that 'we live in deeds, not in
years'.

Most people have much more time than they know what to do with. Many people lose a great deal of
their time by laziness. They often take rest, and loll and yawn in a great snug chair. They tell themselves
that they have not time to do anything then. They are filled neither with pleasure nor with business.
Absence of occupation is not rest. No enjoyment on earth is as real as the proper use of time.

People often complain that they do not know how to spend their time. However, time may be fruitfully
employed in fulfilling social duties. To teach the illiterate, to relieve the needy and to comfort the
afflicted are duties that fall in our way almost every day. All these are noble deeds. They bring great
satisfaction to the person who devotes his time to them.

How to spend leisure hours? Some people find no employment for their leisure hours. They can think of
nothing to do when alone and solitary. However, they can easily utilize such time in study. Of all the
proper methods of employing our leisure hours, there is none as valuable as the reading of good books.
The great writers are our best friends and companions in life. While reading them, we live with wise
thoughts and right feelings, and find the proper way of life. We may also spend our leisure most
agreeably in honest and pleasant conversation with a good friend. Such conversation may ease the
mind, improve the power of understanding, and increase the stock of knowledge. A man can also fill the
vacant hours of life by developing a taste for music, painting, gardening and similar other pleasant
pursuits.
Importance of time in Student Life: Let us take the case of a student. Student life is a period of
preparation for the future career. A student should, therefore make the best use of his time to qualify
himself to be a worthy citizen of his country. He must not while away his time. His chief duty is to learn,
and he must devote his time mainly to that duty. He must set apart some time for games and physical
exercise. He should have some recreation, too. Physical exercise and recreation will make him fit to
spend his time for good purposes and help him to do his duties well.

Time well spent leads to success: Success in life does not come by itself. One has to struggle for it, and
the struggle means the proper and active use of time. An idle man has no regard for the value of time.
So he meets with failure at every step. Time properly utilized means more work, and more work means
more success.

Conclusion: The present-day struggle of life requires everybody to be alert about time. If we have any
aim in life, we must use our time properly to reach the goal. If we want success, prosperity, and
happiness in life, we must cast off idleness. Time flies fast. We should catch it before it flies, and make
the best use of it to receive the blessings of God.

Friendship: Meaning, Concept, and Quotes

Introduction: Friendship is a divine tie between one individual and the other. To love others in a spirit of
detachment is a noble quality of character; and equally noble it is for others to accept this offer to love.

What is the Meaning of Friendship?

Friendship refers to the friendly or cordial relationship between two or more individuals who share
common goals, common interests, and have common values.

Friendship is the reciprocity of a sentiment of love, care, affection, and compassion between two or
more individuals. It refers to the feeling of:

mutual trust and respect between individuals,

friendly conduct among individuals,

exchange of warm emotions, and

cordial behavior and support between friends,

bond or unity among companions, fellow-mate, etc.

Friendship is a sacred bond. The depraved is never entitled to such a sacred bond.

Concept of Friendship

Friendship between two people doesn't mean that others are to be ignored. It can be between more
than two people. There is a popular saying, 'birds of a feather flock together”. It means a person is seen
in the company of other people with common interest and similar habits.

People like to spend time in the company of their friends. They develop a liking for each other.

Darkness disappears at the advent of the light of the sun. Similarly, the presence of a genuine friend
dispels the gloom of overweening disappointment. It may, even, create a heavenly atmosphere at a
place under the grip of chaos.

The love between the brothers is a universally pronounced truth in human relations. The brotherly
relation between Rama and Lakshmana were a noble instance, always held aloft for the virtuous to
emulate. True friends, sometimes, outshine the genuine brothers in the intensity of love.

The two friends must always belong to the same and uneven level of feelings for each other. One may
be qualitatively superior to the other; but this feeling must not be surfaced on any unguarded moment.

Misunderstandings may crop up at times, no doubt. But, they must disappear soon as the pimples on
the cheeks in a hot season. One friend should look upon his counterpart as his 'guide, philosopher and
friend' (Alexander Pope).
Friendship, in due course, becomes old; and old friendship is surely unbreakable. No force in the world is
potent enough to dislodge the tie between two old friends.

A comment from Leonard Wright, in this context, is relevant:

'As old wood is best to burn, old horse to ride, old books to read, and old wine to drink, so are old
friends always most trusted to use'.

