Q3StatisticsProbability LESSONS

STATISTICS and PROBABILITY 11
Third Quarter
A random variable X is a variable that assumes numerical values associated with the
random outcomes of an experiment, where one (and only one) numerical value is assigned to
each sample point. Random variables are denoted by uppercase letters and particular values
of the variable are denoted by lower case letters.
A discrete random variable is one that can assume a countable number of values. Mostly,
discrete random variables represent count data, such as number of students in a class. These
data
assume only countable number of values.
A continuous random variable takes on values on a continuous scale. Often, continuous

random variables represent measured data, such as heights and weights. The possible values
are uncountably infinite.
Example
Suppose two coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of heads
that occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Value of the Random
Possible Outcomes
Variable Z (number of heads)
HH 2
HT 1
TH 1
TT 0
So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2.
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X shows the probabilities

associated with all possible outcomes. It may be expressed in tabular, formula and graphical
form.
Properties of a Probability Distribution

1. The probability of each value x is a value between 0 and 1, or equivalently,
0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of the values equals 1. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋) = 1
Example
Suppose three cell phones are tested at random in preparation for the online class. Let D
represent the defective cell phone and let N represent the non-defective ones. If we let X be
the random variable for the number of defective cell phones, construct the probability
distribution in tabular and formula form then draw the corresponding probability histogram.
Solution
Determine the sample space and count the number of defective cell phones in each outcome.
Value of the Random Variable X
Possible outcomes
(number of defective cell phones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3
There are four possible values of the random variable X (0, 1, 2 and 3).
a. Tabular form of the probability distribution

Number of
Defective
0 1 2 3
Cell phones
X
Probability
P(X)
b. Formula form of the probability distribution

1
𝑖𝑓 𝑋 = 0,3
𝑃(𝑋) = {3 / 8 𝑖𝑓 𝑋 = 1, 2 )
c. The graph shows the probability histogram of the distribution

0.400
0.350
Probability P(X)
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 1 2 3
Number of Defective Cell Phones
THE PROBABILITIES CORRESPONDING TO A GIVEN RANDOM

VARIABLE
In your previous lessons, you have learned to find the possible values of a random variable.
This time you will learn how to compute probabilities that correspond to a given random
variable.
Probability of an Event
The probability of an event, denoted as P(X), is the numerical measure of the likelihood that an event
will occur. It is calculated by finding the quotient of the number of favorable outcomes and the total number
of possible outcomes, In symbols,
P(X)=𝑛(𝑋)/ n (S)
where n(X) is the number of the elements in the event and n(S) is the number of the elements in the sample
space.
Example 1. Suppose two coins are tossed. If X is a random variable representing the number
of tails that occur, find the probability that 1 head will come out.
Solution. The possible outcomes are HH,HT,TH and TT. Therefore, the probability that 1
head will come out P(1) is 2/4 =1/2 or 50% or P(X)= 𝑛(𝑋)/
n (S) = 2 /4 =1/2 𝑜𝑟 50%.
Example 2. Kenneth had thrown a pair of dice. What is the probability of getting a sum of 6?
9?
Solution: The sample space is the set {(2,4) (4,2), (3,3), (5,1), (1,5)} and there are 36
elements in the sample space. Hence, the probability of getting a sum of 6 is
P(X)= 𝑛(𝑋)
= 𝑜𝑟 13.89%
𝑛 (𝑆)
while the probability of getting a sum of 9 is

𝑛(𝑋)
P(X)= = 𝑜𝑟 11.11%
𝑛 (𝑆)
Example 3. Suppose a card is selected at random from a deck of 52 cards. Compute for the
probability of picking a “red queen” at random.
0Solution: The event “red queen” has two elements: E= { queen of spades, queen of clubs}.
Since there are 52 cards, the probability of picking a red queen is
P(X)= 𝑛(𝑋)/ n / S =
= or 3.85%
The Complement Rule of Probability

