Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

i
Statistics & Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Sampling and Sampling Distribution
First Edition, 2020

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ii
 Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Sampling and Sampling Distribution

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Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

iii
 Table of Contents
Cover Page …………………………………………………………..….. i
Copyright Page ……………………………………………………..……….. ii
Title Page ……………………………………………………..………. iii
Table of Contents ………………………………………………….…….……. iv
Introductory Message .....………………………………………………………..... vi
What I Need to Know ……….……...…………………………………………...….1
What I Know ……………………………………………………………… 2
Lesson 1 Random Sampling
What’s In ……………………………………………………………… 4
What’s New ……………………………………………………………… 4
What Is It ……………………………………………………………… 5
What’s More ……………………………………………………………… 7
What I Have Learned ……………………………………………………………… 8
What I Can Do ……………………………………………………………… 8
Additional Activities ……………………………………………………………… 9

Lesson 2 Parameter and Statistic

What’s In ………………………...………………………………..… 10
What’s New ……………………………...…………………………..… 10
What Is It …...……………………………………………………..… 10
What’s More …………………...……………………………..………… 11
What I Have Learned ………...…………………………………………..……… 12
What I Can Do ……………...………………………………………..…… 12
Additional Activities …………………...………………………………..……… 12

Lesson 3 Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

What’s In …………...………………………………………..……… 13
What’s New ………………...……………………………………..…… 13
What Is It …...…………………………………………………..…… 14
What’s More ...……………………………………………………..…… 20
What I Have Learned ...………………………………………………………..… 21
What I Can Do ……...…………………………………………………..… 22
Additional Activities …………...…………………………………………..…… 22

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Lesson 4 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means using
the Central Limit Theorem

What I Know ……………………………………………………..…… 23

What’s New ……………………………………………………..…… 24
What Is It ……………………………………………………..…… 26
What I Have Learned ……………………………………………………..…… 26

Lesson 5 Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of the

Sample Means

What’s New ……………………………………………………..…… 28

What I Know ………………………………………………………..… 28
What’s New ……………………………………………………..…… 29
What Is It ………………………………………………………..… 31
What I Have Learned ………………………………………………………..… 31

Assessment ………………………………………………………..… 32

Answer Key ………………………………………………..………… 34

References ………………………………………………..………… 36
Module Writers’ Profile ………………………………………………..………… 37

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 Introductory Message
This self-learning module in Statistics and Probability is designed for you Grade 11
learners. It is aligned to the K to 12 Curriculum of the Department of Education which focuses
on the most essential learning competencies (MELCs). This module aims to address the need
to provided quality instruction and continue learning in the new normal. The lessons, activities
and assessments in this module are organized, developed, and made simple to allow and
exercise independent learning.

This module begins with What I Need to Know which contains the learning
competencies need to be achieved in the entire learning experience. The sections in this
module are organized to provide learners with a smooth but challenging learning experience.
The learners will begin their journey in learning this module by answering the section, What I
Know to pre-assess what the learner knows about the lesson to take. The section, What’s
In, provides a connection of the current lesson with the previous lesson by going over points
that were taught or learned previously. What’s New introduces learners to the new lesson
through a story, an activity, a poem, song, situation, or activity. What is It guides and helps
learners discover and understand the concept through asking questions in a logical manner
that lead to formative assessment; a brief discussion of the lesson is also included in this
section. What’s More provides an opportunity to practice what they have learned through
guided/controlled practice, guided/controlled assessment, independent practice, or
independent assessment. What I Have Learned provides an avenue for learners to process
what they learned from the lesson. What I Can Do contains an activity that challenges
learners to transfer the skills/knowledge gained or learned into real-life concerns/situations.
The section Additional Activities contains an activity or activities in any form that can
increase the strength of the response and tends to induce repetitions of actions/learning.
Assessment contains exercises and problems to evaluate the learner’s level of mastery in
achieving the learning objectives.

To achieve the objectives of this module, here are a few reminders:

1. Take your time in reading the lessons.

2. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
3. Perform all activities. The activities are designed to enhance your understanding of the
ideas and concepts being discussed.
4. DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON ANY PART OF THIS MODULE. Write your answers
to activities in a separate notebook.
It is hoped that the module has achieved its purpose in producing a concise learning
material useful to you in enriching your knowledge by applying the concepts and skills in
Statistics and Probability.

The Authors

vi
Module 3: Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Researches from different fields want to learn about a population and describe its
properties and characteristics. The problem is, it may be impossible, impractical, and
inconvenient to obtain data from a very large population. Thus, unbiased samples are
chosen randomly to represent the total population. In this module, we will consider
another type of distribution which is sampling distribution.

This module is all about sampling and sampling distribution. It consists of the
following lessons:

• Lesson 1: Random Sampling

• Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic
• Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
• Lesson 4: The Central Limit Theorem and the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean using the Central Limit Theorem
• Lesson 5: Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate random sampling;
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic;
3. identify sampling distributions of statistic (sample mean);
4. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean;
5. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population
when the variance is: (a) known;
(b) unknown;
6. illustrate the Central Limit Theorem;
7. define sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit
Theorem; and
8. solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.

1
 What I Know

Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your answer
sheet.

1. Which of the following is a sampling method in which every element of the

population has the same probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

2. Which of the following is a sampling method in which the population is first divided
into strata and then samples are randomly selected from each stratum?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

3. Which of the following sampling technique is done by selecting every 𝑘th element
in your population list?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

4. Which of the following best differentiates parameter and statistic?

I. A parameter is a measure that describes a sample while a statistic is a measure
that describes a population.
II. A parameter is a descriptive measure computed from a population while a
statistic is from a sample.
III. Examples of parameter are 𝜇, 𝜎 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 while for statistic are 𝑥̅ , 𝑠 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠.
IV. Examples of parameter are 𝑥̅ , 𝑠 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 while for statistic are 𝜇, 𝜎 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎.

