Random Variable
Random Variable
Random Variable
Random Variables
1
Objectives:
In this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous);
2. Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random variables;
3. Find the possible values of random variables;
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties.
What is It
.
RANDOM VARIABLE
Is a function or rule that assigns a real number to each outcome in the sample
space of a random experiment. It is denoted by capital letter, usually x .
It is a set whose elements are the numbers assigned to the outcomes of an
experiments.
A Random Variable can be discrete and continuous.
Definition of terms:
Independent Event – two events A and B are independent events if the fact that A
occurs does not affect the probability of B occurring.
P ( A|B )=P( A) or P ( A|B )=P( B)
Dependent Event – two events A and B are dependents events for which the outcome
or occurrence of event A affects the outcome or occurrence of event B in such a way
that the probability is changed.
Mutually Exclusive Event – two events A and B are mutually exclusive events if they
cannot occur at the same time.
P( A∨B)≠ P (A ) or P( B∨ A) ≠ P (B)
Example
What is the probability of getting certain marble(s) in a jar with 5 red and
2 blue in the sample space?
Independent: if there are 3 trials for this problem, we need to seek for a repetition in
every outcomes, and that the probability of picking red or blue marbles doesn’t affect
one another by just simply returning the marbles on the jar for every trial succeeded.
Dependent: if there are 3 trials for this problem, we don’t want any repetition in every
outcomes for every trial, and that the probability of picking red or blue marbles affect
one another by simply not returning the marbles on the jar for every trial succeeded.
Add 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 4 6 1
+ = ∨
36 36 36 6
Example 2.
Ex. Rolling a dice
What is the probability of getting a 4 and another 4?
1
P ( A )=
6
1
P ( B )=
6
1
∗1
Multiply P(A) to P(B) 6 1
¿ =
6 36
Other Solution:
Add 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (5,5)
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
Discrete Random Variable
A Random variables that can take on a finite (countable infinite) number of
distinct values.
Assume values that can be counted.
Example:
1. Number of heads obtained when tossing a coin thrice.
2. Number of students presents in an online class at a given time.
3. Flipping a coin twice, the random variable Number of Heads
Continuous Random Variable
A random variable that take an infinitely uncountable number of possible
values.
Assume all values between any two specific values; a variable obtained by
measuring or contained one or more intervals.
Example:
1. Exact mass of a random variable selected at the Manila Zoo.
2. Exact winning time men's 100 meter dash 2016 Olympics.
3. Electric current; Weight; Height; temperature.
Suppose, a coin tossed twice. Let X be number of heads that occur. Find
the possible outcome of the random variable X .
X=2
X=1
X=1
X=0
Example 2.
Suppose, a coin are tossed thrice. Let Y be the number of tails that
occur. Find the possible outcome of the random variable Y .
4. Let G=¿ Product of two numbers taken from two boxes containing numbers 0
to 5. _________________
∑ P( X i)=¿ 1∨100 % ¿
i=1
0 ≤ P (X )≤ 1
3. The probability that an except doesn’t occur is 1 minus the Probability that the
event does occur.
P ( A ' )=1−P( A )
Example 1.
Determine whether the following statement is Discrete Probability
Distribution write (DPD) or otherwise write NOT.
1. NOT – This statement doesn’t justify all the properties of discrete probability
distribution.
X 3 6 8
P( X ) −0.3 0.6 0.7
X 1 2 3 4 5
3 1 1 1 3
P( X )
10 10 10 5 10
Example 2.
Y 0 1 2 3
P(Y 1 3 3 1
) 8 8 8 8
Example 3.
Box A and Box B contain 1,2,3,4. Write the probability mass function
and draw the histogram of the sum when one number from each box is
taken at a time, with replacement.
Solution: X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(X 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
+ 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 ) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8
Example 4.
The following data show the probabilities for the number of cars sold in a
given day at a car dealer store.
Solution:
a. Find P( X ≤ 2) .
Answer: 0.50 or 50%
b. Find P( X ≥ 7).
Answer: 0.13 or 13%
μ=[ x¿ ¿1][P ( x 1 ) ]+[x ¿¿ 2][ P ( x 2 ) ]+[ x¿¿ 3][P ( x 3 ) ]+…+[ x¿ ¿ n][ P ( x n ) ]=∑ [ x ] [ P ( x ) ] =E( x)¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Where,
σ 2=∑ {[ x 2 ] [ P ( x ) ] }−μ 2
σ =√ σ 2∨σ= √ ∑ { [ x ] [ P ( x ) ] }−μ
2 2
μ= E ( x )=∑ {[ x ] [ P ( x ) ] }
Example 1.
Five balls numbered 1,2,3,4 ,and 5 are placed in a box. One is selected, its
number is noted, and then it is replaced. If this experiment is repeated
many times, find the mean, variance, standard deviation of the numbers
on the balls.
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1
Probability P( x )
5 5 5 5 5
Mean
∑ [ x ] [ P ( x ) ]=( 1 ) ( 15 )+ ( 2 ) ( 15 )+ ( 3 ) ( 15 )+ ( 4 )( 15 )+ ( 5 ) ( 15 )=3
The mean of a random variable X with discrete probability distribution is 3.
Standard Deviation
2
√∑ {[ x ] [ P ( x ) ] }−μ = 2
√{( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )}
12
1
5
+ 22
1
5
+ 32
1
5
+ 42
1
5
+ 52
1
5
−3 2=1.41
Variance
1 1 1 1 1
σ 2=∑ {[ x 2 ] [ P ( x ) ] }−μ 2= ( 12){ ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )}
5
+ 22
5
+ 32
5
+ 42
5
+ 52
5
−32=2
Example 2.