The probability that an event will happen P(E) and the probability that
it will not happen P(E’) give a sum of 1, or in symbols, P(E) + P(E’)=1.
Therefore, P(E’)=1-P(E).
Example 5. Maria, a Grade 11 student has a bag with 4 blue, 6 red and 10
yellow balloons. What is the probability that a balloon chosen at random is not
yellow?
Solution: Since there are 10 yellow balloons in a bag, the probability of getting
a yellow balloon is 10
= 1 𝑜𝑟 50%. Using the complement rule, the probability
that the balloon chosen is not yellow is:
P(not yellow)= 1- P(yellow), hence,
P(not yellow)= 1- or 50%
EXERCISE 1
Directions: Determine whether the following value can represent a probability. Show your
solutions and explain you answer.
1. The probabilities that a bias die will fall as 1,2,3,4,5, and 6 are ½, 1/6, 1/12 , 1/12, 1/12 &
1/12 RESPECTIVELY.
2. The probabilities that doctors save 5,6,7,8 or 9 covid-19 patients in one day are 0.18,
0.25,
0.1, 0.3 and 0.17 respectively
3. The probabilities that a businessman will invest P 28,000, P 50,000, or P 75,000 are
, , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
4. P(1)= , P(2)= , P(3)= , P(4)=
5. P(1)= 0.1, P(2)= 0.2, P(3)= 0.3, P(4)= 0.4,
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Answer the following problems using the Complement Rule of probability.
1. Ma. Laarni had a box containing 8 white balls, 6 green balls and 4 red balls which she
uses for her experiment. If a ball is chosen at random, what is the probability that a. it
is not white?
b. It is not green?
c. It is not red?
2. Kyla Mae and Mary Joy are two Senior High School students running for a position in
the Student Supreme Government. If the probability that Kyla Mae will win the
election is 0.52, What is the probability that Mary Joy will win?
3. Jomarson has three coins and tossed it simultaneously. Find the probability of showing
at least one head.
EXERCISE 3
Directions: Answer the following problems with accuracy. Show your complete solutions.
1. In a Statistics and Probability class, Kenjie was assigned to draw from an ordinary
deck of cards. What is the probability of drawing; a. an ace?
b. a diamond?
c. a face card?
d. a black jack?
e. a black card?
2. In a Cookery class, students were asked to choose at random a month of the year for
their culminating activity. What is the probability that the name of the months they
chose ends with y?
3. One of the hobbies of Marjorie is to collect local key chains. She has 15 key chains
from
Baguio, 10 from Puerto Princesa, 8 from Ilocos region, and 5 from Tagaytay. Her
brother Jomarson borrows one key chain for his school activity. What is the
probability that the key chain he borrows is from Puerto Princesa?
THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM

VARIABLE
A Random Variable can either be discrete or continuous. A discrete random variable is one
which takes on only a limited number of values. Hence, in this lesson we will illustrate the
mean and the variance of a discrete random variable.
Example1. If X is the random variable defined by the number of tails in tossing a coin twice,
the sample space would be: S={HH,HT,TH,TT}. Illustrate the process of finding the mean or
the expected value of getting one tail.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Construct the probability distribution
for the random variable X X P(X)
representing the number of getting 0
one tail.
1
or 1/2
2
2. Multiply the value of the random

variable X by the corresponding X P(X) X.P(X)
probability P(X) 0 0
3. Get the total/summation of X.P(X).

ƩX.P(X)= = 1
The result is the value of the mean
Thus, the mean of the distribution is 1.
Example 2. The probabilities of a certain company manufacturing 1,2,3,4 and 5 defective
laptops in two days are 0.32, 0.28, 0.15, 0.15 and 0.10 respectively. Illustrate the process of
finding the mean of the probability.
STEPS SOLUTION
representing the number of defective 1 0.32
laptops
2 0.28
3 0.15
4 0.15
5 0.10
probability P(X) 1 0.32 0.32
2 0.28 0.56
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.15 0.60
5 0.10 0.50
3. Get the total/summation of X.P(X). ƩX.P(X)= 2.43

