Control No: _______________

SLK for SCIENCE 9

QUARTER 3 WEEK 1

I. PRELIMINARIES

Competency 1. Describe the different types of volcanoes and volcanic eruption.

(S9ES-IIIa-27)
Objectives 1. Differentiate active and inactive volcanoes.
2. Describe the different types of volcanoes.
3. Apply research skills to locate relevant data about the different volcanic
eruptions around the world.
Topic/
Subject  Volcanoes found in the Philippines
Matter
Textbook Science 9 LM
Pictures of volcanoes, paper, pen, Philippine map, colored pens and
Materials
triangular ruler
Copyrights DepEd Talisay City
Total Points 104
Date March 1-5, 2021

II. CONTENT MAP

Volcanoes

Inactive Active

Volcanic
Eruptions

Phreatic

Phreatomagmatic

Strombolian

Vulcanian

Plinian

Lava
Composite Shield Cinder Cone Domes

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III. CONTENT NOTES

What are volcanoes?

Volcanoes are mountains. But unlike most mountains in the world, formed from folding
continental plates, uplift and erosion, volcanoes are created when material from inside the Earth
escapes to the surface. Let’s answer the question, “what are volcanoes”.
As you probably know, the ground you’re standing on is the Earth’s crust. It varies in depth
between 10 km under the oceans and 30 km beneath the continental plates. Beneath the crust is a
vast region called the Earth’s mantle. The mantle is made up of molten rock called magma. At the
boundaries between continental plates, volcanic vents can open up, where magma and gasses
from inside the Earth can escape.
When it’s still underground, the molten rock is called magma. Although most of the Earth’s
mantle is solid, it can create pockets of liquid which escape from underneath through weaknesses
in the Earth’s crust. After it escapes to the surface, it’s called lava. Lava has different levels of
viscosity – how easily it flows downhill. The least viscous (easy flowing) lava creates shield
volcanoes. The lava can flow for great distances in huge rivers, and creates wide volcanoes with
gently sloping sides. The most viscous (thickest) lava piles up around the volcanic vent created
the familiar cone-shaped volcanoes.

What is the difference between active and dormant/inactive volcanoes?

Volcanoes are an impressive force of nature. Physically, they dominate the landscape, and
have an active rolle in shaping our planet’s geography. When they are actively erupting, they are
an extremely dangerous and destructive force. But when they are passive, the soil they enrich can
become very fertile, leading to settlements and cities being built nearby.
Put simply, the most popular way for classifying volcanoes comes down to the frequency of
their eruption. Those that erupt regularly are called ACTIVE, while those that have erupted in
historical times but are now quiet are called DORMANT (or inactive).

ACTIVE VOLCANO
The Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program defines a volcano as active only if it has
erupted in the last 10,000 years. Another means for determining if a volcano is active comes from
the International Association of Volcanology, who use historical time as a reference (i.e. recorded
history).
An “active volcano” can be best described as one that’s currently in a state of regular
eruptions. Maybe it’s going off right now, or had an event in the last few decades, or geologists
expect it to erupt again very soon. In short, if its spewing fire or likely to again in the near future,
then it’s active!

DORMANT VOLCANO
A dormant volcano is used to refer to those that are capable of erupting, and will probably
erupt again in the future, but hasn’t had an eruption for a very long time. Volcanoes are often
considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may
remain dormant for a long period of time. For instance, the volcanoes of Yellowstone, Toba, and
Vesuvius were all thought to be extinct before their historic and devastating eruptions.

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface where molten rock can escape from
underneath. The Earth’s surface is made up of tectonic plates, which are spreading apart,
crunching into each other, or sliding beside one another. Volcanoes are typically found at the fault
lines between these plates. There can be active volcanos, which are currently, or have recently

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erupted. There are also dormant volcanoes, which haven’t erupted recently, and extinct
volcanoes, which will never erupt again.