Friendship between the two individuals has made them immortal; and they could reach such a
proportion only because they rose above smallness and meanness.

Quotes on Friendship

1. 'There is no surer foundation for a beautiful friendship than a mutual taste in literature.” -Wodehouse

The bond of friendship becomes very strong when they share common interest. This common interest
help them connect and build a relationship that is sacred.

2. 'Walking with a friend in the dark is better than walking alone in the light.” - Helen Keller

We can relax and feel secure in the company of true friends. A true friend protects us from dangers. We
can safely leave our worries and enjoy our moments, when we are with our friends. There is no risk even
if we exercise zero caution while dealing with true friends. However, in spite of being utmost careful,
there is a great risk involved in carrying out transactions with an unfaithful friend. It is often said that 'an
honest enemy is better than a fake friend”.

3. 'Life has no blessing like a prudent friend.” - Euripides

Our friends also play the role of our guide and mentor. They keep us away from evils. Thus, a wise and
prudent friend is truly a blessing. We can seek his advice anytime and solve our problems.

4. 'A real friend is one who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.” - Walter Winchell
In the materialistic world, rich and successful people attract friends like a magnet. With the change in
fortune, the attitude and behavior of such friends also changes. However, a true friend or a real friend
always remain faithful and helpful. He behavior doesn't change with time.

5. 'Be slow to fall into friendship, but when thou are in, continue firm and constant.” - Socrates

We should choose our friend carefully. We should never make friends in a hurry. Friendship is a great
responsibility. And, once we commit ourselves as a friend of someone, we should firm enough to stick to
our decision. We should try our best to have all the noble qualities of a true friend.

Handicrafts of West Bengal

West Bengal Handicrafts

The Handicraft art of West Bengal is very rich. Diverse range of handicraft art works such as Clay Pottery,
Kantha embroidery, Clay art, Wood art, Cane and Bamboo crafts are discussed below in brief:

1. Clay Pottery

The traditional folk art of Indian Clay Pottery, particularly of Bengal, is considered exceptional and best
in the world.

The archaeological finds at Bengal have proved that the same degree of skill and excellence were
achieved by Bengal potters too in those remote past days.

2. Kantha Embroidery

Bengal has an old tradition of Kantha embroidery. The Kantha Embroidery in Bengal is done on Shawls,
sarees, coats, girdles in this way.

3. Clay Dolls
The clay dolls and toys occupy an vital place in clay craft of India, particularly West Bengal. This craft can
be grouped under numerous separate categories.

4. Terracotta Art

The artists of Bengal used these terracotta works for architectural purpose. Stones are not readily
available in Bengal. These artists challenged this limitation and turned the alluvial soil of the lower
Bengal basin into an object of art for architectural decoration of the temples.

5. Sholapith Craft

Sholapith craft decorations of past days have reappeared with trivial modifications to provide vividness
and style in interior decoration and social ceremonies.

6. Wood Craft

The traditional craftsmen used wood, stone, earth and colour for painting as raw materials. They
skillfully carved doors, door frames and brackets in palaces and temples.

6. Cane and Bamboo Handicrafts

Baskets of different kinds have significant place in Cane and Bamboo Handicrafts. Bamboo fans of
different sorts are also common. Bamboo matting is the choice of modern people for decorating their
houses.

Importance of Efficient Transport System

The means of efficient transportation are an indispensable component of modern civilization. The
economic development of a country depends largely on an efficient and adequate system of transport.
They form a very important class of instrumental wealth.
Most of the Transport and Communication system in India is mostly owned by corporate bodies and the
state, and rarely by single individuals. They help in the creation of what we call place utilities in
production.

No country in the world today can build up its prosperity unless it has a highly developed system of
communication and transport.

Development of an efficient transport system is a pre-condition of our economic development.

Transportation and Communication have an important bearing on the development of exchange and
markets. They:

increase land values,

break economic circles, and thus tend to equalize prices,

make labor more mobile,

enable a greater division of labor among different industries and countries,

determine the geographical distribution of industries,

break economic circles, and thus tend to equalize prices,

play a very important part in relieving distress in the famine-stricken areas by rapid distribution of food-
stuffs,

effectiveness of administration and national defense are inseparably connected with the advancement
of transport system.

The fact is, hardly anything can be produced on a large scale without the participation of some
transportation agent.