The result is the value of the mean
Thus, the mean of the distribution is 2.43

Example 3. Illustrate and compute the variance of the number of sold detergents of a certain
store in our town 0,1,2,3,4,5, with the corresponding
probabilities , ,,, and.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean or the

expected value of the
probability distribution. X P(X) X.P(X)
µ= ƩX.P(X) 0 0
µ = = 2.43
2. Subtract the mean µ from
each value of the random
variable X X P(X) X.P(X) X-µ
0 0 0-2.43=-2.43
1 1-2.43=-1.43
2 2-2.43= -0.43
3 3-2.43= 0.57
4 4-2.43= 1.57
5 5-2.43= 2.57
3. Square (X-µ)
X P(X) X. P(X) X-µ (X-µ)2
0 0 -2.43 (-2.43)2 =5.90
1 -1.43 2.04
2 -0.43 0.18
3 0.57 0.32
4 1.57 2.46
5 2.57 6.60
4. Get the product of (X-µ)2.

and P(X)
X P(X) X.P(X) X-µ (X-µ)2 (X-µ)2. P(X)
0 0 -2.43 5.90 ) =1.2

(5.9)(
6
1 -1.43 2.04 0.15
2 -0.43 0.18 0.05
3 0.57 0.32 0.02
4 1.57 2.46 0.53
5 2.57 6.60 0.94

5. Get the sum of (X-µ)2. Ʃ(X-µ)2. P(X)=2.95
P(X). The result is the
value of the variance,
Thus, the variance of the probability is 2.95
Learning Competency
The learner is able to illustrate the Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
(M11/12SP-111b-1)
EXERCISE 1
Directions: Complete the table below by illustrating the process of finding the mean of the
probability distribution.
1. The probabilities of companies to manufacture medicines for
COVID-19
STEPS SOLUTION
for the random variable X
representing the number of company X P(X)
manufacturing medicines 1

probability P(X) 1
2
3
4
3. Get the total/summation of X.P(X) ƩX.P(X)=
2. Students taking up Online learning

STEPS SOLUTION
representing the number of students 15 0.24
attending the online
learning/classses. 20 0.28
24 0.20
30 0.23
40 0.05
probability P(X) 15 0.24
20 0.28
24 0.20
30 0.23
40 0.05
3. Get the total/summation of X.P(X) ƩX.P(X)=
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Complete the table below Illustrating the process of finding the variance of the
probability distribution
1. Smart Load in a Day
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean or the
expected value of the X P(X) X.P(X)
probability 10
distribution. µ=
ƩX.P(X)
15
20
25
µ=
2. Subtract the mean from
each value of the P(X) X.P(X) X-µ
random variable X
X
10
15
20
25
3. Square (X-µ)
X P(X) X. P(X) X-µ (X-µ)2
10
15
20
25
4. Get the product of (X-

µ)2. P(X) X P(X) X.P(X) X-µ (X- (X-µ)2. P(X)
µ)2
10
15
20
25
5. Get the sum of (X-µ)2. Ʃ(X-µ)2. P(X)=

P(X). The result is the
value of the variance,
EXERCISE 3.
Directions: Complete the table below illustrating the process of finding the mean and the
variance of a probability distribution. 10 points
No. of Probability X.P(X) X-µ (X-µ)2 X-µ)2. P(X)
students for P(X)
Online
Learning
X
26 0.20
27 0.20
28 0.25
29 0.25
30 0.10
µ= Ʃ(X-µ)2.
P(X)=
µ=27.85 Ʃ(X-µ)2. P(X)=1.6
The mean of the distribution is 27.85

The variance of the distribution is 1.6
CALCULATES THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLE
A probability distribution can be described in terms of its mean and variance. In this lesson
you will learn how to compute the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.
Definition: If X is a discrete random with values x1, x2, x3,…xn with probabilities P(x1),P( x2),
P(x3),…P(xn), respectively, then the mean, or expected value of X denoted by
E(X)= x1 P(x1) + x2 P( x2) + x3 P(x3) + …xn P(xn)= Ex P(x), for all elements of X.
It is obtained by multiplying each value of the random variable by the probability of its
occurrence and add all the products obtained.
Illustrative Examples:
Directions: Determine the Mean and or the Expected Value of each Random
Variable 1. Tails in Five Flips of a Coin
No. of tails (X) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Probability P(X) 0.03 0.16 0.31 0.31 0.16 0.03
Solution: 2(0.31) + 3 (0.31) +16) + 5(0.03= 2.5
4(0.
E(X)= 0 (0.03) + 1(0.16) +
The mean distribution is 2.5
2. Covid-19 Patients a Day

