Edition

Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
 T =  (T )L P =
AE
 = thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
 = T +  P = 0  = T +  P = 0
P = − AE (T )
PL
 (T )L + =0 P
AE = = − E (T )
A

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Poisson’s Ratio

• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:


x = x  y =z = 0
E

• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y = z  0

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain y 
n= =− =− z
axial strain x x

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Generalized Hooke’s Law

• For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,

the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small

• With these restrictions:

 x n y n z
x = + − −
E E E
n x  y n z
y = − + −
E E E
n x n y z
z = − − +
E E E

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus

• Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is
 ( )  
e = 1 − (1 +  x ) 1 +  y (1 +  z ) = 1 − 1 +  x +  y +  z 
= x + y +z
1 − 2n
=
E
(
 x + y + z )
= dilatation (change in volume per unit volume)

• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

3(1 − 2n ) p
e = −p =−
E k
E
k= = bulk modulus
3(1 − 2n )

• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

negative, therefore
0  n  12

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Shearing Strain

• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will

deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
 xy = f ( xy )

• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the

previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,
 xy = G  xy  yz = G  yz  zx = G  zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is • Use the definition of shearing stress to
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. find the force P.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 0.04 in. under the action
of the force, determine a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and b)
the force P exerted on the plate.

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

• Determine the average angular deformation

or shearing strain of the block.
0.04 in.
 xy  tan  xy =  xy = 0.020 rad
2 in.

• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.
( )
 xy = G xy = 90 103 psi (0.020 rad ) = 1800 psi

• Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.
P =  xy A = (1800 psi )(8 in. )(2.5 in. ) = 36 103 lb

P = 36.0 kips

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Relation Among E, n, and G

• An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
• An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
• If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.
• Components of normal and shear strain are
related,
E
= (1 + n )
2G

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 2.5

A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an

unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20
ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and n = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
d) the volume of the plate.

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Edition
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

SOLUTION:
• Apply the generalized Hooke’s Law to • Evaluate the deformation components.
find the three components of normal
strain.
(
 B A =  x d = + 0.533 10 −3 in./in. (9 in. ) )
 x n y n z B A = +4.8 10 −3 in.
x = + − −
E E E
C D ( )
=  z d = + 1.600 10 −3 in./in. (9 in. )
1  1 
= (12 ksi ) − 0 − (20 ksi )
10 106 psi  3  C D = +14.4 10 −3 in.

= +0.533 10 −3 in./in. ( )

 t =  y t = − 1.067 10 −3 in./in. (0.75 in. )
n x  y n z  t = −0.800 10 −3 in.
y = − + −
E E E
= −1.067 10 −3 in./in.
• Find the change in volume
n x n y 
z = − − + z e =  x +  y +  z = 1.067 10 −3 in 3/in 3
E E E
= +1.600 10 −3 in./in. V = eV = 1.067 10 −3 (15 15  0.75 )in 3
V = +0.187 in 3

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