A. I and IV B. II and III C. I and III D. II and IV

5. Which of the following given values describes a parameter?

A. The Mathematics Department in a certain private school consists of 25 male
teachers, 30 female teachers and one department head.
B. In a survey of 2,000 computers manufactured by a company, 100 of them were
found to be defective.
C. Based on a randomly selected 1,200 students, it was found out that 35% of
them are scholars.
D. Twenty-five students from a class of fifty will take part in a research study on
the effectiveness of ICT integration in Mathematics classes.

For numbers 6-11, study the problem below.

Three of multicolored chocolate candies are known to contain 5, 8, and 10
yellow-coated candies. These packs are placed in a bowl and two packs are drawn at
random from the bowl with replacement.
6. What is the population mean?
A. 7.63 B. 7.65 C. 7.67 D. 7.69

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7. What is the population variance?
A. 4.22 B. 4.24 C. 4.26 D. 4.28

8. What is the population standard deviation?

A. 2.05 B. 2.01 C. 2.03 D. 2.07

9. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of means?

A. 7.69 B. 7.67 C. 7.65 D. 7.63

10. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of means?

A. 2.11 B. 2.33 C. 2.44 D. 2.55

11. What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means?

A. 1.41 B. 1.43 C. 1.45 D. 1.47

12. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the mean of the sampling
distribution and population mean?
A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is equal to the population
mean.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is less than the population
mean.
C. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is greater than the
population mean.
D. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means may be equal, less than, or
greater than the population mean.

13. Which of the following states that: If samples of size n, where n is sufficiently
large, are drawn from any population with a mean μ and a standard deviation σ,
then the sampling distribution of sample means approximates a normal
distribution?
A. The Chebyshev’s Theorem C. Interval Estimation
B. The Sampling Distribution D. The Central Limit Theorem

For numbers 14 and 15, consider the problem below.

The average time it takes a group of senior high school students to complete a
certain examination is 48.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 10 minutes. Assume
that the variable is normally distributed.

14. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school student will
complete the examination in less than 45 minutes?
A. 0.1255 B. 0.3745 C. 0.6255 D. 0.8245

15. If 50 randomly selected senior high school students take the examination, what is
the probability that the mean it takes the group to complete the test will be more
than 45 minutes?
A. 0.0119 B. 0.3871 C. 0.4881 D. 0.9881

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 Lesson
Random Sampling
1

What’s In
Some researches aim to study, describe and infer patterns of behavior,
properties, and characteristics about a population; sometimes, they intend to study in
a very large scale, and because of the fact that we cannot study a very large population
due to feasibility, impracticality, and inconvenience, that is why we must select a
representative sample from the population. In this lesson, we will learn about sampling
techniques that will help researchers select samples that would represent true
inferences about the population where these samples came from.

What’s New

Analyze and compare the following cases:

1. Mrs. Cruz wants to do an analysis on students' final examination scores in her

40 Grade 11-Baguio Mathematics class for the semester. Should she consider
all her students’ scores or only some of the students’ scores?
2. A group of researchers want to determine the average Mathematics grade for
the semester of Grade 11 students in the Philippines. Should the group
consider conducting a survey to all the Grade 11 students in the Philippines or
random students of selected places?
Analysis: For case number 1, this task is only dealing with the students' final
examination scores in one specific class with 40 students. The intent is not to the
students' final examination scores of students in a much bigger population. Since the
teacher has the entire population available for this situation, she should use the all of
them. In case number 2, the population is extremely large. There is actually an
impractical and an inconvenient way of obtaining all of the data in the population. You
simply will not have all of the data available for your use especially if you only have a
limited time. You will need to use a sample of the population.

4
 What is It

Population is the group you want to generalize. It consists of all the members
of the group you are interested in. Sample is the subset from the population you want
to examine. A population commonly contains too many individuals to study
conveniently and practically, so an investigation is often restricted to one or more
samples drawn from it. A well-chosen sample will contain most of the information about
a particular population parameter but the relation between the sample and the
population must be such as to allow true inferences to be made about a population
from that sample.
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined
number of observations are taken from a larger population. There are various
sampling methods that allow all the units in the population to have an equal chance of
being selected. These sampling methods are discussed below:

1. Simple Random Sampling

Each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
There are no rules that dictate where and how you will start the selection process,
as long as you do not intentionally look for a specific number. In this method, the
samples can be selected through:

a. Lottery Method
Every member is assigned a unique number. These numbers are put in
a jar and thoroughly mixed. After that, the researcher picks some numbers
without looking at them, and those individuals whose assigned numbers are
picked are included in the study.

b. Use of Table of Random Numbers

This table consists of a series of digits (0-9) that are generated randomly.
The numbers are arranged in rows and columns and can be read in any
direction. All the digits are equally probable.

To determine the desired number of samples needed given a certain

population, there are different formulas that can be used, one of which is the Slovin’s
Formula.
𝑁
Slovin’s Formula: 𝑛 = 1+𝑁𝑒2

where:
𝑛 = sample size
𝑒 = margin of error,
𝑁 = population size

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Example: 𝑛 =? ; 𝑒 = 0.05; 𝑁 = 1000
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
1000
𝑛=
1 + 1000(0.05)2
1000
𝑛=
1000(0.0025)
1000
𝑛=
3.5
𝒏 ≈ 𝟐𝟖𝟔 (sample size)

2. Systematic Random Sampling

This can be done by listing all the elements in the population and selecting
every 𝒌𝒕𝒉 element in your population list. This is equally precise as the simple
random sampling. It is often used on long population lists. To determine the
interval to be used in identifying the samples to who will participate in the study,
𝑵
use the formula 𝑲 = 𝒏 (population/sample size).