X P(x) X. P(x)
25
= 10
30
=6
35
= 6.3
40
= 4.8
E(X)=27.1
Therefore, the mean distribution is 27.1

On the other hand, the variance of a probability distribution is the expected value of the
squared deviations from the mean. It is given by the formula
𝑜2= Ʃ(X-µ)2 . P(X) Formula 1
Where 𝑜2 is the variance of the a discrete probability; X is the value of the random
variable ,µ is the mean of the probability distribution, and P(X) is the probability of the
random variable X
V(X)= E(X2)- [E(X)]2 Formula 2

Where V(X)= is the variance of the random variable; E(X)= mean of the probability
distribution
Directions: Complete the table below and compute for the variance of the probability
distributions
3. Number of Computers Sold
X P(X) X.P(X) X- µ (X- µ)2 (X- µ)2 . P(X)
0 0 -2.73 7.452
(7.452)( ) =0.994
1 -1.73 2.992
(2. 992)( ) =0.199
2 -0.73 0.532 0.142
3 0.27 0.072 0.01

=
4 1.27 1.612 0.43
5 2.27 5.152 0.687
𝑜2 =2.462
µ= = 2.73
Using formula 1
𝑜2= Ʃ(X-µ)2 . P(X)= 2.462

Therefore, the variance of the probability distribution is 2.462
4. Tails in Five Flips of a Coin

X P(x) X.P(x) X2 X2(P(x))
0 0.03 0 0 0
1 0.16 0.16 1 0.16
2 0.31 0.62 4 1.24
3 0.31 0.93 9 2.79
4 0.16 0.64 16 2.56
5 0.03 0.15 25 0.75
E(X )=2.5 E(X )2=7.5
Using formula 2
V(X)= E(X2)- [E(X)]2= 7.5- (2.5)2= 1.25
Therefore, the variance of the probability distribution is 1.25
EXERCISE 1
Directions: Complete the table below and determine the mean or the expected value of the
probability distribution.
1. Number of Errors in a Test
X.(P(x)
X P(x)
4 0.25 1.0
5 0.14 ? (a)
6 0.31 1.86
7 0.2 ? (b)
8 0.1 0.8
c. What is the mean of the distribution?

__________________ 2. Number of Books Borrowed
X. P(x)
X P(x)
0
4
5
E(X)=
What is the mean of the distribution? __________________
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Complete the table below and find the variance of the probability distributions
1. Number of Text Messages Received in a Day
X P(X) X.P(X) X- µ (X- µ)2 (X- µ)2 . P(X)
15 1.875
18 2.25
20 7.5
22 5.5
25 1/8 3.13
µ= 𝑜2 =
Therefore, the variance of the probability is ____________.

2. Webinar Attended in a Month
X P(X) X.P(X) X2 X2P(X)
0 0.25
1 0.30
2 0.20
3 0.15
4 0.10
E(X )= E(X )2=
What is the Variance of the distribution? _________________

