AWS A5.32-1997 Specification For Welding Shielding Gases
AWS A5.32-1997 Specification For Welding Shielding Gases
AWS A5.32-1997 Specification For Welding Shielding Gases
Specification for
Welding Shielding
Gases
Specification for
Welding Shielding Gases
Prepared by
AWS Committee on Filler Metals
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
Abstract
This specification for welding shielding gases specifies minimum requirements for the composition and purity of the
most popular single-component shielding gases. Classification designators for both single and multicomponent gases are
introduced. Other topics include testing procedures, package marking, and general application guidelines.
This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Since these are
not equivalent, each system must be used independently of the other.
Note: The primary purpose of AWS is to serve and benefit its members. To this end, AWS provides a forum for the ex-
change, consideration, and discussion of ideas and proposals that are relevant to the welding industry and the consensus
of which forms the basis for these standards. By providing such a forum, AWS does not assume any duties to which a
user of these standards may be required to adhere. By publishing this standard, the American Welding Society does not
insure anyone using the information it contains against any liability arising from that use. Publication of a standard by
the American Welding Society does not carry with it any right to make, use, or sell any patented items. Users of the in-
formation in this standard should make an independent, substantiating investigation of the validity of that information
for their particular use and the patent status of any item referred to herein.
With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.
However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals
do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of
AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS Committee on Filler Metals. It must be reviewed every five
years and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or dele-
tions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be addressed to
AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS Committee on Filler Metals and the
author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all
meetings of the AWS Committee on Filler Metals to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an ad-
verse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Commit-
tee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL
33126.
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Personnel
AWS Committee on Filler Metals
R. A. LaFave, Chair Elliott Turbomachinery Company
J. ì?Hunt, 1st Vice Chair Inco Alloys International, Incorporated
D. A. Fink, 2nd Vice Chair The Lincoln Electric Company
H. M. Woodward, Secretary American Weiding Society
*R. L. Bateman Electromanufacturas, S.A.
R. S. Brown Carpenter Technology Corporation
R. A. Bushey ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
J. Caprarola, JI: Consultant
*L. J. Christensen Consultant
R. J. Christofle1 Consultant
D. J. Crement Precision Components Corporation
D. D. Crockett The Lincoln Electric Company
R. A. Daemen Consultant
D. A. Delsignore Consultant
R. L. Drury Caterpillar, Incorporated
H. W Ebert Exxon Research and Engineering Company
J. G. Feldstein Foster Wheeler Energy International, Corporation
S. E. Ferree ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
L. Flasche Haynes International, Incorporated
C. E. Fuerstenau Alloy Ring Service
G. A. Hallstrom, Jr. Hallstrom Consultants
u! S. Howes National Electrical Manufacturers Association
R. B. Kadiyala Techalloy Company
D.J. Kotecki The Lincoln Electric Company
D. Y: Ku American Bureau of Shipping
N . E. Larson Compressed Gas Industries
A. S. Laurenson Consultant
J. S. Lee Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, Incorporated
G. H. MacShane MAC Associates
u! A. Marttila Chrysler Corporation
R. Menon Stoody Company
M. T Merlo Select Arc, Incorporated
A. R. Mertes Ampco Metal, Incorporated
M. D. Morin ABB Power Generation
c. L. Null Naval Sea Systems Command
J. J. Payne Sverdrup Technology, Incorporated
R. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Corporation
E. W Pickering, JI: Consultant
M. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric Company
*H. E Reid Consultant
*S.D. Reynolds, Jr. Consultant
L. E Roberts Canadian Welding Bureau
i? K . Salvesen Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
J. M.Sawhill, JI: Newport News Shipbuilding
*Advisor
...
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COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
List of Tables
Table Page No.
1 Gas Type. Purity. and Dew Point Requirements for Shielding Gas Components.......................................... 2
2 Tests Required for Classification ................................................................................................................... 3
3 Dew Point Conversion Chart ......................................................................................................................... 4
4 AWS Classifications for Typical Gas Mixtures ............................................................................................. 5
AI Additional Information ................................................................................................................................ 16
List of Figures
Figure Page No .
1 Classification System for a Single Gas .......................................................................................................... 5
2 Classification System for Multicomponent Shielding Gases ......................................................................... 5
3 Classification System for Special Multicomponent Shielding Gases ............................................................ 5
4 Classification System for "X" Designator Shielding Gases .......................................................................... 5
E29, Standard Practice f o r Using Significant Digits in 3.3 The gases classified under this specification are in-
Test Data to Detertnitie Conformance with Specifications tended for use with the gas shielded arc welding pro-
E260, Standard Practice for Packed Column Gas cesses listed in the Scope. This does not prohibit their
Chromatography use with any other process for which they are found
2.2 CGA Publications2 suitable.
If the results of one or both retests fail to meet the re- 11.1 Cylinder Residual Gases. All gas containers shall
quirement, the gas being tested shall be considered as not either be evacuated or, if not evacuated, residual gases
meeting the requirements of this specification for that shall be analyzed for composition and purity prior to
classification.
