ABOUT ME

ANIRUDH MALIK
B.TECH - UPTU.

• 4+ YEARS TEACHING EXPERIENCE

• TAUGHT 20,000+ STUDENTS
99
• 100+ ASPIRING TEACHERS
MENTORED

https://t.me/geography_5
 Download
Unacademy Learning App
Prepare with 100+ Top Educators
AM10
AM10
AM10
 1. Volcanism
Lava types
 Andesitic or Acidic or Composite or
Stratovolcanic lava

• These lavas are highly viscous with a high

1. melting point.

• They are light-coloured, of low density,

2. and have a high percentage of silica.
Volcano
• They flow slowly and seldom travel far
3. before solidifying.

• Andesitic lava flow occurs mostly along

4. the destructive boundaries (convergent
boundaries).
 Basic or Basaltic or Shield
 These are the hottest lavas, about 1,000
lava
°C and are highly fluid.

 They are dark coloured basalt, rich in

iron and magnesium but poor in silica.

 They flow out of volcanic vent quietly and

are not very explosive.

 Shield type lava flow is common along

the constructive boundaries (divergent
boundary).
 Volcanic
Landforms
Rocks formed by cooling of magma
within the crust are called Plutonic
rocks.
Rocks formed by cooling of lava
above the surface are called Igneous
rocks. Extrusive and Intrusive
In general, the term ‘Igneous rocks’ is volcanic landforms
used to refer all rocks of volcanic
origin.
Extrusive Volcanic Landforms

Conical Vent and Fissure Vent

Fissure vent
 A fissure vent (volcanic fissure) is a narrow, linear volcanic
vent.

 Fissure vents are common in basaltic volcanism (shield

type volcanoes).
Conical vent

 A conical vent is a narrow cylindrical vent through which

magma flows out violently.

 Conical vents are common in andesitic volcanism (composite or

stratovolcano).
 Composite Type Volcanic Landforms

• Andesitic lava accumulates in the

vicinity of the vent openings leading to
the formation of layers, and this makes
the mounts appear as a composite
1. volcano or a stratovolcano (divided
into layers).

• Mount Stromboli (the Lighthouse of

the Mediterranean), Mount Vesuvius,
2. Mount Fuji are examples.
 Shield Type Volcanic Landforms
 The Hawaiian volcanoes are the
most familiar examples.

 These volcanoes are mostly made

up of basaltic lava (very fluid).

 Example: Hawaiian volcanoes

Mauna Loa (active shield volcano)
and Mauna Kea (dormant shield
volcano).
Fissure Type Flood Basalt Landforms (Lava
Plateaus)
Basaltic magma erupts for a long time, spreading
over a vast area.

Example: Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps, Snake Basin,

Icelandic Shield, Canadian Shield.
Crater
 When water from
rain or melted snow
gets accumulated in
the crater, it
becomes a crater The crater of Mount Fuji, Japan

lake.
 Caldera
• The volcanic material above the
chamber collapses into the empty
magma chamber, and the collapsed
1. surface appears like a large cauldron-
like hollow (tub shaped) called the
caldera.

• When water from rain or melted snow

gets accumulated in the caldera, it
2. becomes a caldera lake (in general, the
caldera lakes are also called crater
lakes).

• Lake Toba (Indonesia) formed after its

3. supervolcanic eruption around 75,000
years ago. It is the largest crater lake in
the world.
 A crater lake, in general, could be of
volcanic origin (volcanic crater lake, volcanic
caldera lake) or due to a meteorite impact
(meteor crater or impact crater), or in the
crater left by an artificial explosion caused
by humans.

 Lonar Lake, also known as Lonar crater

(Lonar, Buldhana district, Maharashtra) was
created by a meteor impact during the
Pleistocene Epoch.
 Cinder cone

A cinder cone is a steep

circular or oval-shaped
hill of loose pyroclastic
fragments that have
been built around a
volcanic vent.
 Lava Dome

 In Lava domes, viscous magma piles up around the

vent.

Lava dome protruding from a volcanic vent

 Pseudo volcanic features

• Pseudo volcanic features are certain topographic features

that resemble volcanic forms but are of nonvolcanic
origin. They include meteorite crater, salt plugs, and mud-
1. volcanoes.

• Salt structures are impermeable and can lead to the

formation of a stratigraphic trap (an impermeable
2. layer capable of retaining hydrocarbons).