Efficient means of transport are a necessary accompaniment of the modern economic organization, in
which production takes place on a large scale, raw materials, coal, etc., come from distant places, and
the commodities produced sometimes required to be distributed not only in different parts of the same
country, but over the whole surface of the globe. Cheap carriage widens market for the sale of
commodities.
Industrial and commercial activities can be carried on efficiently only if the communication system is
highly modernized. However, transport would not develop, unless there is a demand for an agency for
the transit of goods. Thus, industrial and transport developments have to go side by side. The
dependence is mutual and not one-sided. It is with the help of these modern rapid means of
communication and transportation that our big cities have been growing in size, for they make the
inflow of the requirements of life sure.

Facile transportation is the key to modern industrial organization, and enables the development of the
resources of a country. It is for these reason that every progressive country in the world gives so much
importance to it. It is all the more important, in a country like India with vast undeveloped areas and a
huge population.

Importance of Festivals in our Life

Festival is an auspicious day or period of religious or other celebration prevalent in all societies and
religious communities.

Festivals are an important part of our life. Most of the festivals in India are associated with religion. The
Hindus are worshipers of many deities and naturally Hindu festivals are many.

The Indians celebrate Durga Puja with great enthusiasm. Diwali or Dipavali, a festival of lamps or light is
another excellent festival. This festival is noted for display of fireworks. Vasant Panchami, Ganesh
Chaturthi, Pongal, Ratha-yatra or Chariot festival, Sivaratri, Raksha Bandhan and many other Hindu
festivals are observed all over India with vigor of mirth and gaiety.

The Muslims celebrate three great festivals - Muharram, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Zuha and also Fateha Doaz-
Daham.
The Christians observe Christmas, the holy birthday of Lord Jesus Christ; the Sikhs observe Guru Nanak's
birth day. Buddha Purnima and Mahavir Jayanati are observed respectively by the Buddhists and the
Jains.

It is a happy feature in Indian scenario that now men and women of all religious communities share the
pleasures of festivals of other communities. Thus national integration is strongly cemented.

Our aborigine people also observe many celebrations with dance and music.

There are many non-religious festivals like National festivals, Bengali New Year's Day, Christian New
Year's Day and Harvest festivals, etc.

The effects of festivals are very wholesome for an individual and for the society.

They relieve us from monotony of life.

Festivals creates an environment of cultural harmony.

Festivals teach us to forget our enmity and embrace one another in a bond of love.

Moral, ethical, social values of life mix up with entertainment through festivals.

It is the duty of the affluent to make the poor shareholders of festivals. In the name of festival money
should not be misused, for after all ours is not a rich country.

Importance of Mobile Phones in our Daily Life

Introduction: Whether it is office, hospital, shopping mall, roads or just the home, what is one thing that
always accompanies us? Our mobile phone! The mobile phones are everywhere and with anyone!
Meaning - A mobile phone is an electronic wireless portable scientific device, which is used to receive
and send voice and messages. These days it has become the most essential instrument for
communication.

With the advent of smart-phones, mobile phones have now got a new meaning. They are not only
means of communication, but are also the sources of information and entertainment.

Today, the mobile phones can also be depicted as sources for storing important data. They also act as
calendars and alarm clocks, thus, informing us about the set schedule from time to time

Importance of Mobile Phones in our Daily Life

Let us explore the importance of mobile phones in our daily life:

1. Constant contact with friends and families - Information technology has improved the mobile phones
to a great level. Today, with the help of internet, we are able to access various social media sites and
apps that help us stay connected with our friends, family and the entire world. Mobile phones have
made communication easier with quick placing of calls and SMS. Mobile phones are of great help at the
time of emergencies when we need to call the police, ambulance or other emergency services.

2. Entertain us and keep us informed too - Who needs a television or a music system when there are
mobile phones around! Mobile phones come with FM radio, inbuilt games and various other apps that
entertain us. Moreover, you can download apps of your choice like news apps, health apps, and music
apps, etc. that will entertain and inform you. You can also watch videos and movies in your mobile
phones.