In the event that appropriate procedures were not fol-
lowed in preparing the test sample(s) or in conducting
the tests, the test shall be considered invalid, without re- 12. Packaging
gard to whether t h e test was actually completed, or Gases and gas mixtures shall be packaged in accor-
whether test results met or failed to meet the require- dance with Department of Transportation (DOT) regula-
ment. In this case, the requirement for two retests of the tions for protection during shipment and normal storage
gas sample does not apply. conditions.6 Cylinder sizes shall be as agreed upon be-
tween purchaser and supplier. Cylinders shall be labeled
in accordance with Sections 13 and 14.
9. Chemical Analysis
Samples of gas(es) for chemical analysis shall be
drawn from an individual cylinder, vessel or from the gas 13. Identification
outlet source. The sample shall be analyzed by accept- 13.1 Individual gas components are identified by the fol-
able methods. Results of chemical analysis of a specific lowing codes:
gas(es) shall comply with the requirements of Table 1 for
the gas being analyzed. The referee method for chemical A - Argon
analysis of gases shall be ASTM E 260, Standcird Pruc- C - Carbon Dioxide
rice f o r Packed Columti Gas Chromatography. When He -Helium
mixed gases are being analyzed, the volumetric percent- H - Hydrogen
age of minor components shall be within 110 percent rel- N - Nitrogen
ative to the nominal percentage of the minor component O - Oxygen
of the classification. See 13.1 and 13.3 for examples.
Table 3
Dew Point Conversion Chart
(1 Atmosphere) (70°F Q 14.7 psid21"C Q 760 mm [Hg])
ONLY
Figure 4.
AWS classifications for typical gas mixtures are
shown in Table 4. Figure 3-Classification System for Special
Multicomponent Shielding Gases
Table 4
AWS Classifications for SG BX G (X = SPECIFIC GAS)
Typical Gas Mixtures
Typical Gas
AWS Mixtures SHIELD BASE SPECIFIC
Classification (%I Gas GAS GAS GAS
2 x 0.1 = 0.2
2 - 0 . 2 = 1.8 This product conforms to AWS A5.32, classified
2 4- 0.2 = 2.2 as SG-AC-25
Ar with 1.8 to 2.2% O2
7
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
8
the product. The purchaser will have to establish with the preceding year with the agenda for each Committee
that supplier just what the testing procedures and the ac- on Filler Metals meeting. Any other publication of re-
ceptance requirements are to be for that test. The pur- quests that have been completed will be at the option of
chaser should specify that information in the purchase the American Welding Society, as deemed appropriate.
order.
A2.2.3 Request for Shielding Gas Classification
A2.2.3.1 When a shielding gas cannot be classified
A3. Acceptance
according to some classification other than a “G’ classi- Acceptance of all shielding gases classified under this
fication, the manufacturer may request that a classifica- specification is in accordance with the tests and require-
tion be established f o r that shielding gas. T h e ments of Part B and C of this specification. Any testing a
manufacturer may do this by following the procedure purchaser requires of the supplier, for gases shipped in
given here. When the manufacturer elects to use the “G” accordance with this specification, shall be clearly stated
classification, the Committee on Filler Metals recom- in the purchase order. In the absence of any such state-
mends that the manufacturer still request that a classifi- ment in the purchase order, the supplier may ship the
cation be established for that shielding gas, as long as the gases with whatever testing the supplier normally con-
shielding gas is of commercial significance. ducts on gases of that classification. In such cases, accep-
tance of the material shipped will be in accordance with
A2.2.3.2 A request to establish a new shielding gas
those requirements.
classification shall be a written request, and it needs to
provide sufficient detail to permit the Committee on
Filler Metals or the Subcommittee to determine whether
a new classification or the modification of an existing A4. Certification
classification is more appropriate, and whether either is
necessary to satisfy the need. The request needs to state The act of placing the AWS specification and classi-
the variables and their limits, for such a classification or fication designations on the packaging enclosing the
modification. The request should contain some indica- product, constitutes the supplier’s (manufacturer’s) certi-
tion of the time by which completion of the new classifi- fication that the product meets all of the requirements of
cation or modification is needed. the specification.
The only testing requirement implicit in this “certifi-
A2.2.3.3 The request should be sent to the Secre- cation” is that the manufacturer has actually conducted
tary of the Committee on Filler Metals at AWS Head- the tests required by the specification on material that is
quarters. Upon receipt of the request, the Secretary will representative of that being shipped, and that that mate-
do the following: rial met the requirements of the specification. “Certifica-
(1) Assign an identifying number to the request. This tion” is not to be construed to mean that tests of any kind
number shall include the date the request was received. were necessarily conducted on samples of the specific
(2) Confirm receipt of the request and give the identi- material shipped. Tests on such material may or may not
fication number to the person who made the request. have been conducted. The basis for the “certification” re-
(3) Send a copy of the request to the Chair of the quired by the specification is the classification test of
Committee on Filler Metals and the Chair of the particu- “representative material” cited above, and the “Manufac-
lar Subcommittee involved. turer’s Quality Assurance Program” in ANSI/AWS
(4)File the original request. A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines.’