There are 4 major types of volcanoes:

1. Cinder Cone Volcanoes

Figure 1. Cinder Cone. These small, straight-sided volcanoes are made of volcanic
fragments ejected when gas-rich basaltic lava erupts. Sources: Karla Panchuk (2017) CC
by 4.0, with photography by R.D. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey (1980) Public Domain.

C i n d e r c o n e v o l
blown violently out of the volcano’s central vent, and the ash and rocks rain down around the vent.
After multiple eruptions, the volcano takes on the familiar cone shape, with the erupted rubble
forming the steep slopes. Cinder cones rarely grow much taller than 300 meters above their
surroundings, and they’re common in western North America, and wherever there’s volcanic
activity.
Although they can be solitary structures, cinder cones are often associated with other kinds of
volcanoes, like shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes (or a composite volcano). For example,
geologists have discovered more than 100 cinder cones on the sides of Hawaii’s Mauna Kea, one
of the biggest volcano in the world. Each cinder cone comes from a vent that opened up on the
sides of the volcano.
One of the most famous cinder cone volcanoes erupted out of a Mexican corn field in 1943.
The volcano erupted for 9 years, and quickly built up the cinder cone to 424 meters, and covered
25 km2 of fields in lava flows and rubble. Nearby towns were eventually buried in ash by the
eruptions.

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2. Shield Volcanoes

Figure 2. Shield Volcano. Top: Sierra Negra volcano in the Galapagos Islands exhibits
the low, rounded shape characteristic of shield volcanoes. Bottom: Diagram of a
shield volcano island, showing the build-up of basaltic lava flows. Sources: Top-BRJ
INC. (2012) CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Bottom – Karla Panchuk (2017) CC BY 4.0

Shield volcanoes are large volcanoes with gently sloping sides. In fact, the largest volcanoes
on Earth (and even the Solar System) are shield volcanoes. They form when lava flows of low
viscosity build up over long periods of time, creating volcanoes with huge internal volume. The
best-known shield volcanoes are ones that make up the Big Island of Hawaii: Mauna Loa and
Mauna Kea.
The common feature with shield volcanoes is that they’re built up slowly over time from a very
stable central summit vent. Flow after flow pours out of the vent, slides down the slopes of the
volcano, and builds up the size. The largest volcanoes, like Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea would
have been created from thousands of these flows.
Shield volcanoes can be found around the world. In northern California and Oregon, they can
be 5-10 km across and about 500 meters high. But in the Hawaiian Islands, the volcanoes were
atop very active vents for millions of years. Mauna Loa projects 4,168 meters above sea level, but
if you measure it from the base of the ocean to its top, it measures 8,534 meters. (Mount Everest
is 8,848 meters tall).
The largest shield volcano in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars. This monster
measures 27 km above the surface of Mars, and is 550 km in width. It’s believed that Olympus
Mons got so big because Mars lacks plate tectonics. A single volcanic hotspot was able to channel
lava for billions of years, building up the volcano to such a great size.

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3. Composite Volcanoes

Figure 3. Composite Volcano. Top: Cotopaxi in Ecuador exhibits the upward-steepening cone characteristic of
composite volcanoes. Bottom; Diagram of a composite volcano showing alternating layers of lava and tephra.
Sources: Karla Panchuk (2017) CC BY 4.0; Top photo by Simon Matzinger (2014) CC BY 2.0.

A composite volcano is formed over hundreds of thousands of years through multiple

eruptions. The eruptions build up the composite volcano, layer upon layer until it towers thousands
of meters tall. Some layers might be formed from lava, while others might be ash, rock and
pyroclastic flows. A composite volcano can also build up large quantities of thick magma, which
blocks up inside the volcano, and causes it to detonate in a volcanic explosion.
Composite volcanoes are fed by a conduit system which taps into a reservoir of magma
deep within the Earth. This magma can erupt out of several vents across the composite volcano’s
flanks, or from a large central crater at the summit of the volcano.
Some of the most famous volcanoes in the world are composite volcanoes. And some of
the most devastating eruptions in history came from them. For example, Mount St. Helens, Mount
Pinatubo, and Krakatoa are just examples of composite volcanoes that have erupted. Famous
landmarks like Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Ranier in Washington State, and Mount Kilimanjaro in
Africa are composite volcanoes that just haven’t erupted recently.
When large composite volcanoes explode, they can leave behind a collapsed region called
a caldera. These are deep, steep-walled depressions which marked the location of the volcano.
And it’s in this region that a new composite volcano will build back up again.
Another name for composite volcanoes is stratovolcanoes.