• Structural traps, in contrast, are cracks in faults and

3. folds that can retain hydrocarbons.
Mud-volcanoes
 Some mud volcanoes,
entirely of a non-volcanic
origin, occur near oil-
fields where methane and
other volatile
hydrocarbon gases mixed
with mud force their way
upward.
Intrusive Volcanic Landforms

These are large granitic rock bodies

formed due to solidification of hot
magma inside the earth.
Batholiths

Batholiths form the core of huge

mountains and may be exposed on the
surface after erosion.
Laccoliths
 These are large dome-shaped intrusive bodies connected by a
pipe-like conduit from below.

 The Karnataka plateau is spotted with dome hills of granite

rocks. Most of these, now exfoliated, are examples of
laccoliths or batholiths.
Sills
 The near horizontal bodies of the intrusive igneous rocks are
called sill. The thinner ones are called sheets.
Dykes
When the lava makes its way through cracks and the fissures
developed in the land, it solidifies almost perpendicular to the
ground.

It gets cooled in the same position to develop a wall-like

structure. Such structures are called dykes.

These are the most commonly found intrusive forms in the

western Maharashtra area.

These are considered the feeders for the eruptions that led to
the development of the Deccan traps.
 Mount Vesuvius
1 2 3 4

The eruption
Today, it is
ejected a
regarded as
It is best cloud of
Mount one of the
known for stones,
Vesuvius is a most
its Plinian ashes and
stratovolcan dangerous
type volcanic
o in Bay of volcanoes
eruption in gases to a
Naples, Italy. (3,000,000
AD 79. height of
people living
more than 30
nearby).
km.
 Mount St. Helens is an active volcano
located in the Cascade Volcanic Arc.
Mount St.
Helens
Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its
major 1980 Plinian type eruption that killed
more than 50 people.
 Mount Tambora
 Mount Tambora is an active volcano
located in Lesser Sunda Islands of
Indonesia.
 Tambora is known for its major
Plinian type eruption in 1815 (most
powerful in recorded history).
Mount Tambora (Google Maps)
 A Year Without a Summer occurred
in 1816.
 71,000 people died due to famines
caused in Europe and America.
Volcanic Explosivity Index
 Hotspot Volcanism

• Hotspot volcanism occurs due to abnormally hot

centres in the mantle known as mantle plumes.
1.

• Most of the mantle plumes lie far from tectonic plate

boundaries (e.g. Hawaiian Hotspot), while others
represent unusually large-volume volcanism near
2. plate boundaries (e.g. Iceland Hotspot).
 A mantle plume is convection of
abnormally hot rock (magma) within
the Earth's mantle.

Mantle The position of the mantle plumes

Plumes seems to be relatively fixed.

Mantle plumes are theorised to form

at the core-mantle boundary.
Mantle plumes and flood basalt volcanism (large igneous
provinces)

 On the continents, mantle plumes have

been responsible for extensive
accumulations of flood basalts.
 The basaltic magma may then erupt onto
the surface through a series of fissures
giving rise to large igneous provinces.
 Large igneous provinces, such as
Iceland, Siberian Traps, Deccan
Traps, and Ontong Java Plateau,
are extensive regions of basalts on
a continental scale resulting from
flood basalt eruptions.

Large Igneous Provinces

 The Réunion hotspot (produced the Deccan
Traps about 66 million years ago) coincides
with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
event (also known as Cretaceous-Tertiary
(K-T) extinction or ― fifth and the most
recent mass extinction).
 Though a meteor impact (Chicxulub Crater)
was the cause of the extinction event, the
volcanic activity may have caused
environmental stresses.
Mantle plumes and volcanic

 The hotspots
mantle plume provides a
continuous supply of abnormally hot
magma to a fixed location in the
mantle referred to as a hotspot.
Distribution of hotspots
Hotspot volcano chain
• Attached to the tectonic plate below,
the volcano moves and is eventually
cut off from the hotspot (plate moves
1. overhead relative to the fixed plume
source).

• A new and active volcano develops

over the hotspot creating a volcanic
2. arc that parallels plate motion.

• The Hawaiian Islands chain in the

Pacific Ocean is the best example. The
islands and seamounts (submarine
mountains) exhibit age progression,
3.
with the youngest near present-day
Hawaii.
 • Other hotspots with time-
progressive volcanic chains
behind them include Réunion, the
Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, the
4. Louisville Ridge, the Yellowstone.