3. Daily Utilities - Mobile phones help us a lot in our daily life. With an internet enabled mobile phone,
you can book a cab with the help of various relevant apps. You can also pay your bills with the help of
your phone. Also, you can click pictures and use your phone like a camera. Your mobile phone also acts
like a compass and navigates you. Such uses of mobile phones are extremely helpful as they help us save
our time and money.
4. It helps us become more organized - Today, mobile phones are equipped with important features like
documents, alarm, calendars, memo, stop-watch, etc. which help us become more organized.

5. Ensures safety- This is one of the most important benefits of using a mobile phone. Mobile phones
ensure safety. Also, you can talk to your children and confirm that they have reached safely at their
friend's place or other destination. At the time of emergencies or difficult situations, the mobile phone
can be used quickly to get help.

Conclusion: Mobile phone is a very useful and important device. It helps us in various ways. It entertains
and informs us. All we need to do is to use this device smartly and wisely. We should remember that it is
mainly a device with purpose of communication, but that does not mean that we keep on wasting hours
on chatting or through messaging. We should also remember that spending too much time on mobile
phones is dangerous as mobile phones emit harmful radiations leading to various diseases.

Importance of Smartphones in Our Daily Life

The age of information has changed how we interact and appreciate different cultures. It is safe to say
that the world is much better because of smartphones. The importance of smartphones in our daily life
has been discussed below in points:

1. Information warehouse: They can be used to access the internet and search for information without
much difficulty. Smartphones have been significant contributors to the age of information.

2. Movies apps: These are convenient and can be a great source of entertainment. People who love
those quiet moments will find such apps significantly useful.

3. Music: Smartphones can be used to download and play music. There are several music players that
users can choose from.

4. Email: These gadgets can also be used to send emails. They are ideal for replying to work emails when
one is out of the office.
5. Social media networking: Social network apps such as Twitter and Facebook can be downloaded and
used on smartphones. These phones have increased interactions among people in different parts of the
world through live chats and timeline posts.

6. Financial Transactions: Mobile money transfer has been made possible by smartphones. Convenience
at your fingertips. Other transactions include mobile recharges and bill payment.

Other benefits include the ability to backup critical data and information, taking photographs to
document memorable events, and learning from the resource-rich internet. Games can also be played
on the devices.

Paragraph on Child Marriage: Causes, Effects, Solutions

Meaning: Child marriage is the formal marriage of children who are below 18 years of age. The Indian
laws prohibits marriages where either the girl below 18 years of age or the boy has not attained 21 years
of age.

It is a big problem in Indian society as the whole life of children, especially the girls, get disturbed due to
this evil problem.

Child marriage is a major social issue. Though an ancient practice, this custom is still prevalent in many
parts of India, especially the rural areas.

Causes of Child Marriage

Illiteracy.
Low status of women.

Economic or financial inability of the family.

Custom, Traditional beliefs and social mind-set.

Developing relational alliances amid families for other business or financial upholds.

Gender Inequalities in the society.

Effects of Child Marriage

Health issues as giving birth at an early age is harmful for the girls' health. It is not good for both mother
and the baby.

Child marriage is an end of the girl child's childhood.

Hindrance to the educational aspect of the girl child.

High population raises the poverty level of the family.

Increase in the population due to uncontrolled birth rates due to early pregnancy.

Economic and financial constraints in the family due to over-population.

Solutions

Empowering girl child on their rights.

Providing educational supports like- schools and educational institutions to them.

Motivating and informing their families against the adverse effects of child marriage.

Support their skills and empower them.

Providing economic and financial support to the girl child.

Educate the society on the adversities and bad results of early marriages.

Encourage existence of legal support against such false beliefs.

There are several laws that prohibits Child marriage in India.

Paragraph on Kindness - Meaning, Benefits, Gestures

Kindness is one unique quality that makes us different from other species. For being human, we need to
have kindness.

Meaning of Kindness - Kindness means a humble behavior that involves care for others, helping attitude
for others and ability to share as well.

The meaning of kindness is quite deep. It can be understood through a variety of humble acts as given
below:

Kindliness - Kindness is also kindliness. It means having a heart full of warmth and love for others.

Affectionate - Kindness also means being affectionate. We should be affectionate and unselfish in
helping others.

Caring - Caring for other people's needs is also a form of kindness.

Generous - Kindness also refers to being polite and generous to others.

Friendly - Having a friendly behavior towards other people, is also a way of showing kindness.

Helpful - Being helpful is the simplest and most important meaning of kindness.