Example:
𝑁
If Population (N) = 2000, sample size (n) = 500, K = 𝑛 , so k = 2000/500 = 4th. Use a
table of random numbers to determine the starting point for selecting every 4th
subject. With the list of the 2000 subjects in the sampling frame, go to the starting
point, and select every 4th name on the list until the sample size is reached. You will
probably have to return to the beginning of the list to complete the selection of the
sample.

3. Stratified Random Sampling

This can be done by first dividing the elements in the population into strata
and then samples are randomly selected from each stratum ensuring that each
selected element is proportionately represented in the total population. Sampling
fraction: n/N (desired sample size divided by the population size)
Example:
You want to interview 400 students in your school. The school has a population of
1000 students with 500 from grade school, 300 from high school, and 200 from
senior high school. How are you going to choose your samples using stratified
sampling?
Solution: To get the samples from each stratum, divide 400 by 1000 and the answer
is 0.4. Multiply 0.4 to each of the number of students per stratum (e.g., 0.4 x 500
grade school is 200).
Stratum Population Sample
Grade school 500 200
Junior High School 300 120
Senior High School 200 80
Total 1000 400

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4. Clustered Sampling
A multistage sampling method adopted when it is either impossible or
impractical to compile an exhaustive list of elements found in the target
population. The whole population is subdivided into clusters, or groups, and
random samples are then collected from each group.

Example:
A researcher wants to survey about the academic performance of high school
students in the municipality of Alubijid. He can divide the entire population into
different clusters (barangays). Then, the researcher will select a number
of barangays depending on his research through simple or systematic
random sampling. The researcher could draw random samples from the selected
barangays through simple random sampling or take them all.

More examples are given below.

1. Simple Random Sampling
In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of
the study were selected using the Table of Random Numbers.

2. Stratified Sampling
A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects of using mobile phones
in teaching English decided to divide her students into male and female and
then she selected students from each gender group.

3. Systematic Sampling
The school office personnel gave the researcher a list of 2000 Grade 10
students. The researcher selected every 25 th name on the list.

4. Cluster Sampling
A researcher surveyed all dengue patients in each of the 10 randomly
selected hospitals in Misamis Oriental.

What’s More

Give one research situation where each of the sampling methods is being applied.
Refer to the previous examples.

1. Simple Random Sampling

______________________________________________________________
2. Systematic Random Sampling
______________________________________________________________

3. Stratified Sampling
______________________________________________________________

4. Cluster Sampling
______________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!

• Sample is the subset from the population you want to examine.

• There are various sampling methods. These are simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
• Simple random sampling is a sampling method where each element of the
population has an equal chance of being selected. This can be done through the
Table of Random Numbers or lottery method.
• Systematic sampling is done by selecting every 𝑘th element in your population
list. The sampling interval, k, is calculated by dividing the population size by the
desired sample size.
• Stratified sampling is done by grouping the elements in the population according
to shared characteristic/s. Then, the researcher selects the appropriate number
of samples from each group.
• Cluster sampling is a sampling method used when the whole population is
subdivided into clusters, or groups, and random samples are then collected from
each group.

What I Can Do

Identify the type of random sampling technique used by the researcher in each
situation.

__________1. A researcher chose the participants of his study by selecting every 8th
member of the population.
__________2. A researcher interviewed all the teachers in each of 15 randomly
selected private schools in Cagayan de Oro City.
__________3. A researcher interviewed people from each barangay in the
municipality of Alubijid for his research on population.
__________4. A researcher is doing a study on the students’ reaction to the newly
implemented curriculum in Mathematics and interviewed every 5th
student entering the gate of the school.
__________5. A researcher randomly selected 15 barangays in a town for her study.
She did this by writing the names of each barangay on a piece of paper
which she folded and put in a bowl then she draws 15 pieces of paper
from the bowl.
__________6. A researcher selected a sample of 𝑛 = 300 from a population of 900
by using the Table of Random Numbers.

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__________7. A researcher interviewed all the nurses in each of the 5 randomly
selected private hospitals in Northern Mindanao.
__________8. A statistician selected a sample of 𝑛 = 500 high school students from
a private school with 2,500 students. He randomly selected the
students from each grade level.
__________9. A Statistics student did a research on the time spent by Grade 11 and
12 students in playing Mobile Legends. He randomly selected his
subjects by using the Table of Random Numbers.
__________10. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who were
better in mathematics: the males or the females.

Additional Activities

Study the case below. Then, identify and illustrate the sampling method that is
appropriate to the given situation.

Situation:

You are given the task to conduct a survey on the average household size in
your municipality with 16 barangays and a population of 30,000. What sampling
method is best for this task?

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 Lesson
Parameter and Statistic
2

What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned about random sampling, a process done
in selecting an unbiased representative sample from a population. This time, you will
be introduced to the measures involved in the population and sample. Measures from
a very large population are impossible to obtain especially if your resources are limited.
This brings us to other measures which are from the representative samples. This
lesson will help you identify measures about population and sample.

What’s New

Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a
population and a sample.
1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1600 people in Cagayan de Oro City
and asked if they use a certain detergent brand and 40% of them said yes.
2. A researcher interviewed all the members of the Mathematics Department with 10
female teachers, 15 male teachers and 1 department head. He wants to know the
average hours per day they spend in training students for competitions and found
out that they spend an average of 2 hours per day for training.

Analysis:

The first case contains a measure for a sample. It indicated that 40% of the
1600 samples said yes. On the other hand, the second case contains a measure from
a population because the average of 2 hours per day spent in training is from all of the
people in the Mathematics Department.

What is It

A measure that describes a population is called parameter. A measure that

describes a sample is called statistic. In a population parameter, mean is represented
by 𝜇, 𝜎 2 represents population variance, and 𝜎 represents population standard
deviation. In sample statistics, sample mean is represented by 𝑥̅ , 𝑠 2 represents sample
variance, and 𝑠 represents sample standard deviation. Data from the sample are used
to calculate statistics. Statistics are estimates of the corresponding parameters.