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4. Lava Domes

Figure 4. Lava Dome. Sources:

http://ds.iris.edu/aed2/c/alaska/popups/volcanoes/vol_1_vol4.html

Not all volcanoes are the familiar cone-shaped mountains with lava spewing out of the top.
Sometimes you can get a very slow eruption, underneath the ground, where a mound of earth
rises up above the surroundings. These are called lava domes.
Lava domes form when you have slow eruption of very thick lava, or multiple eruptions of
different kinds of lava. Instead of breaking through to the surface, the material builds up
underneath the ground, causing the huge lava dome mound to form. It’s so thick that the lava can’t
flow very far at all, it just hardens quickly, extruding new material around the vent. They can grow
for months or years, eventually building up to several hundred meters in height. Large composite
volcanoes can have hundreds of lava domes across their flanks.
The sides of lava domes are very steep, and can cause rockslides around because of the
extrusion of new lava. This can bury the surrounding landscape, and even start forest fires if the
rocks are still hot. The surfaces of lava domes are rough and blocky because of the fragmentation
of rock shell as the dome grows.
As you can probably guess, this buildup of lava and gas can be dangerous. Although
people can avoid the growth of a lava dome, they can be a problem for buildings that can’t be
moved. But an even more dangerous problem with lava domes is the fact that they can explode
violently, without warning, releasing pyroclastic flows of ash and mud for more than 20 km around
the dome itself. In 1902, an eruption from a dome on Mount Pelee in Martinique killed 30,000
people with high-velocity ash flow and poisonous gasses.

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TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classified as wet or dry depending on the
magma’s water content. Volcanoes are described according to the style of eruption as follows:

1. Phreatic or hydrothermal
An eruption driven by the
heat from magma interacting with
water. The water can be from
groundwater, hydrothermal
systems, surface runoff, a lake or
the sea. Phreatic
eruptions pulverize surrounding
rocks and can produce ash, but
do not include new magma.
Shown on the right is our Taal
Volcano in Batangas. (Figure.
Taal Volcano

Source: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/
nation/721905/alert-level-4-raised-over-taal-volcano/story/)

2. Phreatomagmatic
A violent eruption due to the contact between the water and magma. As a result, a large
column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastic called base surges
are observed.

3. Strombolian
A periodic weak to violent
eruption characterized by
fountain lava just like the Irazu
Volcano in Costa Rica. (Figure.
Irazu Volcano

Source: https://sites.google.com/site/geol567
irazuvolcano/home/hazards)
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4. Vulcanian
A short, violent, relatively
small explosion of viscous
magma (usually andesite,
dacite, or rhyolite). This type
of eruption results from the
fragmentation and explosion of a
plug of lava in a volcanic
conduit, or from the rupture of a
lava dome (viscous lava that
piles up over a vent). (Figure.
Krakatau Volcano.

Source: https://www.volcano discovery.com/krakatau/news/71417/Krakatau-

volcano-Indonesia-eruption-continues-strong-vulcanian-explosions.html)

5. Plinian
Excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas
and pyroclastic, just like our
Pinatubo Volcano in
Zambales. (Figure. Pinatubo
Volcano.