( 5 ) Add the request to the log of outstanding requests.
A2.2.3.4 All necessary action on each request will
be completed as soon as possible. If more than 12 months A5. Ventilation During Welding
lapse, the Secretary shall inform the requestor of the
status of the request, with copies to the Chairpersons of A5.1 Five major factors govern the quantity of fumes in
the Committee and Subcommittee. Any request out- the atmosphere to which welders and welding operators
standing after 18 months shall be considered not to have are exposed during welding. They are the following:
been answered in a “timely manner” and the Secretary ( i ) Dimensions of the space in which the welding is
shall report it to the Chair of the Committee on Filler done (with special regard to the height of the ceiling).
Metals for action.
A2.2.3.5 The Secretary shall include a copy of the 7. A W S standards can be obtained from A W S at 550 N.W.
log of all requests pending and those completed during LeJeune Rd., Miami, R.33 126.
(2) Number of welders and welding operators work- A7. Description and Intended Use of
ing in that space.
the Shielding Gases
(3) Rate of evolution of fumes, gases, or dust, accord-
ing to the materials and processes used. A7.1 Single Gases. All single gases described in this
(4) The proximity of the welders or welding operators specification may be purchased either as a liquid or as a
to the fumes, as these fumes issue from the welding zone, gas. If liquid, the material must be gasified prior to being
and to the gases and dusts in the space in which they are supplied to the welding area.
working.
A7.1.1 SG-A (Argon). Argon is a chemically inert
( 5 ) The ventilation provided to the space in which the
gas which is used both singularly and i n combination
welding is done.
with other gases to achieve desired arc characteristics for
A5.2 American National Standard ANSI/ASC 249. I , the welding of both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Al-
Sufety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (pub- most ail arc welding processes can use argon or mixtures
lished by the American Welding Society), discusses the containing argon to achieve good weldability, mechani-
ventilation that is required during welding and should be cal properties, arc characteristics and productivity. Argon
referred to for details. Attention is drawn particularly to is used for welding of nonferrous materials such as alu-
the sections on “Health Protection and Ventilation.” minum, nickel, copper, magnesium alloys, and reactive
metals, which include zirconium and titanium. The low-
ionization potential of argon creates an excellent current
path and superior arc stability. In the GMAW process,
A6. Welding Considerations argon produces a constricted arc column at a high current
The properties of gases affect the performance of all density which causes the arc energy to be concentrated in
arc welding processes. The ionization potential of the a small central area of the weld pool. The result is a
shielding gas influences the ease of arc initiation and sta- depth of fusion profile which may have a distinct finger-
bility. Thermal conductivity of a gas determines the volt- like shape. Argon is also used for single-side melt-
age and energy constant of the arc. Gases such as carbon through welding with or without consumable inserts.
dioxide can have higher heat conductivity than helium at
arc temperatures because of the effects of disassociation A7.1.2 SG-C (Carbon Dioxide). Carbon dioxide is
and recombination. an active gas used primarily for GMAW and FCAW. The
Reactive and oxidizing gases such as carbon dioxide heat of the arc dissociates the carbon dioxide into carbon
(COz) and oxygen ( O 2 )can have detrimental effects on monoxide and free oxygen. This oxygen will coinbine
base metals such as aluminum, nickel, titanium, zirco- with elements transferring across the arc to form oxides
nium, and tungsten. For this reason, carbon dioxide or which are released from the weld pool in the form of slag
oxygen cannot be used as the shielding gas for gas tung- and scale. Although carbon dioxide is an active gas and
sten arc welding. produces an oxidizing effect, sound welds and acceptable
mechanical properties can be achieved in many, but not
Proper gas selection is crucial to efficient welding in
all, metals and alloys. An electrode having higher
the most cost-effective manner. Many factors must be
amounts of deoxidizing elements is sometimes needed to
considered. These are not limited to the following:
compensate for the reactive nature of the gas. Carbon di-
(1 j Type and thickness of base metal being welded oxide can be used for solid electrode GMAW with short
( 2 ) Arc characteristics circuiting and globular transfer and FCAW of carbon and
(3) Metal transfer stainless steel. Carbon dioxide cannot be used for spray
(4) Travcl speed transfer with GMAW.
(5) Depth and width of fusion The popularity of carbon dioxide is due to common
(6) Cost of welding availability as well as its lower cost per unit volume. The
(7) Mechanical properties lower cost per unit of gas does not automatically trans-
(8) Root opening late to lowest cost per foot of deposited weld and is
greatly dependent on the welding application. The final
(9) Cleanliness of the base material
weld cost with carbon dioxide shielding gas is influenced
( 1 O) Spatter
by bead contour, electrode spatter, and spatter removal.
( 1 i ) Arc cleaning action The lower deposition efficiency for carbon dioxide
(1 2) Gas purity caused by fume and spatter loss will influence the final
(13) Joint configuration weld cost.