10
Examples:

Parameter:
50% of the 24 Philippine senators agreed to support a certain measure.
Statistic:
A researcher found out that 25% of the students in the Philippines reported to
have internet connection at home.

Explanation:
1. The example indicates a parameter since there are only 24 senators in the
Philippines.
2. Researchers cannot ask millions of students if they have internet connection at
home, so they take samples from the target population and calculate.

What’s More

Read each statistical study below. For each study, identify both the parameter and
the statistic. Refer to an example given.

Example:
A researcher wants to estimate the average monthly allowance of the Grade 11
female students. From a random sample of 50 female students, the researcher
obtains a sample mean monthly allowance of 75 pesos.

Parameter: The average monthly allowance of all Grade 11 female students.

Statistic: The average monthly allowance of 75 pesos from a sample of 50 Grade
11 female students.

1. A teacher wants to determine the average score in the first periodic examination in
General Mathematics of his 5 classes. From a random sample of 120 students.
The teacher obtains an average score of 84.

Parameter: _______________________________________________________
Statistic: ________________________________________________________

2. A teacher wants to know the average hours spent on social media of his advisory
class. He randomly selected and asked 35 students and found out that they spend
an average of 3 hours per day on social media.

Parameter: _______________________________________________________
Statistic: ________________________________________________________

11
 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!
• Parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameter includes
population mean 𝜇, population variance 𝜎 2 , and population standard deviation 𝜎.
• Statistic is a measure that describes a sample. Statistics include sample mean
𝑥̅ , sample variance 𝑠 2 and sample standard deviation 𝑠.

What I Can Do

Identify whether the given value is a parameter or a statistic.

__________1. The researcher found out that the 29 senior high school teachers of a
certain school spend an average of 2 hours preparing their lessons.
__________2. Based on a sample of 900 elementary students, it was found out 30%
of them do not know multiplication facts.
__________3. Based on sample of 1,200 surveyed students, it was found out that
20% of them needed financial assistance.
__________4. A teacher surveyed all 50 students under his advisory class about their
learning styles and found out that most them are visual learners.
__________5. The Statistics teacher wants to know the average score of the students
in the final exam. He randomly selected 35 students and obtained an
average score of 43.

Additional Activities

Give your own example of a statistical study involving parameter and sample.

1. Parameter
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Statistic
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

12
 Lesson Sampling Distribution of the
3 Sample Means

What’s In

You learned in your previous chapters about discrete probability distribution and
continuous probability distribution. In this lesson you will learn how to identify and
construct sampling distribution of sample means. You will also learn on how to find the
mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

What’s New

Activity
1. A population consists of 2, 3, and 4. List all possible samples of size 3 which can
be drawn with replacement from this population and compute the mean of each
sample. One possible sample is given as your guide.
Sample Mean

2, 3 2.5

13
 What is It

If you list all the possible samples of size 3 drawn from a population of 4 with
elements 2, 3, and 4 you will have 9 samples. The table below shows the 9 samples
and their corresponding means.
Sample Sample Mean
2, 2 2.0
2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3.0
3, 2 2.5
3, 3 3.0
3, 4 3.5
4, 2 3.0
4, 3 3.5
4, 4 4.0

This time, let us learn how to make a probability distribution of the sample
means. We shall call this distribution; the sampling distribution of sample means.

Sample Mean Probability

Frequency
̅
𝒙 ̅)
P(𝒙
1
2 1
9
2
2.5 2
9
1
3 3
3
2
3.5 2
9
1
4 1
9
Total 𝐧=𝟗 1.00

A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution that

describes the probability for each mean of all samples with the same sample size 𝑛.

14
Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
The following are formulae needed to compute the mean, variance and
standard deviation of a population and mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of sample means.

Sampling Distribution of
Population
Sample Means
∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑥̅
Mean 𝜇= 𝜇𝑥̅ =
𝑁 𝑛

∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 ∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2

Variance 2
𝜎 = 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
𝑁 𝑛

Standard ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 ∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2

Deviation 𝜎=√ 𝜎𝑥̅ = √
𝑛
𝑁

Sampling with Replacement

Example 1:
Consider a population consisting of the values 2, 5, and 8.
a. Compute the population mean.
b. Compute the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. List all the possible samples of size n = 2 with replacement and their
corresponding means.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means.

Solution:
a. Compute the population mean.
∑ 𝑥 2 + 5 + 8 15
𝜇= = = =𝟓
𝑁 3 3
Hence, the population mean is 5.

b. Compute the population variance.

𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐
2 −3 9
5 0 0
8 3 9
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 ) = 18

2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 18
𝜎 = = =𝟔
𝑁 3
Hence, the population variance is 6.

15
c. Find the population standard deviation.
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2
𝜎=√ = √6 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟓
𝑁

Hence, the population standard deviation is 2.45.

d. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement and their corresponding
means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙
1 2, 2 2.0
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5
5 5, 5 5.0
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0
8 8, 5 6.5
9 8, 8 8.0

e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙 ∑ 𝑥̅ 45
1 2, 2 2.0 𝜇𝑥̅ = = =𝟓
𝑛 9
2 2, 5 3.5
3 2, 8 5.0
4 5, 2 3.5 Hence, the mean
5 5, 5 5.0
of the sampling
6 5, 8 6.5
7 8, 2 5.0 distribution of
8 8, 5 6.5 sample means is 5.
9 8, 8 8.0
̅ = 𝟒𝟓
∑𝒙

f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐
(𝒙
1 2, 2 2.0 −3 9
2 2, 5 3.5 −1.5 2.25
3 2, 8 5.0 0 0
4 5, 2 3.5 −1.5 2.25
5 5, 5 5.0 0 0
6 5, 8 6.5 1.5 2.25
7 8, 2 5.0 0 0
8 8, 5 6.5 1.5 2.25
9 8, 8 8.0 3 9
̅ = 𝟒𝟓
∑𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕
∑(𝒙

16
 ∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2 27
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = = =𝟑
𝑛 9
Hence, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 3.

g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
𝜎𝑥̅ = √ = √3 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑
𝑛
Hence, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means is
1.73.