Source:
https://www.thoughtco.com/mount-pinatubo-eruption-1434951)

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IV. ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Volcanoes in the Philippines

Directions: On the Answer Sheet, using the Philippine map, plot the location of the following
volcanoes. Assign colors for the volcanoes. Indicate this in the legend. Then answer the
questions that follow.
HPS = 30
List of Some Volcanoes in the Philippines.
Number of Historical Latest Eruption
Volcano Latitude Longitude
Eruptions or Activity
Cabaluyan 15” 42’ 120” 19’ 0 -
Cocoro 10” 53’ 121” 12’ 0 -
Iraya 20” 29’ 124” 01’ 1 1454
Kanlaon 10” 24’ 123” 7’ 26 2006 June
Mayon 13” 15’ 123” 41’ 49 2013 May
Pulung 7” 55’ 124” 38’ 0 -
Smith 19” 32’ 121” 55’ 6 1924
Taal 14” 120” 59’ 33 1977
Tamburok 11” 33’ 124” 26’ 0 -
Urot 5” 59’ 121” 15’ 0 -
(Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, accessed Sept. 30, 2013)

Questions:
1. Are all the volcanoes found in the same location?
2. Which of the volcanoes had the greatest number of eruptions? Least number of eruptions? No
record of eruption?
3. How will you classify the volcanoes that have records of eruption?
4. How will you classify volcanoes with no record of eruption?
5. In your own words, differentiate an active volcano from an inactive one.

Fig. Map of the Philippines (Source Gr.8 LM, UPNISMED)

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Activity 2: Volcano Types
Directions: On the Answer Sheet, match the picture and right down the number in the box as to
what type of volcano it is.
HPS = 9

Activity 3: Volcanic Eruptions

Directions: On the Answer Sheet, fill in the table with the necessary information for each of the
volcanic eruptions listed.
HPS = 50

Type of Volcanic
Characteristics Examples Simplified Diagram
Eruption
1. Phreatic or
hydrothermal
2. Phreatomagmatic

3. Strombolian

4. Vulcanian

5. Plinian

IV. EVALUATION
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Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the Answer Sheet provided.
HPS = 15
1. Which of the following are active volcanoes?
I. Mayon in Albay
II. Taal in Batangas
III. Vulcan in Camiguin
IV. Kanlaon in Negros Oriental
A. I and II only B. II and III only C. I, II and III only D. I, II and IV only
2. Which of the following descriptions describes a dormant volcano?
A. A volcano that will never erupt again.
B. One that has not erupted in recorded history.
C. A volcano that erupts occasionally.
D. A volcano that has erupted recently.
3. Which type of volcano has a very broad shape with gentle slopes?
A. Stratovolcano B. Caldera C. Cinder cone D. Shield
4. What is a volcano?
A. A large storm with very high-speed winds.
B. A large clod that generates rain, hail and lightning.
C. An opening in the Earth’s crust where magma erupts to the surface.
D. A violent shaking of the Earth that occurs when two tectonic plates bump into each other.
5. What type of volcano forms from wide thin layers of lava?
A. Cinder cones B. Composite C. Shield D. Lava domes
For numbers 6-10. Matching Type. Match the following volcanic eruptions to its definition.
Column A Column B
A. This type of eruption results from the
6. Plinian fragmentation and explosion of a plug of
lava in a volcanic conduit, or from the
7. Strombolian rupture of a lava dome.

8. Phreatomagmatic B. It pulverize surrounding rocks and can

produce ash, but do not
9. Vulcanian
include new magma.
10. Phreatic
C. An excessively explosive type of eruption
of gas and pyroclastic.

D. As a result, a large column of very fine

ash and high-speed and sideway emission
of pyroclastic called base surges are
observed.

E. A periodic weak to violent eruption

characterized by fountain lava

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For numbers 11-15. Fill in the blanks. Choose from the word pool and write your answer on the
space provided. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet provided.

flows explosively extinct active two tectonics

11. The __________ volcanoes are almost shaking and rumbling and shooting off steam.
12. Volcanoes usually occur when __________ plates run into each other.
13. A cinder cone volcano erupts __________.
14. There are some volcanoes that may never erupt again. They are __________.
15. A shield volcano forms when hot lava __________ down the sides quickly.