Gentle - Showing a tender temperament or gentle behavior to other humans is also kindness.

Understanding - Kindness can also be defined as an attitude that is full of understanding for the feelings
and emotions of fellow beings.

The Benefits of Being Kind towards Others - Being kind towards others reward us with feelings like self-
satisfaction, happiness, confidence, and most importantly, the feeling of having done something good!

Various Gestures of Kindness - Helping a blind person in crossing the road, leaving your seat for elderly
people in bus, providing food or shelter to poor people, etc., are various gestures of kindness.
Kindness is Humanity - As said earlier, we cannot call ourselves humans until we have kindness in us.
Kindness is another name for humanity!

Mark Twain has rightly said, 'Kindness is the language that the deaf can hear and the blind can see.”

Paragraph on Moral Values: Its Meaning and Benefits

Meaning of Moral Values - Moral values are set of principles which help us evaluate what is good and
what is bad!

Moral values are a set of some precious values which help us in becoming a good human being. These
values involve a lot of factors like morality, respecting others, helping others, loving others, etc.

We can attain the right and virtuous behavior if we follow the moral values with complete honesty.
Reading moral stories is a good way to learn about moral values.

Why are the benefits of good Moral Values?

When we love and respect others, when we work with honesty and when we do ONLY what is right, we
obviously transform ourselves into a better human being.

Moral values help in shaping the character and personality of an individual. Moral values also earn you
respect.

Moral values are essential for human relationships at all the levels of life. Be it our family, workplace or
society, moral values are required everywhere in order to work smoothly and in a cooperative manner.
Moral values help us differentiate between good and bad, right and wrong. Hence, the decision power
of an individual gets improved, naturally.

Moral values help you in finding out the true purpose of your life. Once we start following the path of
life through moral values, we start realizing the true purpose our life. We become unselfish, dedicated,
loving and caring for others.

Conclusion - Moral values give us happiness, confidence and immense satisfaction. These values shape
us into gentle humans who are beautiful inside out!

Paragraph on Uses and abuses of Science

Uses and abuses of Science

First journey of science: The first scientist of the world was a prehistoric man. He used his brains to
invent the simplest device to make his life less painful. Science started its humble journey from that day.

Science grew richer and richer and it has reached its golden age today. It has revolutionized man's life so
thoroughly that we like to cal this age the age of science. It is science that tells a modern man how to
live.

Science is a mixed blessing. Though the basket of gifts of sciences is full to the brain, science has not
been an unmixed blessing to man. If used property, science is helpful for us. If abused, science may
become a threat to humanity.

Uses of science: We use countless gifts of science every day.

Science has modernized our homes. Pressure cooker, gas ovens, washing machine, refrigerator have
changed the look of our kitchen.
Trains, buses, planes, motor cars, bicycles have made our journey quicker and more comfortable.

The radio, Television (TV) adds to our knowledge and pleasure.

Telephones, mobile-phones are important communication devices.

Electric light, fan, air-conditioners, cooler,etc. make our life comfortable.

Science has given us life saving drugs and medical facilities.

Science has taught us how to use the gifts of nature.

Abuses of science: Man uses science for the bane of his fellow beings too.

The industrial and vehicular pollution is a major harmful effects of the abusive usage of science.

Man has used science to make deadly weapons.

Two Great World wars killed a great number of people and destroyed big cities.

Nuclear bombs can put the entire cities out of existence. The nuclear bomb, explosives, the hydrogen
bomb, poisonous gas, missiles, chemical warfare, etc. are extremely destructive application of science.

Man has become over-dependent on scientific equipment and devices.

Children and adults wastes immense time and energy watching television and surfing the internet.

Conclusion: On one hand, science has given us the physical comfort. But, on the other hand, it has
caused many problems for mankind. People have begun to fight against the misuse of science.

Short Paragraph on Childhood

Childhood is the time of our lives before we become adults. Sometimes, the very earliest years of our
lives are described as part of our childhood.

However, sometimes, these earliest years - when we are a newborn baby and a toddler - are referred to
as 'infancy'.
Why childhood memories are important.

1. They helped to shape us. Our earliest experiences helped to make us who we are today. Childhood
memories are the key to this.

2. They remind us of simpler times. Remembering childhood reminds us that life can be simple and
joyful.

3. Connection to our family. We shared our earliest memories with our families - they are an important
point of connection with our loved ones.