EXERCISE 3
Construct a probability distribution for the random variable X which can take only the values
0,1,2, and 3 given that P(0)= , 𝑃(2)= , 𝑃(2) = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(3) = and calculate the mean and
the variance of the distribution.
Interpret the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
Exercise 1
Compute for the mean, variance and standard deviation of the following probability
distribution. (15 points)
1.
X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 2/7 3/7 1/7 1/7
2.
X 5 10
P(X) .80 .20
3.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/5 0 3/5 1/5 0
X 10 20 30
4.
P(X) 0.40 0.50 0.10
5. The probability distribution of the random variable X, which can take only the values 3,
4, and 6, given that P(3)=7/30, P(4)= 1/3, and P(6)= 13/30.
Exercise 2.
Solve the following problems.
1. Let the random variable Y represents the number of bond paper per ream that are used for
reproducing modules on any given workday. The probability distribution for Department A
is
Y 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y) 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.05
and for Department B
Y 1 2 3 4 5
P(Y) 0 0.25 0.15 0.30 0.30
Compute for the mean and variance of the two departments. Compare their mean
and show that the variance of the probability distribution for department B is greater than
of Department A.
2. The probabilities that a physician attends to 2, 3, 4, or 5 patients in any day are 0.40, 0.25,
0.15, and 0.20, respectively. Find the average number of patients that a physician attends
on a day. Interpret its value in the context of medical treatment.
3. The probability that a printer produces 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 misprints are 15%, 22%, 10%, 38%
and 15%, respectively. Construct a probability distribution table and compute the mean
value, variance and standard deviation of the random variable and then interpret each
value.
Exercise 3.
Solve the following problems completely.
1. A roulette wheels contains 50 numbers: 30 are red and 20 are green. The roulette is fair
which means that it is equally likely to land on any of the 50 numbers. You win P500 if
the roulette lands on red numbers; otherwise, you loss P300. What is the expected value or
payoff of the game?
2. In a playing card, a woman is paid P300 if she draws a jack or a queen and P500 if she
draws a king or an ace from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards. If she draws any other
card, she will pay P200. How much is the expected value of her winning?
3. A raffle offers P 20,000 cash for 1st prize, P10,000 for 2nd prize, and P 5,000 for 3rd prize.
The raffle has 1000 tickets sold at P150 each. Find the expected gain or loss if a person
buys one ticket.
Problems involving Mean and Variance of a Discrete Probability

Distribution
The mean of a random variable describes where the probability distribution is

centered; while the variance and its related standard deviation describe the amount of spread,
dispersion, or variability of the distribution.
Thus, many problems in the real world, especially those unplanned events, may be
modeled and solved by assigning a random variable and using probability.
Definition
Let X be a discrete random variable with probability distribution P(X) . The

mean or
expected value of Xis
𝝁 = 𝑬(𝑿) = ∑ 𝒙𝑷(𝒙)
𝒙
The variance of X is
𝟐
𝜎2 = 𝐸[(𝑋 − 𝝁)𝟐] = ∑ (𝑋 − 𝝁) 𝑷(𝒙) 𝒐𝒓 𝜎2 = 𝑬(𝑿𝟐) − 𝝁2
or
and thestandard deviationi s 𝝈 = √𝝈𝟐
Example 1.
Gain, X Win Lose
4,980 -20
Probability P(X)
A private organization conducted a raffle draw to finance their projects. One thousand
tickets are sold at 20.00 each for a flat screen television valued at 5,000. What is the expected
value of the gain if a person purchases one ticket?
Solution.
For a win, the net gain is 4,980, since the person does not get the cost of the ticket (20)
back. While for a loss, the gain is represented by a negative number, in this case (-20). The
solution, then, is
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = (4980) ( ) + (−20) ( )=

−15.
This means that the average of the losses is 15 for each of the 1000 ticket holders.
Example 2.
Four balls numbered 0, 2, 4, and 6 are placed in a bag. After the balls are mixed, one is
selected, its number is noted, and then it is replaced. If this experiment is repeated many
times, find the variance and standard deviation of the numbers on the balls.
Number of balls x 0 2 4 6
Probability, P(x) 1/4 ¼ 1/4 1/4
𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = (0) ( ) + (2) ( ) + (4) ( ) + (6) ( ) = 3