(14) Welding position Argon is often mixed with carbon dioxide to improve
(15) Fume generation the operating characteristics. If mechanical properties are
to be maximized, a carbon dioxide and argon mixture is A7.2.1.1 SG-AO-1 (Ar + 15% 0 2 ) . This mixture is
often recommended. primarily used for spray transfer on stainless steels. One-
percent oxygen is usually sufficient to stabilize the arc,
A7.1.3 SG-N (Nitrogen). Shielding gases containing increase the droplet rate and provide good fluidity of the
nitrogen are not recommended for welding carbon steel. weld pool.
Nitrogen will combine with other elements at high tem-
peratures which is why it is not recommended as a pri- A73.1.2 SG-AO-2 (Ar + 2 % 03. This mixture is
mary gas, but is used in combination with other gases for used for spray arc welding on carbon steels, low-alloy
selected applications. Nitrogen is often used as a gas to steels and stainless steels. It provides additional wetting
protect the weld root from atmospheric contamination. action over SG-AO- 1. Weld mechanical properties and
Nitrogen root shielding of stainless steel welds may corrosion resistance (stainless steels) of welds made
cause problems in those applications where control of the using the SG-AO-2 and SG-AO- 1 shielding gases are
ferrite content is critical. Increased nitrogen content of comparable.
the weld may reduce the ferrite level. Small additions A7.2.1.3 SG-AO-5 (Ar + 5% 02).This mixture
(53%) of nitrogen have been combined with argon for provides a more fluid but controllable weld pool. It is the
GMA and GTA welding of duplex stainless steel. most commonly used argon plus oxygen mixture for gen-
eral carbon steel welding. The additional oxygen permits
A7.1.4 SG-He (Helium). Helium, a chemically inert
higher travel speeds on some weld applications.
gas, is used for weld applications requiring higher heat
inputs. Helium may improve wetting action, depth of fu- A7.2.1.4 SG-AO-8 (Ar + 8% Oz). This mixture
sion, and travel speeds. It does not produce the stable arc provides additional depth of fusion over SG-AO-5.
provided by argon. Helium has higher thermal conductiv- Slightly lower arc voltage or increased wire feed speed
ity and a wider arc column than argon. The higher volt- should be used. The higher weld pool fluidity and lower
age gradient increases heat input compared with argon, spray transition current of this mixture are advantageous
promoting increased weld pool fluidity and better wetting on some applications. This mixture can be used in the
action. This is an advantage when welding aluminum- short circuiting and spray modes of transfer. Greater oxi-
based, magnesium-based, and copper-based alloys. Using dation of the weld metal, with increased loss of manga-
GMAW, 100-percent helium will only produce globular nese and silicon, should be expected.
transfer. The argon percentage must be at least 20 percent
when mixed with helium to produce and maintain a sta- A7.2.2 SG-AC (Argon + Carbon Dioxide Mix-
ble spray transfer. tures). The additions of carbon dioxide to argon can pro-
duce a wide range of welding characteristics from high-
A7.1.5 SG-O (Oxygen). Oxygen is never used as a current spray transfer to low-current short circuiting
base component of a shielding gas. It can be used as a transfer.
minor component. The dissociation of carbon dioxide in the arc provides
oxygen for improved wetting and arc stabilization. The
A7.1.6 SG-H (Hydrogen). Hydrogen (H2) is chemi- high thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide tends to in-
cally active and most commonly used at low percentages crease the width of fusion as compared to SG-AO mix-
( i to 35%) as the minor component in a gas mixture (see tures.
Section A8, General Safety Considerations). When using GMAW with solid carbon steel wires,
SG-AC mixtures containing more than 20 percent carbon
A 7 3 Binary Shielding Gas Mixtures
dioxide will not support spray transfer.
A7.2.1 SG-AO (Argon + Oxygen Mixtures). The A7.2.2.1 SG-AC-1 through 10 (Ar + 1 to 10%
addition of oxygen to argon with the GMAW process im- CO2). Mixtures in this range may produce all modes of
proves the arc characteristics and increases weld pool metal transfer useful on a variety of steel thicknesses.
fluidity by reducing the surface tension of the weld Depth of fusion is improved and porosity may be re-
metal. Oxygen is an active gas which intensifies the arc duced when using SG-AC compared to SG-AO.
plasma, increasing heat input, travel speed, depth of fu- In the 5 to 10 percent carbon dioxide range the arc
sion, and wetting. In GMAW, the addition of small column becomes more defined. These mixtures are effec-
amounts ( I to 8%) of oxygen to argon stabilizes the
tive on material with mill scale. SG-AC-5 is commonly
welding arc, increases the filler metal droplet rate, lowers used with GMAW for heavy-section low-alloy steel
the spray arc transition current, and influences bead welding.
shape. The weld pool is more fluid allowing improved
weld bead wetting. Oxygen is not used with GTAW be- A7.2.2.2 SG-AC-11 through 20 (Ar + 11 to 20%
cause of its detrimental effect on the tungsten electrode. CO2). This mixture range has been used with various
GMAW and FCAW applications. Most applications are depth-to-width ratio will decrease. In GMAW, the argon
on carbon and low-alloy steels. By mixing argon and car- content must be at least 20 percent to produce and main-
bon dioxide within this range, maximum productivity on tain a stable spray transfer.
thin-gauge materials can be achieved. The lower carbon
A7.2.4.1 SG-HeA-10 through 25 (He + 10 to
dioxide percentages increase deposition efficiency by
25 % Ar). These mixtures are used for welding copper
lowering spatter loss.
over 1/2 in. [13 mm] thick and aluminum over 3 in.