4. Keeping us happy. Happy childhood memories are great to remember in hard times.

5. Learning about ourselves. Comparing our childhood memories to what we are like now helps us to be
aware of how we have grown as a person.

Is childhood better than adulthood?

Opinions can be divided on this matter. On the one hand, childhood is often a more carefree and simple
time than adulthood. On the other hand, in adulthood we often have more independence and more
opportunities to explore the world. What do you think?

Conclusion.

What are your favorite childhood memories?

Short Paragraph on Respect

What is Respect?

Respect comes in many different forms. It is all about honoring other people for their wisdom, actions
and status.
Respect for elders means honoring our parents, grandparents, and anyone older than us. Respect for
parents is a very specific kind of respect for our elders. Respect for teachers means acting in an attentive
manner to those trying to educate us.

The Importance of Respect.

1. Recognition. Respecting someone else is a way of reognizing their achievements and what they have
done for us.

2. Care. Respecting others shows we care about them.

3. The fabric of society. Respect for others keeps the fabric of society together.

4. Humanity. We should all respect each other because of our common humanity.

5. Getting respect ourselves. How can we expect others to respect us unless we respect them?

Ways to show respect.

1. Formal language. Formal language (such as saying 'madam') shows respect.

2. Listening attentively. Respecting another person's words and opinions is a key form of respect.

3. Showing courtesy. Opening doors, helping with chores and so on are simple ways of showing respect.

4. Taking advice. Taking others' advice shows we respect them.

5. Following the rules. Following both official laws and the rules set down by others is often key to
respectful behavior.
Conclusion.

We can all show our respect for each other, starting right now.

Short Essay on Types of Unemployment in India

Unemployment Problem in India

Unemployment is a social problem the world over. Though unemployment varies from 2-12% in
developed countries, the picture is considerably different in developing countries like India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, many countries in Africa, Latin America etc.

The position of unemployment in India has assumed an alarming position, the same position varying
from 20-45% in some parts of the country at different times of the year.

In India, the problem of unemployment is found among both educated and uneducated class of people.
This problem is a major cause of poverty in India.

Types of Unemployment

There are different types of Unemployment. Basically unemployment in India can be divided into two
groups:

Educated Unemployment

Uneducated (Illiterate) Unemployment.

Among the educated unemployment, it could be unemployment amongst just literate, unemployment
amongst those who have studied up to class X - Class XII.

Unemployment amongst dropout, plucked or abandoned education before completion of graduation is

about 35%.
Those who are graduates e.g. B.A., or B.Sc., B.Com is about 20%.

Of course unemployment is much less in B. Tech. M. Tech., BBA, BCA, MBA, MCA, any other engineer or
doctor or computer technologist or Information Technologist. Unemployment amongst those having
engineering diploma, medical diploma, and skilled people like Welder, Carpenter, Blacksmith, Chamar
(Leather skill), Biri maker, potter (Kumbhar), etc. is very little though their earning may be much less
than the minimum necessary for sustaining a reasonable standard of living.

Sources of Information

One of the problems of study and solution of unemployment is the lack of source of information about
this. The only two sources e.g. Employment Exchange and the records of the Labor Department (Factory
Inspectorate) etc. But these relate to only urban areas and that also only about those who volunteer and
visit employment exchange and get registered there. Every state has got an employment exchange and
the total number of registered unemployed youth varies from 10 to 25 lakhs which is only about 25% of
the whole lot of unemployed people.

Another problem with unemployment is no body informs the Employment Exchange after they get an
appointment. And most of them do not register those slaves in the exchange at all.

Among the illiterate unemployment the sky is the limit. Of the total population about 10% are young
(from 20 to 35 yrs) and of this huge lot more than half is either unemployed or underemployed. Some
have seasonal unemployment.

It has been estimated that from another classification unemployment is of the following types:

Seasonal Unemployment

Cyclical Unemployment

Structural Unemployment

Agricultural Unemployment
Technological Unemployment

Educational Unemployment

Miscellaneous Unemployment

Multi-Skill Employment

In village areas it has been observed that one person of the age range of 25 to 35 years may have mixed
employment pattern e.g. 3 months in agriculture, 6 months in teaching in primary schools, 3 months in
pottery and terra cotta art. This is a type of multi skill employment.