• Some hotspots lack time-

progressive volcanic trails, e.g.,
Iceland, the Galapagos, the
5. Azores, the Canaries.
 Reunion Hotspot
 The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge
(Lakshadweep is a part of this ridge) and
the southern part of the Mascarene
Plateau are volcanic traces of the Reunion
hotspot.
Mantle plumes and divergence (plate tectonics)

The plume rises through the centre and diverges in all

directions just below the lithospheric plates.

Afar hotspot in Africa got ruptured due to the mantle

plume below. At the Afar triple junction, the Arabian,
African, and Somali plates are moving away from the
centre.
 Afar Triple Junction: The Afar Triple Junction is located along a
divergent plate boundary dividing the Nubian, Somalian, and
Arabian plates. Here, the Red Sea Rift meets the Aden Ridge and the
East African Rift.
Mantle plumes and uplifted landforms (epeirogenic
movements)

 As the plume reaches

the lithosphere, it
spreads out laterally
doming zones of the
Earth. E.g. The
Ethiopian Highlands.
 Mantle plumes and thinning of the continental
crust
 The Yellowstone hotspot is an
example for a hotspot developed
beneath a continent.
 Here the mantle plume has been
thinning the part of America’s crust
(above and is likely to thin the
whole of the surface opening the
door for the underlying
supervolcano.
Yellowstone hotspot volcanic trail
 Mantle plumes and Supervolcanoes
A supervolcano is a large volcano in which the volume of
magma deposits that can erupt to the surface is greater than
1,000 cubic kilometres.

This can occur at hotspots (for example, Yellowstone Caldera)

or subduction zones (for example, Toba Caldera Lake, Sumatra
Island, Indonesia).

There were more than 40 super-eruptions in earth’s history,

and the most recent occurred in New Zealand's Lake Taupo
(Taupo supervolcano) some 26,000 years ago.
 Geysers and Hot Springs
 Almost all the world’s geysers are
confined to three major areas: Iceland,
New Zealand and Yellowstone Park of
U.S.A.
Extinct, Dormant and Active
volcanoes
 Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Anak
Krakatoa are active volcanoes.

Mount Kilimanjaro (it has three volcanic cones), is a dormant

stratovolcano in Tanzania.

Mount Kenya is an extinct stratovolcano.

The Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India

which was thought to be extinct erupted recently.
Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes across the
World
• Since the 16th century, around 480 volcanoes have been
1. reported to be active.

• Of these, nearly 400 are located in and around the Pacific

Ocean, and 80 are in the mid-world belt across the
2. Mediterranean Sea, Alpine-Himalayan belt and in the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

• The belts of highest concentration are Aleutian-Kurile

3. islands arc, Melanesia and New Zealand-Tonga belt.

• Only 10 per cent to 20 per cent of all volcanic activity is

4. above the sea.
Regions with active volcanism along 'Pacific Ring of
Fire'
The Aleutian Islands into Kamchatka, Japan,

the Philippines, and Indonesia (Java and Sumatra in

particular),

Pacific islands of Solomon, New Hebrides, Tonga and North

Island, New Zealand.

Andes to Central America (particularly Guatemala, Costa Rica

and Nicaragua), Mexico and right up to Alaska.
The 5 countries with the most volcanoes
(Source)
1. United States – 173 (most of them are in Alaska)

2. Russia - 166

3. Indonesia - 139

4. Iceland - 130

5. Japan – 112
 Volcanos in India

 There are no volcanoes in the Himalayan

region or the Indian peninsula.
 Barren Island (only active volcano in India) in
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands became
active in the 1990s.
 It is now considered an active volcano after it
spewed lava and ash in 2017.
 The other volcanic island in Indian territory is
Narcondam, about 150 km north-east of Barren
Island; it is probably extinct. Its crater wall has
been destroyed.
Volcanism – Acid Rain, Ozone Destruction
 The volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazard to
people, animals, agriculture, and property are sulphur dioxide,
carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride.
 Locally, sulphur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air
pollution downwind from a volcano.
 Globally, large explosive eruptions that inject a tremendous
volume of sulphur aerosols into the stratosphere can lead to
lower surface temperatures and promote depletion of the Earth's
ozone layer.
Positive Effects of Volcanoes
 The Puga valley in Ladakh region and Manikaran
(Himachal Pradesh) are promising spots in India for
the generation of geothermal electricity.
 Use my code
AM10
Get 10%
Discount!