A7.2.2.3 SG-AC-21 through 49 (Ar + 21 to 49 % [75 mm] thick. Their high heat input improves weld fu-
COZ). Mixtures in this range are used in the short circuit- sion. They may be used for short circuiting transfer with
ing GMAW mode and all positions of flux cored arc nickel filler metals.
welding.
A7.2.4.2 SG-HeA-25 through 50 (He + 25 to
SG-AC-25 is widely used to replace pure carbon di-
50% Ar). These mixtures increase heat input and reduce
oxide. These mixes operate well on light-gauge material
porosity of welds in copper, aluminum, and magnesium.
at low currents, and at high currents on heavy materials
They are used for welding aluminum and magnesium
producing good arc stability, weld pool control, bead ap-
greater than 1/2 in. [13 mm] thick in the flat position.
pearance, and high productivity.
A7.2.5 SG-AH (Argon + Hydrogen Mixtures) (see
A7.2.2.4 SG-AC40 (Ar + 50% COZ).This mix-
Section AS, Safety Considerations). Commercial argon-
ture (not supplied at full cylinder pressure because the
hydrogen gas mixtures produce reducing atmospheres.
CO2 would liquefy a full pressure) is used where in-
SG-AH-i, SG-AH-2, or SG-AH-5 are used for GTAW.
creased heat input and depth of fusion are needed. Recom-
GMAW, and PAW on a variety of base metals including
mended material thickness is 1/8 in. [3 mm] minimum
the following:
for the globular mode of metal transfer. This mixture is
(1) nickel and nickel alloys
satisfactory for pipe welding using the short circuiting
(2) austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels
transfer mode. Good wetting and bead shape without ex-
(3) low-alloy steels (PAW only)
cessive weld pool fluidity are the main advantages for
Mixtures containing up to 15 percent hydrogen (SG-
the pipe welding application. When welding at high cur-
AH-15) are used for GTAW of chrome-nickel stainless
rent levels, the metal transfer is more like welding in
steels. Its high heat conductivity makes these mixtures
pure carbon dioxide than other previously described
useful in selected GTAW applications. Additions of hy-
argon mixtures, but some reduction in spatter loss can be
drogen increase weld heat input permitting faster travel
realized due to the argon addition.
speeds, increased depth of fusion, improved bead wet-
A7.2.3 SG-AHe Gases (Argon + Helium Mixtures). ting, and broader weld bead profile. Hydrogen additions
These mixtures are often recommended for GMA and to argon provide a reducing atmosphere which removes
GTA welding of aluminum where an increased width of oxygen and oxides from the weld area.
fusion is required and bead appearance is of primary im-
A7.2.6 SG-NH (Nitrogen + Hydrogen Mixtures).
portance. Generally, the heavier the material the higher
This root shielding gas may be used in the fabrication of
the percentage of helium. Small percentages of helium,
chrome-nickel stainless steels. The ferrite precaution
as low as lo%, will affect the arc. In GMAW, as the he-
outlined in A7.1.3 applies also to applications using SG-
lium percentage is increased, the arc voltage and depth of
" - 5 , or higher, as a root shielding medium.
fusion will increase while minimizing porosity.
A7.3 Ternary Shielding Gas Mixtures
A7.2.3.1 SG-AHe-10 through 50 (Ar + 10 to
50% He). These mixtures are used for welding nonfer- A7.3.1 SG-AC0 (Argon + Carbon Dioxide + Oxy-
rous base metals, Mixtures in this range provide an in- gen Mixtures). Mixtures containing these three compo-
crease in heat input and travel speed, with improved bead nents are versatile due to their ability to operate using
appearance. short circuiting, globular, spray, and high-current-density
spray transfer. Several ternary compositions are avail-
A7.2.4 SG-HeA (Helium + Argon Mixtures). He-
able, and their application will depend on the desired
lium and argon mixtures are used primarily for GMA and
metal transfer.