2 1 1 1 1
=∑ (𝑥 − 3 )2 𝑝 (𝑥 ) = (0 − 3 )2 ( ) + (2 − 3)2 ( ) + (4 − 3 )2 ( ) + (6 − 3 )2 ( )
𝜎 4 4 4 4
𝑥
𝜎 5
𝜎
The standard deviation is of the probability distribution is 2.236. This implies that on
the average, the number of balls selected from a bag is 2.236 units from the mean 3.
Exercise 1. Calculate for the mean or expected value, variance and standard deviation of each random
distribution. (2 points each)
1.
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 3/4 0 0 1/4
2.
Y 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(Y) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
3.
R 1 2 3
P(R) 5/10 0 5/10
4.
M 1 2 3 4
P(M) .2 .1 .3 .4
5.
S 2 4
P(S) 20% 80%
Exercise 2. Solve the following problems. (3 points each) 1. Find the mean of the
probability distribution of the random variable X if P(X)=𝑥 −3 for 15 X= 7, 8, and 9.
2. A random number generator produces sequences of independent digits, each of which
is as likely to be any digit from 0 to 9 as any other. If X denotes any single digit, find
the mean or expected value of the probability distribution.
3. A player draws a card at random from a standard deck of 52 cards. If the card drawn is
red, the player wins P500 but if it is black, he loses P250. Find the expected value of
the game.
4. A private organization conducted a raffle draw to finance their projects. One thousand
tickets are sold at 10.00 each for four prizes of 2,000, 1,500, 1,000 and 500. What is
the expected value if a person purchases two tickets?
5. By investing in a stock, Mark can make a profit in one year of P5000 with a
probability of 0.3 or take a loss of P1000 with a probability of 0.7. What is his
expected gain per month?
Exercise 3. Solve the following problems. (3 points each)

1. Suppose that the probabilities are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 and 0, respectively, that 0,1,2,3 or 4
power failure will strike a certain barangay in any given month. Find the variance of
the random variable X representing the number of power failures striking this
barangay.
Number of Cellular 10 12 13 15 18 20
Phone Sold (X)
Probability P(X) .20 .10 .15 .15 .10 .30
2. The number of a cellular phones sold per day with its corresponding probabilities, is
shown in the table below. Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.
3. Five COVID patients are tested with a specific medicine. The probabilities for 0, 1, 2,
3, or 4 successes are 0.25, 0.10, 0.15, 0.35, and 0.15. Find the variance and standard
deviation of the probability distribution.
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(Y) .04 .26 .15 .10 .45
4. The probability distribution of Y, the number of imperfections per 5 meters of a
synthetic fabric in continuous rolls of uniform width, is given by
FIND THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION.
5. The probability that 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 people will be placed on hold when they call a
customer service representative is shown in the distribution. Find the variance and
standard deviation for the data. The customer service has four phone lines.
C 0 1 2 3 4
P(C) .20 .18 .33 .15 .14
The Normal Distribution and its Properties

@Illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics
Exercise 1.
True or False. Read each statement below carefully. Write True if the statement is correct,
otherwise, False on the space provided before each number. If the statement is False,
underline the word(s) that make it wrong. (1 point each)
_______1. The shape and position of a normal distribution curve depends on two parameters, the
mean and the standard deviation.
_______2. The curve of a normal distribution extends indefinitely at the tails.
_______3. The shape of the normal probability distribution is symmetric about the median.
_______4. The mean affects both the width and the height of the curve.
_______5. The area under a normal curve is 1.
_______6. The spread of the curve depends on the mean of the distribution.
_______7. The graph is a continuous curve with the domain −∞ < 𝐱 < ∞.
_______8. The area under the normal curve to the right of the mean is 0.5.
_______9. The maximum point of a normal curve occurs at the median of the distribution.
_______10. Approximately, 68.3% of the values in the distribution are within 1.5 standard
deviation of the mean.
Exercise 2.
Do the following. Sketch the normal distribution/s given the following conditions. (2
points each)
1. Two normal distributions with the same mean and standard deviation.
2. Three normal distribution in one horizontal axis with the same mean but with different
standard deviation.
3. A normal curve with shaded area within 2 standard deviation of the mean.
4. A normal curve with a mean, μ=75 and standard deviation, σ=1.
5. A normal curve with a mean, μ=0 and standard deviation, σ=1.
Exercise 3.
Solve the following problems. Compute for the mean and standard deviation of the
distribution and construct the corresponding normal curve. (5 points each)
1. Compute the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution where 68.3% of the
values fall between 2.8 and 4.0. Construct the normal curve of the normal distribution.
2. Assume that 95.5% of students have a grade in Statistics and Probability subject
between 85 and 93 and the data are normally distributed. (a.) Compute the mean and
standard deviation of the distribution. (b.) Construct the normal curve of the normal
distribution.
IDENTIFIES REGION UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