Sampling without Replacement

Example 2: Consider a population consisting of the values 1, 3, and 5.

a. Compute the population mean.
b. Compute the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. List all the possible samples of size n = 2 without replacement and their
corresponding means.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means.

Solution:
a. Compute the population mean.
∑𝑥 1 + 3 + 5 9
𝜇= = = =𝟑
𝑁 3 3
Hence, the population mean is 3.

b. Compute the population variance.

𝒙 𝒙−𝝁 (𝒙 − 𝝁)𝟐
1 −2 4
3 0 0
5 2 4
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 ) = 8

2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 8
𝜎 = = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕
𝑁 3

Hence, the population variance is 2.67.

c. Find the population standard deviation.

∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2
𝜎=√ = √2.67 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑
𝑁

Hence, the population standard deviation is 1.63.

17
d. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement and their corresponding
means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4

e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙
1 1, 3 2
2 1, 5 3
3 3, 1 2
4 3, 5 4
5 5, 1 3
6 5, 3 4
̅ = 𝟏𝟖
∑𝒙

∑ 𝑥̅ 18
𝜇𝑥̅ = = =𝟑
𝑛 6

Hence, the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is 3.

f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means.

Observation Samples ̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐
(𝒙
1 1, 3 2 −1 1
2 1, 5 3 0 0
3 3, 1 2 −1 1
4 3, 5 4 1 1
5 5, 1 3 0 0
6 5, 3 4 1 1
̅ = 𝟏𝟖
∑𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙̅ )𝟐 = 𝟒
∑(𝒙

∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2 4
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
𝑛 6
Hence, the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 0.67.

g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.

∑(𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅ )2
𝜎𝑥̅ = √ = √0.67 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
𝑛
Hence, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means is
0.82.

18
Try to think about the answers to these questions:

1. What do you notice about the population mean and the mean of the sampling
distribution of sample means? How do you compare them?
2. How do you compare the population variance and the variance of the
sampling distribution of sample means?
Let us summarize the examples above by comparing the means and variances of
population and the sampling distribution of the sample means.

With Replacement Without Replacement

Sampling Sampling
Population Distribution of Population Distribution of
Sample Means Sample Means
Mean 𝜇=5 𝜇𝑥̅ = 5 𝜇=3 𝜇𝑥̅ = 3
2
Variance 𝜎 =6 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = 3 2
𝜎 = 2.67 2
𝜎 𝑥̅ = 0.67
Standard
𝜎 = 2.45 𝜎𝑥̅ = 1.73 𝜎 = 1.63 𝜎𝑥̅ = 0.82
Deviation

We can summarize the properties of the sampling distribution below.

If all possible samples of size 𝑛 that can be drawn from the population of size
N with mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling distribution of the sample means
has the following properties.

With Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population. 𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝝁
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝟐
𝝈𝟐
𝝈 𝒙̅ =
𝒏
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
𝝈
of 𝑛 of the samples. That is, 𝝈𝒙̅ = 𝒏
√
Without Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population. 𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝝁
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝝈𝟐 𝑵 − 𝒏
𝝈𝟐 𝒙̅ = ( )
𝒏 𝑵−𝟏
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝝈 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈̅𝒙 = √( )
√𝒏 𝑵−𝟏

19
 What’s More

Independent Practice
Solve the following problems. Use the properties of the sampling distribution of
sample means.

1. If a population has a mean of 5.7, what is the mean of the sampling distribution
of its means?

2. If a population has a variance of 7.4, what is the variance of the sampling

distribution of its means? The sampling distribution has a sample size of 2 and
all possible samples are drawn with replacements.

3. If a population has a standard deviation of 3.2, what is the standard deviation

of the sampling distribution of its means? The sampling distribution has a
sample size of 4 and all possible samples are drawn with replacements.

4. If a population with the size of 4 has a variance of 6.8, what is the variance of
the sampling distribution of its means? The sampling distribution has a sample
size of 3 and all possible samples are drawn without replacements.

5. If a population with a size of 3 has a standard deviation of 2.4, what is the

standard deviation of the sampling distribution of its means? The sampling
distribution has a sample size of 2 and all possible samples are drawn without
replacements.

20
 What I Have Learned

Let’s Summarize!

• The probability distribution of the sample means is called the sampling

distribution of sample means.
• A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution that
describes the probability for each mean of all samples with the same sample size
𝑛.
• If all possible samples of size 𝑛 that can be drawn from the population of size N
with mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling distribution of the sample means
has the following properties.

With Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population
variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝜎2
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =
𝑛
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size of 𝑛
of the samples. That is,
𝜎
𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛

Without Replacement
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
• The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population variance divided by the size of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝜎2 𝑁 − 𝑛
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = ( )
𝑛 𝑁−1
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
of 𝑛 of the samples. That is,
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅ = √( )
√𝑛 𝑁 − 1

21
 What I Can Do

Solve the given problems.

1. A population consists of the four numbers 1, 2, 4 and 5. List all the possible
samples of size n = 3 which can be drawn with replacement from the population.
Find the following:
a. Population mean
b. Population variance
c. Population standard deviation
d. Mean of the sampling distribution of sample means
e. Variance of the sampling distribution of sample means
f. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means

2. A population consists of the four numbers 1, 2, 8, and 9. List all the possible
samples of size n = 2 which can be drawn without replacement from the
population. Find the following:
a. Population mean
b. Population variance
c. Population standard deviation
d. Mean of the sampling distribution of sample means
e. Variance of the sampling distribution of sample means
f. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means

3. A random sample of 𝑛 = 65 measurements is obtained from a population with 𝜇 =

20 and 𝜎 2 = 400. Describe the sampling distribution for the sample means by
computing 𝜇𝑥̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ . Consider a sampling without replacement.

