DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE

Technical Seminar

SUbmitted

by

M.Karthik
I B.Tech II Sem
ROLL.NO : 192P1A0569

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology

VIDYA NAGAR, PRODDATUR, Y.S.R.(DIST). A.P.-516360.
(Sponsored by Bharathi Educational Society)
Recognized by UGC underSection 2(f)& 12(B) andAccredited with NBA &
NAAC Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTUA,
Anantapuramu.
1
 CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Vidyanagar, Proddatur, Y S R District - 516362

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar entitled “DATA

DEFINITION LANGUAGE” is submitted by M.KARTHIK I B.Tech II Sem,

Roll.No: 192P1A0569 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

B.Tech Degree in Computer Science & Engineering , of JAWAHARLAL
NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, ANANTAPUR, during the year
2019-2020.

SEMINAR INCHARGE Head of the Department

 DATA-DEFINITION LANGUAGE
Contents

1. Structured Query Language 4

1. Definition
2. Types of SQL Commands
3. Diagrammatic Representation

2. Data-Definition Language 5

1. Definition
2. Domain Constraints
3. Referential Integrity
4. Assertion
5. Authorization

3. Examples of DDL Commands 6-9

1. CREATE
2. DROP
3. ALTER
4. TRUNCATE
5. COMMENT
6. RENAME
 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

Structured Query Language (SQL) as we all know is the database language by the use of
which we can perform certain operations on the existing database and also we can use this
language to create a database. SQL uses certain commands like Create, Drop, Insert etc. to
carry out the required tasks.

These SQL commands are mainly categorized into four categories as:

1. DDL – Data Definition Language

2. DQl – Data Query Language
3. DML – Data Manipulation Language
4. DCL – Data Control Language

Though many resources claim there to be another category of SQL clauses TCL –
Transaction Control Language.

Diagrammatic Representation:

Now let us discuss about data-definition language in-detail.

 Data-Definition Language

We specify a database schema by a set of definitions expressed by a special language

called a data-definition language (DDL). The DDL is also used to specify additional
properties of the data.

Simply, DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of

the SQL commands that can be used to define the database schema. It simply deals with
descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and modify the structure of
database objects in the database.

We specify the storage structure and access methods used by the

database system by a set of statements in a special type of DDL called a data storage
and definition language. These statements define the implementation details of the
database schemas, which are usually hidden from the users.

The data values stored in the database must satisfy certain

consistency constraints. The DDL provides facilities to specify such constraints. The
database system checks these constraints every time the database is updated.

 Domain Constraints: A domain of possible values must be associated with

every attribute (for example, integer types, character types, date/time types).
Domain constraints are the most elementary form of integrity constraint. They are
tested easily by the system whenever a new data item is entered into the database.

 Referential Integrity: There are cases where we wish to ensure that a value
that appears in one relation for a given set of attributes also appears in a certain
set of attributes in another relation (referential integrity). Database
modifications can cause violations of referential integrity. When a referential-
integrity constraint is violated, the normal procedure is to reject the action that
caused the violation.

 Assertion: An assertion is any condition that the database must always satisfy.
Domain constraints and referential-integrity constraints are special forms of
assertions. When an assertion is created, the system tests it for validity. If the
assertion is valid, then any future modification to the database is allowed only if
it does not cause that assertion to be violated.

 Authorization: We may want to differentiate among the users as far as the

type of access they are permitted on various data values in the database. These
differentiations are expressed in terms of authorization, the most common
being: read authorization, which allows reading, but not modification, of data;
insert authorization, which allows insertion of new data, but not modification of
existing data; update authorization, which allows modification, but not deletion,
of data; and delete authorization, which allows deletion of data. We may assign
the user all, none, or a combination of these types of authorization.

The output of the DDL is placed in the data dictionary, which contains metadata—data
about data.
Examples of DDL commands:
 CREATE -- is used to create the database or its objects (like table,
index, function, views, store procedure and triggers).
 DROP -- is used to delete objects from the database.
 ALTER -- is used to alter the structure of the database.
 TRUNCATE -- is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated for the records are removed.
 COMMENT -- is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
 RENAME -- is used to rename an object existing in the database.