VI. ADDITIONAL READINGS

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VII. ANSWER KEY ACTIVITY 3: ANSWERS MAY VARY

ACTIVITY 2

ACTIVITY 1
1. No. They are found in different places
in the Philippines.
2. Mayon Volcano has the greatest
number of eruptions while Iraya Volcano
has the least number of eruptions. The
following volcanoes have no record of
eruption: Cabulayan, Cocoro, Pulung,
Tamburok and Urot.
3. Active volcanoes
4. Inactive volcanoes
5. Active volcanoes are those that have
records of eruption or have erupted
recently while inactive volcanoes are
those that has no record of eruption.

VIII. REFERENCES
Campo, et. Al, 2013. Science Grade 9 Learner’s Module. pp. 198 - 210. Vibal Publishing House.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgh79qt/test
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/quiz/earth/take-volcanoes-quiz/
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/The-3-types-of-volcanoes-organizer-3011285
https://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson-plans/types-of-volcanoes/all
https://www.tes.com/en-us/teaching-resource/types-of-volcanoes-why-people-live-near-volcanoes-6147648

Subject Teacher: _____________________________

Contact Number: _______________

Prepared by:
Name: AMABELLE O. ROMO
School: Talisay City Science High School
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Contact No: 415-4302 edited by: rdd21

IX. FEEDBACK NOTES

LEARNER’S FEEDBACK
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PARENTS’/GUARDIANS’ FEEDBACK
_________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

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X. ANSWER SHEET
SLK for SCIENCE 9
QUARTER 3 WEEK 1
Control Number: __________
Name: ______________________________ Grade and Section: ______________
School: _____________________________ Contact Number: _______________
Name of Teacher: ______________________________________

Activity 1: Volcanoes in the Philippines

List of Some Volcanoes in the Philippines.
Number of Historical Latest Eruption
Volcano Latitude Longitude
Eruptions or Activity
Cabaluyan 15” 42’ 120” 19’ 0 -
Cocoro 10” 53’ 121” 12’ 0 -
Iraya 20” 29’ 124” 01’ 1 1454
Kanlaon 10” 24’ 123” 7’ 26 2006 June
Mayon 13” 15’ 123” 41’ 49 2013 May
Pulung 7” 55’ 124” 38’ 0 -
Smith 19” 32’ 121” 55’ 6 1924
Taal 14” 120” 59’ 33 1977
Tamburok 11” 33’ 124” 26’ 0 -
Urot 5” 59’ 121” 15’ 0 -
(Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, accessed Sept. 30, 2013)

Questions:

1. Are all the volcanoes found in the same location?

2. Which of the volcanoes had the greatest number of eruptions? Least number of eruptions? No
record of eruption?

3. How will you classify the volcanoes that have records of eruption?

4. How will you classify volcanoes with no record of eruption?

5. In your own words, differentiate an active volcano from an inactive one.

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(Continuation, Sheet 2)
X. ANSWER SHEET
SLK for SCIENCE 9
QUARTER 3 WEEK 1
Control Number: __________
Name: ______________________________ Grade and Section: ______________

Fig. Map of the Philippines (Source Gr.8 LM, UPNISMED)

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(Continuation, Sheet 3) SLK for SCIENCE 9
X. ANSWER SHEET QUARTER 3 WEEK 1
Control Number: __________
Name: ______________________________ Grade and Section: ______________

Activity 2: Volcano Types

Activity 3: Volcanic Eruptions (next page)

Evaluation

1. _____ 4. _____ 7. _____ 10. _____ 13. _____

2. _____ 5. _____ 8. _____ 11. _____ 14. _____

3. _____ 6. _____ 9. _____ 12. _____ 15. _____

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(Continuation, Sheet 4) SLK for SCIENCE 9
X. ANSWER SHEET QUARTER 3 WEEK 1
Control Number: __________
Name: ______________________________ Grade and Section: ______________

Activity 3: Volcanic Eruptions

Type of Volcanic
Characteristics Examples Simplified Diagram
Eruption

1. Phreatic or
hydrothermal

2. Phreatomagmatic

3. Strombolian

4. Vulcanian

5. Plinian

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