Additional Activities
Solve the problem below.

Consider all samples with the size of 5 from this population:

2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12

a. Compute the population mean.

b. Compute the population variance.
c. Compute the population standard deviation.
d. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means and compare
it the mean of the population.
e. Compute the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
f. Compute the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

22
 Lesson Sampling Distribution of the Sample
4 Means using the Central Limit Theorem

What I Know

Let’s see how much you know before we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item
multiple choice test, answer it by writing the letter of your choice.

1. Which of the following states that the sampling distribution of the sample means
approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger?
A. Central Limit Theorem C. Law of Large Numbers
B. Limit Theorem D. Bayes Theorem

2. How large is the minimum sample size needed of a certain population in order to
obtain a close approximation of a normal distribution?
A. 15 C. 30
B. 20 D. 60

3. What is the shape of the sampling distribution of the means if random samples of
size n become larger?
A. skewed to the left C. skewed to the right
B. normal D. Cannot be determined

For numbers 4 and 5, refer your answers from the picture below.

4. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3

5. What is suggested in the histogram of the sampling distribution?

A. curve C. skewed to the right
B. skewed to the left D. normality

23
 What’s New

The Central Limit Theorem

The Central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean
σ
approximates a normal distribution with a mean of µ and a standard deviation of 𝑛 if
√
the sample size N of the random samples is large enough. In this case, as more
samples with large sample sizes will be taken from a certain population with
replacement, the sampling distribution will closely resemble to that of a normal
distribution. On the question, “How large should the sample size be?”, statisticians do
differ on it as some would suggest 30 and others suggest it as large as 50 or more.
This usually happens when the population does not appear to be normal. In fact,
generally, as sample size increases, the sample mean tends to be normally distributed
around the population mean and its standard deviation also decreases.

Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem

A die has 6 faces in which each face has either dot/s of 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Given 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 as the population, consider the samples of size 𝑛 = 1 and 2.

If 𝑛 = 1,
Mean:
1+2+3+4+5+6
𝑥̅ = = 3.5 (Note: Computation for population mean and
6
sampling distribution mean is the same for 𝑛 = 1)
Variance:
(1−3.5)2 +(2−3.5)2 +(3−3.5)2 +(4−3.5)2 +(5−3.5)2 +(6−3.5)2 17.5
𝜎2 = = ≈ 2.92
6 6
Standard Deviation:
17.5
√𝜎 2 = 𝜎 = √ ≈ 1.71 n=1
6
0.2
Sample 𝑥̅ Probability
Percentage

1 1 1/6 0.15

2 2 1/6 0.1
3 3 1/6
0.05
4 4 1/6
5 5 1/6 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
6 6 1/6 X
Interpretations:
The population mean and sampling distribution means are both equal which is
3.5. It has a variance of approximately 2.92 and a standard deviation of approximately
1.71. Since all samples have the same probability of 1/6 or 16.6 ̅ , the trend of the
histogram is like a flat horizontal line.

24
If 𝒏 = 𝟐,
Population Mean:
1+2+3+4+5+6
𝑋̅ = = 3.5
6

Sampling Distribution Mean:

1+2(1.5)+3(2)+4(2.5)+5(3)+6(3.5)+5(4)+4(4.5)+3(5)+2(5.5)+1(6) 126
𝑥̅ = = = 3.5
36 36

Variance:
(1−3.5)2 +2(1.5−3.5)2 +3(2−3.5)2 +4(2.5−3.5)2 +5(3−3.5)2 +6(3.5−3.5)2 +5(4−3.5)2 +4(4.5−3.5)2 +3(5−3.5)2 +2(5.5−3.5)2 +(6−3.5)2
𝜎2 =
36
52.5
= ≈ 1.46
36

Standard Deviation:
52.5
√𝜎 2 = 𝜎 = √ 36 ≈ 1.21

Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅ Sample 𝑥̅

1,1 1 2,1 1.5 3,1 2 4,1 2.5 5,1 3 6,1 3.5
1,2 1.5 2,2 2 3,2 2.5 4,2 3 5,2 3.5 6,2 4
1,3 2 2,3 2.5 3,3 3 4,3 3.5 5,3 4 6,3 4.5
1,4 2.5 2,4 3 3,4 3.5 4,4 4 5,4 4.5 6,4 5
1,5 3 2,5 3.5 3,5 4 4,5 4.5 5,5 5 6,5 5.5
1,6 3.5 2,6 4 3,6 4.5 4,6 5 5,6 5.5 6,6 6

The table shows a total of 36 samples and the probability of each are as follows:

1 = 1/36 3 = 5/36 5 = 3/36 or 1/12

1.5 = 2/36 or 1/ 18 3.5 = 6/36 or 1/6 5.5 = 2/36 or 1/18
2 = 3/36 or 1/12 4 = 5/36 6 = 1/36

n=2
0.2

0.15
Percentage

0.1

0.05

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
X

25
Interpretations:
The population mean and sampling mean is just the same which is 3.5 and it
shows a variance of approximately 1.46 and a standard deviation of 1.21,
approximately. Most of the data are concentrated at the middle values of the sample
means. As observed in the graph, the data gathered resembles that of normal curve
which supports the idea of a Central Limit Theorem which strongly suggests normality.

What Is It

Activity 1
Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem and Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Means

Read the content properly. Write the needed answers.

Given a die, it has 6 faces in which each face has either dot/s of x = 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 and 6. Given it as the population, illustrate the central limit theorem and sampling
distribution of the sample mean of n=3. Interpret results.