SQL | CREATE

There are two CREATE statements available in SQL:

1. CREATE DATABASE
2. CREATE TABLE

CREATE DATABASE
A Database is defined as a structured set of data. So, in SQL the very first step to store
the data in a well-structured manner is to create a database. The CREATE
DATABASE statement is used to create a new database in SQL.

Syntax:

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

database_name: name of the database.

CREATE TABLE
We have learned above about creating databases. Now to store the data we need a table
to do that. The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in SQL. We know
that a table comprises of rows and columns. So while creating tables we have to provide
all the information to SQL about the names of the columns, type of data to be stored in
columns, size of the data etc. Let us now dive into details on how to use CREATE
TABLE statement to create tables in SQL.
Syntax:

CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column1 data_type(size),
column2 data_type(size),
 column3 data_type(size),
....
);

table_name: name of the table.

column1 name of the first column.
data_type: Type of data we want to store in the particular column.
For example,int for integer data.
size: Size of the data we can store in a particular column. For example if for
a column we specify the data_type as int and size as 10 then this column can store an
integer
number of maximum 10 digits.

SQL | DROP, TRUNCATE

DROP
DROP is used to delete a whole database or just a table.The DROP statement destroys the
objects like an existing database, table, index, or view.
A DROP statement in SQL removes a component from a relational database management
system (RDBMS).

Syntax:

DROP object object_name

Examples:
DROP TABLE table_name;
table_name: Name of the table to be deleted.

DROP DATABASE database_name;

database_name: Name of the database to be deleted.

TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE statement is a Data Definition Language (DDL) operation that is used to
mark the extents of a table for deallocation (empty for reuse). The result of this operation
quickly removes all data from a table, typically bypassing a number of integrity enforcing
mechanisms. It was officially introduced in the SQL:2008 standard.
The TRUNCATE TABLE mytable statement is logically (though not physically)
equivalent to the DELETE FROM mytable statement (without a WHERE clause).

Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

table_name: Name of the table to be truncated.

DATABASE name - student_data

SQL | Comments

As is any programming languages comments matter a lot in SQL also. In this set we will
learn about writing comments in any SQL snippet.
Comments can be written in the following three formats:
1. Single line comments.
2. Multi line comments
3. In line comments

Single line comments:

Comments starting and ending in a single line are considered as single line
comments.
Line starting with ‘–‘ is a comment and will not be executed.

Syntax:
 -- single line comment
 -- another comment
 SELECT * FROM Customers;

Multi line comments:

Comments starting in one line and ending in different line are considered as multi
line comments. Line starting with ‘/*’ is considered as starting point of comment
and are terminated when ‘*/’ is encountered.

Syntax:
 /* multi line comment
 another comment */
 SELECT * FROM Customers;

In line comments:
In line comments are an extension of multi-line comments, comments can be stated in
between the statements and are enclosed in between ‘/*’ and ‘*/’.

Syntax:
 SELECT * FROM /* Customers; */
More examples:
Multi line comment ->
/* SELECT * FROM Students;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT_DETAILS;
SELECT * FROM Orders; */
 SELECT * FROM Articles;

In line comment ->

SELECT * FROM Students;
SELECT * FROM /* STUDENT_DETAILS;
SELECT * FROM Orders;
SELECT * FROM */ Articles;

SQL | ALTER (RENAME)

Sometimes we may want to rename our table to give it a more relevant name. For this
purpose we can use ALTER TABLE to rename the name of table.

*Syntax may vary in different databases.

Syntax (Oracle, MySQL, MariaDB):

ALTER TABLE table_name

RENAME TO new_table_name;

Columns can be also be given new name with the use of ALTER TABLE.

Syntax (Oracle):

ALTER TABLE table_name

RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name;

Syntax (MySQL, MariaDB):

ALTER TABLE table_name

CHANGE COLUMN old_name TO new_name;