GTA welding of nonferrous base metals, such as reactive
metals, aluminum, copper, nickel, magnesium, and their A7.3.1.1 SG-ACO-5 through loll through 6 (Ar
alloys. They are also used for welding some carbon steels. + 5 to 10% CO2 + 1 to 6% 02). The advantage of these
These mixtures are used on thicker base metals. Argon mixtures is their ability to shield carbon steel and low-
addition to a helium base gas will decrease the heat input alloy steel of all thicknesses using any mode of metal
and improve arc starting characteristics. As argon per- transfer. These mixtures produce good welding charac-
centages increase, the arc voltage, spatter, and weld teristics and mechanical properties on carbon and low-
alloy steels. On thin-gauge base metals, the oxygen con- welding low-alloy, high-strength steel base metals, and
stituent improves arc stability at low current levels (30 to they have been used on carbon steel for high-productiv-
60 A) permitting the arc to be kept short and controlla- ity welding.
ble. This helps minimize excessive melt-through and dis-
tortion by lowering the total heat input into the weld ARGON, CARBON DIOXIDE, HELIUM,
zone. AND NITROGEN HAZARD:
A7.3.2 SG-AHeC and SG-HeAC (Argon + Helium. Argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen can dis-
+ Carbon Dioxide Mixtures). Helium and carbon diox- place oxygen in a worker’s breathing zone which can
ide additions to argon increase the heat input to the weid, result in asphyxiation, and possibly death, when re-
increasing bead wetting and fluidity. The weld bead pro- leased in poorly vented, confined work areas. Argon
file becomes flatter and wider. and carbon dioxide cause a special concern since they
are heavier than air and may concentrate in low areas
A7.3.2.1 SG-AHeC- 10 through 40/1 through 15
such as in the bottom of pressure vessels, tanks, pits,
(Ar + 10 to 40% He + 1 to 15% CO2). Mixtures in this
range have been developed for pulsed spray welding of and ships.
carbon, low-alloy, and stainless steels. These mixtures Unless adequate ventilation and breathing air are sup-
are most often used on heavy sections, in positions other plied, care must be taken with any of these gases
than flat. Good mechanical properties and weld pool when they are released in enclosed areas or confined
control are characteristic of these mixtures. spaces. A safety watch should be provided and in at-
A7.3.2.2 SG-HeAC-25 through 35/1 through 5 tendance anytime a worker is using any of these gases
(He + 25 to 35% Ar + 1 to 5% CO2). These mixtures in a vessel.
are used for short circuit GMAW of high-strength steels
Additional information can be found in ANSI/ASC
and stainless steels, especially for welding positions
249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Pro-
other than flat. The carbon dioxide content is kept low to
cesses, CGA publications, and from suppliers of the
insure good weld metal toughness. The helium provides
aforementioned gases.
the heat necessary for good weld pool fluidity.
A8. General Safety Considerations (4) ANSIIASC 2 4 1.1, Safety-Toe Footwear, Ameri-
can National Standards Institute, 11 West 42 Street, New
A8.1 Burn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag, and York, NY 10036.
hot work surfaces are produced by welding, cutting, and
allied processes. These can cause burns if precautionary A8.2 Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill. How-
measures are not used. Workers should wear protective ever, it can be avoided. Live electrical parts should not
clothing made of fire-resistant material. Pant cuffs, open be touched. The manufacturer’s instructions and recom-
pockets, or other places on clothing that can catch and re- mended safe practices should be read and understood.
tain molten metal or sparks should not be worn. Pant legs Faulty installation, improper grounding, and incorrect
should be worn over the outside of high-top shoes. Hel- operation and maintenance of electrical equipment are all
sources of danger.
mets or hand shields that provide protection for the face,
neck, and ears, and a head covering to protect the head All electrical equipment and the workpieces should be
should be used. In addition, appropriate eye protection grounded. The workpiece lead is not a ground lead. It is
should be used. used only to complete the welding circuit. A separate con-
nection is required to ground the workpiece. The work-
When welding overhead or in confined spaces, ear
piece should not be mistaken for a ground connection.
plugs to prevent weld spatter from entering the ear canal
The correct cable size should be used, since sustained
should be worn in combination with goggles or equiva-
overloading will cause cable failure and result in possible
lent to give added eye protection. Clothing should be
electrical shock or fire hazard. All electrical connections
kept free of grease and oil. Combustible materials should
should be tight, clean, and dry. Poor connections can
not be carried in pockets. If any combustible substance
overheat and even melt. Further, they can produce dan-
has been spilled on clothing, a change to clean, fire-resis-
gerous arcs and sparks. Water, grease, or dirt should not
tant clothing should be made before working with open
be allowed to accumulate on plugs, sockets, or electrical
arcs or flame. Aprons, cape-sleeves, leggings, and shoul-
units. Moisture can conduct electricity.
der covers with bibs designed for welding service should
To prevent shock, the work area, equipment, and
be used.Where welding or cutting of unusually thick
clothing should be kept dry at all times. Welders should
base metal is involved, sheet metal shields should be
wear dry gloves and rubber-soled shoes, or stand on a
used for extra protection. Mechanization of highly haz-
dry board or insulated platform. Cables and connections
ardous processes or jobs should be considered. Other
should be kept in good condition. Improper or worn elec-
personnel in the work area should be protected by the use
trical connections may create conditions that could cause
of noncombustible screens or by the use of appropriate
electrical shock or short circuits.Worn, damaged, or bare
protection as described in the previous paragraph.