What I Have Learned

Let’s see how much you know after we tackled the lesson. Below is a 5-item multiple
choice test, answer it by writing the letter of your choice.

1. Which of the following states that the sampling distribution of the sample means
approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger?
A. Central Limit Theorem C. Law of Large Numbers
B. Limit Theorem D. Bayes Theorem

2. How large is the minimum sample size needed of a certain population in order to
obtain a close approximation of a normal distribution?
A. 15 C. 30
B. 20 D. 60

3. What is the shape of the sampling distribution of the means if random samples of
size n become larger?
A. skewed to the left C. skewed to the right
B. normal D. Cannot be determined

26
For numbers 4 and 5, refer your answers from the picture below.

4. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?

A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3

5. What is suggested in the histogram of the sampling distribution?

A. curve C. skewed to the right
B. skewed to the left D. normality

27
 Lesson Solving Problems Involving Sampling
5 Distribution of the Sample Means

What’s New

In the previous lesson, you have learned about sampling distribution of the
sample mean using the central limit theorem and illustrating it. You also learned about
the concept of central limit theorem.
For this lesson, you are expected to know the importance of the central limit
theorem in order to make probability statements on sample means in relation to the
value in comparison to the population mean. In addition, you will learn to solve
problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean (M11SP-IIIe-f-1).

What I Know?

Let’s see how much you know before we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item
multiple choice test, answer it by writing the letter of your choice.
For numbers 1-5. A motorcycle company claims that their latest model of motorcycle
has a mean life of 10 years with a standard deviation of 2 years. Suppose the
distribution of motorcycle lives (life span?) is approximately normal.
1. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will last less than 8 years.
A. 0.1587 B. 0.1915 C. 0.3174 D. 0.3413

2. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 9 years but less than 12 years.
A. 0.1498 B. 0.1915 C. 0.5328 D. 0.3413

3. On the same assumption, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 11 years but less than 14 years.
A. 0.1957 B. 0.2857 C. 0.4772 D. 0.6687

4. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random sample of
5 such motorcycles will be less than 8 years.
A. 0.4875 B. 0.4772 C. 0.1915 D. 0.0125

5. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random sample of
9 such motorcycles will be less than 11 years.
A. 0.8332 B. 0.4332 C. 0.4192 D. 0.0668

28
 What’s New

As sample size n increases from a given population, the shape of sampling

distribution becomes smoother and more bell-shaped as previously discussed.
However, we need to realize that there are two separate random variables which are:
1. 𝑥, the measurement of a single element selected at random from the population;
the distribution of 𝑥 is the distribution of the population, with mean the population
mean µ and standard deviation the population standard deviation σ;
2. 𝑥̅ , the mean of the measurements in a sample of size n; the distribution of 𝑥̅ is its
𝜎
sampling distribution, with mean 𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝑛
√

Examples:
A school principal claims that Grade 11 students have mean grade of 86 with a
standard deviation of 4. Suppose that the distribution is approximately normal;
A. what is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84?
B. what is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82
but less than 90?
C. what is the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be less
than 88?

A. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84?
Given: 𝜎 = 4 𝜇𝑥̅ = 84 𝜇 = 86

Original Data Standardize

0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
74 78 82 86 90 94 98 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

84−𝜇
Solution: 𝑃(𝑥 < 84) = 𝑃 (𝑧 > )
𝜎
84−86
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > )
4
−2
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > )
4
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > −0.5)
= 0.5-0.1915
= 0.3085
Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected grade will be less than 84 is
0.3085.

29
B. What is the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82
but less than 90?
Given: 𝜎 = 4 𝜇𝑥̅1 = 82 𝜇𝑥̅1 = 90 𝜇 = 86

82−𝜇 90−𝜇
Solution: 𝑃(𝑋 < 84) = 𝑃 ( <𝑧< )
𝜎 𝜎
82−86 90−86
= 𝑃( <𝑧< )
4 4

−4 4
= 𝑃( <𝑧< )
4 4

= 𝑃 (−1 < 𝑧 < 1)

= 0.3413 + 0.3413
= 0.6826

Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected grade will be greater than 82
but less than 90 is 0.6826.

C. What is the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be
less than 88?
Given: 𝜎 = 4 𝜇𝑥̅ = 88 𝜇 = 86 n=9
88−𝜇
Solution: 𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 88) = 𝑃 (𝑧 > 𝜎 )
√𝑛

88−86
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > 4 )
√9

2
= 𝑃 (𝑧 > 4 )
3

= 𝑃 (𝑧 > 1.5)
= 0.5+0.4332
= 0.9332

Conclusion:
Therefore, the probability that the mean random sample of 9 students will be
less than 88 is 0.9332.

30
 What Is It?

Read, understand and solve each of the following problems.

1. As studied, the average number of hours spent by senior high school students for
their online classes a week is 25 hours with a standard deviation of 4 hours.
Assuming that the study is true and the data is normally distributed,
A. Find the probability that a randomly selected senior high school student spends
more than 26 hours but less than 29 hours.
B. Find the probability that a randomly selected senior high school student spends
less than 21 hours or greater than 30 hours.
C. Find the probability that a random sample of 12 senior high school students
spends more than 24 hours.

What I Have Learned

Let’s see how much you learned after we tackled the lesson. Below is a 5-item
multiple choice test, answer it by writing the letter of your choice.

For numbers 1-5. A motorcycle company claims that their latest model of motorcycle
has a mean life of 10 years with a standard deviation of 2 years. Suppose the
distribution of motorcycle lives/life span? is approximately normal.

1. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will last less than 8 years.
A. 0.1587 B. 0.1915 C. 0.3174 D. 0.3413

2. Given the assumption is true, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 9 years but less than 12 years.
A. 0.1498 B. 0.1915 C. 0.5328 D. 0.3413

3. On the same assumption, find the probability that the randomly selected
motorcycle will be greater than 11 years but less than 14 years.
A. 0.1957 B. 0.2857 C. 0.4772 D. 0.6687

4. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random sample of
5 such motorcycles will be less than 8 years.
A. 0.4875 B. 0.4772 C. 0.1915 D. 0.0125

5. On the same assumption, find the probability that the mean of a random sample of
9 such motorcycles will be less than 11 years.
A. 0.8332 B. 0.4332 C. 0.4192 D. 0.0668

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 Assessment

Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is a sampling method in which every element of the

population has the same probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

2. Which of the following is a sampling method in which the population is first divided
into strata and then samples are randomly selected from each stratum?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

3. Which of the following sampling technique is done by selecting every 𝑘th element
in your population list?
A. simple random sampling C. stratified sampling
B. systematic sampling D. cluster sampling

4. Which of the following best differentiates parameter and statistic?

I. A parameter is a measure that describes a sample while a statistic is a
measure that describes a population.
II. A parameter is a descriptive measure computed from a population while a
statistic is from a sample.
III. Examples of parameter are 𝜇, 𝜎 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 while for statistic are 𝑥̅ , 𝑠 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠.
IV. Examples of parameter are 𝑥̅ , 𝑠 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 while for statistic are 𝜇, 𝜎 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎.

A. I and IV B. II and III C. I and III D. II and IV

5. Which of the following given values describes a parameter?

A. The Mathematics Department in a certain private school consists of 25 male
teachers, 30 female teachers and one department head.
B. In a survey of 2,000 computers manufactured by a company, 100 of them were
found out defective.
C. Based on a randomly selected 1,200 students, it was found out that 35% of
them are scholars.
D. Twenty-five students from a class of fifty will take part in research study on the
effectiveness of ICT integration in Mathematics classes.

For number 6-11, study the problem below.

Three of multicolored chocolate candies are known to contain 5, 8, and 10
yellow-coated candies. These packs are placed in a bowl and two packs are drawn at
random from the bowl with replacement.

6. What is the population mean?

A. 7.63 B. 7.65 C. 7.67 D. 7.69

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7. What is the population variance?
A. 4.22 B. 4.24 C. 4.26 D. 4.28

8. What is the population standard deviation?

A. 2.05 B. 2.01 C. 2.03 D. 2.07

9. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of means?

A. 7.69 B. 7.67 C. 7.65 D. 7.63

10. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of means?

A. 2.11 B. 2.33 C. 2.44 D. 2.55

11. What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means?

A. 1.41 B. 1.43 C. 1.45 D. 1.47

12. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the mean of the sampling
distribution and population mean?
A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is equal to the population
mean.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is less than the population
mean.
C. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is greater than the
population mean.
D. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means may be equal, less than, or
greater than the population mean.

13. Which of the following states that: If samples of size n, where n is sufficiently
large, are drawn from any population with a mean μ and a standard deviation σ,
then the sampling distribution of sample means approximates a normal
distribution?
A. The Chebyshev’s Theorem C. Interval Estimation
B. The Sampling Distribution D. The Central Limit Theorem

Form numbers 14 and 15, consider the problem below.

The average time it takes a group of senior high school students to complete a
certain examination is 48.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 10 minutes. Assume
that the variable is normally distributed.

14. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school student will
complete the examination in less than 45 minutes?
A. 0.1255 B. 0.3745 C. 0.6255 D. 0.8245

15. If 50 randomly selected senior high school students take the examination, what is
the probability that the mean it takes the group to complete the test will be more
than 45 minutes?
A. 0.0119 B. 0.3871 C. 0.4881 D. 0.9881

33
ANSWER KEY

What I Know/Assessment

Lesson 1: Random Sampling

What’s More What I Can Do Additional Activities

Answers may vary. Answers/explanations

may vary.

Lesson 2: Parameter and Statistic

What’s More

34
 What I Can Do Additional Activities

Answers may vary.

Lesson 3: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

What ‘s More What I Can Do Additional Activities

Lesson 4: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means using the Central Limit
Theorem

What I Know/ What I Have Learned

Lesson 5: Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of the Sample

Means
What I Know/ What I Have
What Is It
Learned

35
References

Belecina, R., Baccay, E., & Mateo, E. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc.
Mercado, J. & Orines, F. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability.
Manila: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sampling-distribution.asp

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-statistics/chapter/sampling-
distributions/

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/556417baab63a7752c006f37/curriculum#c
urriculum

http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~bpower6/stat101/Sampling%20Distributions.pdf

https://www.simplypsychology.org/sampling-distribution.html

https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Introductor
y_Statistics_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/06%3A_Sampling_Distributions/6.02%3A_The_Sa
mpling_Distribution_of_the_Sample_Mean

36
 MODULE WRITERS’ PROFILE

Name: CHERRY ANN B. MUÑEZ

Position: Teacher II
Educational Attainment:
Master of Arts in Education (MAEd) - Teaching Mathematics (CAR)
BSED Mathematics
Module Title: Module 3: Sampling and Sampling Distribution
Division: Misamis Oriental
School: Alubijid National Comprehensive High School
District: Alubijid

Name: IRL JOHN M. CERVANTES

Position: Teacher II
Educational Attainment:
Master of Arts in Education (MAEd) - Teaching Mathematics (24 units)
BSED Mathematics
Module Title: Module 3: Sampling and Sampling Distribution
Division: Misamis Oriental
School: Danao National High School
District: Jasaan

For inquires or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental

Office Address: Del Pilar corner Velez Street, Brgy. 29,
Cagayan de Oro City, 9000
Telephone Nos.: (088) 881-3094: Text: 0917-8992245
(Globe)
Email: misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph

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