Five hundred raffle tickets are sold at Php 25.00 each for three prizes of
Php 4000.00, Php 2,500.00 and Php1,000.00 . After each prize drawing, the
winner ticket is then returned to the collection of tickets. What is the
expected value if a person purchases four tickets?
Solution:
4 4 4 496
Probability P( x )
500 500 500 500
Formula:
μ= E ( x )=∑ {[ x ] [ P ( x ) ] }
¿ ( 3,900 ) ( 5004 )+( 2400 ) ( 5004 )+( 900 ) ( 5004 )+(−100)( 496
500
)
¿ 31.20+19.20+7.20−99.2
¿−41.60 pesos
Example 1.
Solution:
Formula:
n!
P ( x) = p x qn− x
( n−x ) ! x !
In this case, n = 11, x = 6, p = 25% = 0.25, and q = 1-p = 1- 0.25 = 0.75. Hence,
11!
P ( 6 )= ( 0.25 )6 (0.75)11−6=0.0268
( 11−6 ) ! 6 !
The probability that exactly six of people bought a refrigerator during the last six
months is 0.0268 or 2.68%
Example 1.
A vintage car breaks down an average of four times per month. Using a
Poisson probability distribution formula, find the probability that during
the next month this vintage car will have ( a )exactly three breakdowns, ( b )
at most two breakdowns, and ( c )more than one breakdown.
Solution:
μ x e− μ 43 e−4
P ( x=3 )= =
x! 3!
64(0.0183156)
¿ =0.1954
6
b. At most two breakdowns, and
¿ P ( at most 2 breakdowns )=P(0∨1∨2 breakdowns)
¿ P ( x =0 ) + P ( X=1 ) + P( x =2)
4 0 e− 4 4 1 e−4 4 2 e−4 1( 0.0183156) 4 (0.0183156) 16(0.0183156)
¿ + + = + +
0! 1! 2! 1 1 2
¿ 0.0183+0.0733+ 0.1465=0.2381
c. More than one breakdown.
The probability that at least two breakdowns will be observed during the next month is
given by P ( x>1 ) =P ( x ≥2 ) . We could try
P ( x ≥ 2 )=P ( x=2 ) + P ( x=3 )+ P ( x=4 )+ …
Solution:
There are an infinite number of terms. A much better way is to use the fact that these
probabilities sum to 1. Consequently,
¿ 1−¿
40 e−4 41 e−4
¿ 1− [
0!
+
1! ]
¿ 1−(0.0183+0.0733)
¿ 1−0.0916
¿ 0.9084
Hence, the probability that more than one breakdown is 0.9084
Formula:
Where:
N=¿ population size
❑S C x∗❑N −S Cn −x n=¿ sample size
P ( X=x )= S=¿ number of successes in the population
❑N C n
x=¿ number of successes in the sample
N−s=¿ number of failures in the population
n−x=¿ number of failures in the sample
P ( X=x )=¿ the probability to be computed for a
specified value of X .
Example 1.
A package of 8 AAA size batteries contains 2 that are defective and 6 that
are non – defective. If we select 4 batteries at random from the package,
what is the probability that the sample contains exactly 1 defective
battery?
Solution:
2!
∗6 !
( 2−1 ) ! 1 !
Apply the formula: ❑ C ∗❑ C ( 6−3 ) ! 3 ! 2(20)
P ( X=x )= S x N −S n −x = = =0.5714
❑N C n 8! 70
( 8−4 ) ! 4 !
Thus, the probability of selecting 4 batteries at random out of 8 and finding that 1 of
CONCLUSION
Rubrics:
Word Problem:
A batch of parts contains 80 parts from Batangas supplier of engine and 120 parts
from as supplier of engine in Bulacan. If five parts are selected randomly and without
replacement, find the probability that (𝑎) they are all from Batangas supplier; (𝑏) three
or more parts in the sample are from Batangas; (𝑐) at most two parts in the sample are
from Batangas supplier; and (𝑑) at least one part in the sample is from Batangas
supplier.
What I Can Do
NAME: _______________________________ DATE ___________________ SCORE: _____/50
SECTION: ___________________________ TEACHER: __________________________________
ACTIVITY 1.
Test B. Solve the following: Write all the necessary solution and box your final
answer. (5 points each)
1. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the following discrete
probability distribution.
𝑥 5 10 15 20 25
𝑃(𝑥) 0.05 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.35
2. A raffle is held to raise money to be used for the school’s outreach program. A
raffle ticket costs Php 500.00 and there are 4,000 to be sold to Alumni
members. The ticket drawn from the raffle will win for its holder the prize of
Php 500,000.00. Find the expected value of this raffle.
3. In a family of 6 children, what is the probability of getting exactly 5 boys?
4. A large machine produces an average of 1.3 defects per box of floor tile. What is
the probability that the next box of floor tile products will have 2 defects?
5. The number of students arriving at a College Dean’s office for academic
consultation during enrolment period is Poisson distributed with a mean of 5
per half an hour. What is the probability that 2 or less students will arrive in
the next 30 minutes?
6. In a room containing ten people, six are members of Union. A random sample of
four was selected for a committee. What is the probability that exactly two of
them are members of Union?
7. A random sample of 1353 adult showed that 688 of them has stopped at least
once on the internet. What is the probability that randomly selected adult has
stopped on the internet?
8. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a box containing 5
Green balls and 6 Yellow. Let 𝑀 be the random variable representing the
number of Yellow balls. Find the values of the random variable 𝑀.