cables should not be used. Open-circuit voltage should
Before leaving a work area, hot workpieces should be
be avoided. When several welders are working with arcs
marked to alert other persons of this hazard. No attempt of different polarities, or when a number of alternating
should be made to repair or disconnect electrical equip- current machines are being used, the open-circuit volt-
ment when i t is under load. Disconnection under load ages can be additive. The added voltages increase the se-
produces arcing of the contacts and may cause burns or verity of the shock hazard.
shock, or both. (Note: Burns can be caused by touching
In case of electric shock, the power should be turned
hot equipment such C I S electrode holders, tips, and noz-
off. If the rescuer must resort to pulling the victim from
zles. Therefore, insulated gloves should be worn whew
the live contact, nonconducting materials should be used.
these items are halidled, unless ari adequate cooling pe-
If the victim is not breathing, cardiopulmonary resuscita-
riod has been allowed before tour~hing.)
tion (CPR) should be administered as soon as contact
The following sources are for more detailed informa- with the electrical source is broken. A physician should
tion on personal protection: be called and CPR continued until breathing has been re-
( 1 ) ANSIíASC 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cuttirig, and stored, or until a physician has arrived. Electrical burns
Allied Processes, published by the American Welding are treated as thermal burns; that is, clean, cold (iced)
Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. compresses should be applied. Contamination should be
(2) Code of Federal Regulutioiis, Title 29 Labor, avoided; the area should be covered with a clean, dry
Chapter XVII, Part 19 1O, OSHA General Industry Stan- dressing; and the patient should be transported to medi-
dards available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, cal assistance.
Washington, DC 20402. Recognized safety standards should be followed, such
(3) ANSl/ASC 287. I , Practice f o r Occuputiona1 and as ANSVASC 249. I , Sufeíy in Welding, Cutting, and Al-
Educational Eye utid Face Protection, American Na- lied Processes; Nutioria/ Electrical Code; and NFPA No.
tional Standards Institute, I l West 42 Street, New York, 70, available from National Fire Protection Association,
NY 10036. I Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.
A8.3 Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and al- (3) The results of an AWS-funded study, Fumes and
lied processes produce fumes and gases which may be Gases in the Welding Environment, is available from the
harmful to health. Fumes are solid particles which origi- American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,
nate from welding filler metals and fluxes, the base Miami, FL 33126.
metal, and any coatings present on the base metal. Gases
are produced during the welding process or may be pro- A8.4 Radiation. Welding, cutting, and allied operations
duced by the effects of process radiation on the surround- may produce radiant energy (radiation) harmful to
ing environment. Management personnel and welders health. One should become acquainted with the effects of
alike should be aware of the effects of these fumes and this radiant energy.
gases. The amount and composition of these fumes and Radiant energy may be ionizing (such as x-rays), or
gases depend upon the composition of the filler metal, nonionizing (such as ultraviolet, visible light, or infra-
shielding gas, base metal, welding process, current level, red). Radiation can produce a variety of effects such as
arc length, and other factors. skin burns and eye damage, depending on the radiant en-
The possible effects of overexposure range from irri- ergy’* wavelength and intensity, if excessive exposure
tation of eyes, skin, and respiratory system to more se- occurs.
vere complications. Effects may occur immediately or at
some later time. Fumes can cause symptoms such as nau- A8.4.1 Ionizing Radiation. Ionizing radiation is pro-
sea, headaches, dizziness, and metal fume fever. The duced by the electron beam welding process. It is ordi-
possibility of more serious health effects exists when es- narily controlled within acceptable limits by use of
pecially toxic materials are involved. In confined spaces, suitable shielding enclosing the welding area.
the shielding gases and fumes might displace breathing
air to cause asphyxiation. A8.4.2 Nonionizing Radiation. The intensity and
wavelengths of nonionizing radiant energy produced
Various gases are generated during welding. Some are
depend on many factors, such as the process, welding
a product of the decomposition of fluxes and electrode
parameters, electrode and base-metal composition,
coatings. Others are formed by the action of arc heat or
fluxes, and any coating or plating on the base metal.
ultraviolet radiation emitted by the arc on atmospheric
Some processes such as resistance welding and cold
constituents and contaminants. Potentially hazardous
pressure welding ordinarily produce negligible quantities
gases include carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen,
of radiant energy. However, most arc welding and cutting
ozone, and decomposition products of chlorinated hydro-
processes (except submerged arc when used properly),
carbons, such as phosgene.
laser beam welding and torch welding, cutting, brazing,
One’s head should always be kept out of the fumes. or soldering can produce quantities of nonionizing radia-
Sufficient ventilation, exhaust at the arc, or both, should tion such that precautionary measures are necessary.
be used to keep fumes and gases from one’s breathing Protection from possible harmful effects caused by
zone and the general area. nonionizing radiant energy from welding include the fol-
In some cases, natural air movement will provide lowing measures:
enough ventilation. Where ventilation may be question- ( I ) One should not look at welding arcs except
able, air sampling should be used to determine if correc- through welding filter plates which meet the require-
tive measures should be applied. ments of ANSüASC 287.1, Practice f o r Occupational
More detailed information on fumes and gases pro- and Educational Eye and Face Protection, published by
duced by the various welding processes may be found in American National Standards Institute, 1 1 West 42
the following: Street, New York, NY 10036. It should be noted that
( I ) The permissible exposure limits required by OSHA transparent welding curtains are not intended as welding
can be found in CFR Title 29, Chapter XVII, Part 1910. filter plates, but rather are intended to protect passersby
The OSHA, General Industry Standards, is available from incidental exposure.
from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- (2) Exposed skin should be protected with adequate
ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. gloves and clothing, as specified in ANSI/ASC 249.1,
(2) The recommended threshold limit values for these Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, pub-
fumes and gases may be found in Threshold Limit Values lished by the American Welding Society.
for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the (3) Reflections from welding arcs should be avoided,
Workroom Environment, published by the American and all personnel should be protected from intense re-
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists flections. (Note: Paints using pigments of substantially
(ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Suite 600, Cin- zinc oxide or titanium dioxide have CI lower reflectance
cinnati, OH 45240- 1634. for ultraviolet radiation.)
(4) Screens, curtains, or adequate distance from (4) Moss, C . E., and Murray, W. E. “Optical radiation
aisles, walkways, etc., should be used to avoid exposing levels produced in gas welding, torch brazing, and oxy-
passersby to welding operations. gen cutting.” Welding Journal, September 1979.
( 5 ) Safety glasses with UV-protective side shields ( 5 ) Marshall, W. J., Sliney, D. H., et al. “Optical radi-
have been shown to provide some protection from ultra- ation levels produced by air-carbon arc cutting pro-
violet radiation produced by welding arcs. cesses.’’ Welding Journal, March 1980.
(6) American National Standards Institute,
A8.4.3 Ionizing radiation information sources include: ANSUASC 2136.1, Safe Use of Lasers, published by
(1) AWS F2.1, Recommended Safe Practicesfor Elec- American National Standards Institute, I l West 42
tron Beam Welding and Cutting, available from the Street, New York, NY 10036.
American Welding Society. (7) -. ANSUASC 249. I , Safety in Welding, Cut-
(2) Manufacturer’s product information literature. ting, and Allied Processes, published by the American
A8.4.4 Nonionizing radiation information sources Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL
include: 33126.
(8) -. ANSI 287.1, Practice for Occupational and
(1) Hinrichs, J. E “Project committee on radiation-
Educational Eye and Face Protection, published by
summary report.” Welding Journal, January 1978.
American National Standards Institute, 1 1 West 42
(2) National Technical Information Service. Nonion-
Street, New York, NY 10036.
izing radiation protection, Special Study No. 42-0053-
(9) Moss, C . E. “Optical radiation transmission levels
77, Evaluation of the Potential Hazards from Actinic Ul-
through transparent welding curtains.” Welding Journal,
traviolet Radiation Generated by Electric Welding and
March 1979.
Cutting Arcs. Springfield, VA 22161 : National Technical
Information Service, ADA-033768.
(3) -. Nonionizing radiation protection, Special
Study No. 42-03 12-77, Evaluation of the Potential Ret-
A9. Safety References
ina Hazards from Optical Radiation Generated by Elec- Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available
trical Welding and Curling Arcs. Springfield, VA 22 161: from the supplier of the shielding gas. Additional safety
National Technical Information Service, ADA-043023. references are shown in Table A l .
Table A l
Additional Information
Code Title
Carbon Steel A5.2 A5.1 A5.18 A5.20 A5.17 A525 A5.26 A5.ELA5.31
A4.2 Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and
Duplex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel Weld Metal
A4.3 Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic
Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding
A5.01 Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines
A5.1 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ ~ ~~ ____ ~~~ ~
A5.2 Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Welding
A5.3 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Allov Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.4 Specification for Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.5 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.6 Specification for Covered Copper and Copper Alloy Arc Welding Electrodes
A5.1 Specification for Copper and Copper Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
A5.8 Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding
A5.9 Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.10 Specification for Bare Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.11 Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.12 Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding and Cutting
A5.13 Specification for Solid Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes
A5.14 Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.15 Specification for Welding Electrodes and Rods for Cast Iron
A5.16 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.17 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
A5.18 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
A5.19 Specification for Magnesium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.20 Swcification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
A5.21 Specification for Composite Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes
A5.22 Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding and Stainless Steel Flux Cored Rods for
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
A5.23 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
A5.24 Specification for Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.25 Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Electroslag
A5.26 Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Electrogas Welding
A5.28 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ ~
A5.29 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
A5.30 Specification for Consumable Inserts
A5.31 Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding
A5.32 Specification for Welding Shielding Gases
For ordering information, contact the Order Department, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road Miami,
FL 33126. Phone: 1-800-334-9353.