CORRESPONDING TO DIFFERENT STANDARD NORMAL
VALUES.
The most important of all continuous probability distribution is the normal

distribution. Its graph is called the normal curve, a bell-shaped curve. It lies entirely above the
horizontal axis. The area between the curve and the horizontal axis is exactly equal to 1.
Half the area is above the mean and the remaining half is below the mean.
There are many normal distributions. A normal distribution is determined by two
parameters: The mean µ and the standard deviation σ. If the mean is 0, the standard deviation
is 1, then the normal distribution is a standard normal distribution. The areas under this
curve can be found using the Areas Under the Standard normal Curve Table.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Areas Under Normal Curve

However, the mean µ is not always equal to zero and the standard deviation σ is not
always equal to 1. In the normal curve below, µ=50 and σ=5.
In the normal curve below, µ=100 and σ=10
Example 1.
Find the area between z = 0 and z = 1.75.
Solution:
Step 1. Sketch the normal curve.
0 1.75
Since 1.75 is positive. It is somewhere to the right of 0.
Step 2. Locate the area for z = 1.75 from the Areas Under the Normal Curve table.
Proceed down the column marked z until you reach 1.7. Then proceed to the right along this
row until you reach the column mark 5. The intersection of the row that contains 1.7 and the
column 5 is the area. The area is 0.4599.
Example 2. Find the area between z= 1.75 and z= 2.7
Solution:
A2
A1 A
0 1.75 2.7
Step 2.
Let A= area between z = 1.75 and z = 2.7 A 1

= area between z = 0 and z = 1.75
A2 = area between z = 0 and z = 2.7
From the table:

A1 = 0.4599
A2= 0.4965
A = A2 - A1
=0.4965 - 0.4599
=0.0366
Hence, the area between z =1.75 and z = 2.7 is 0.0366.

60
Example 3. Find the area to the right of z = 1.75
Solution:
0.5
A1 A
1.75
Step 2. Let A = area to the right of z = 1.75

From the table:

A1 = 0.4599
A = 0.5 - A1 , since the area of the half the curve is 0.5
= 0.5 – 0.4599 =
0.0401
Hence, the area to the right of z = 1.75 is 0.04
Identifies region under the normal curve corresponding to different

standard normal values.
ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Find the area that corresponds to each of the following standard normal
values(zvalues).(1 pt. each)
1. Z= 0.6 6. Z= 0.35
2. Z= 1.96 7. Z= 2.13
3. Z= -1.51 8. Z= -1.09
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4. Z= 2.35 9. Z= -1.18
5. Z = -1.23 10. Z= -2.85 ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Identify the region/area under the normal curve corresponding to each of the
following cases.(2 pts. each)
1. Between z = 0 and z = 1.36
2. Between z = 0 and z = -1.87
3. Between z = 1.36 and z = 2.5
4. Between z = -1.36 and z = -1.87
5. Between z = -1.36 and z = 2.5
6. Between z = 1.36 and z = -2.5
7. To the right of z = 1.36
8. To the right of z = -1.36
9. To the left of z = 2.5
10.To the left of z = -1.87
ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Find the indicated area under the normal curve, then convert it to percentage.
(3 pts.each)
1. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = 0.58 and z = 2.8?
2. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = -2.00 and z =
2.00?
3. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = -1.15 and z =
1.15?
4. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = -1.34 and z = -
2.13?
5. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between z = 2.38 and z
= -1.32?
CONVERTS A NORMAL RANDOM VARIABLE TO A STANDARDS NORMAL

VARIABLE AND VICE-VERSA
The standard score or z-score measures how many standard deviations is given
value(x) is above or below the mean. The z-scores are useful in comparing observed values.
A positive z-score indicates that the score or observed value is above the mean, whereas a
negative zscore or observed value is below the mean.
The z-score is found by using the following equations: A.
29
For Sample
𝑋 − 𝑋̅
𝑍=
𝑠
Where:
Z = standard score
X= raw score or observed value
𝑋̅= sample mean
S = sample standard deviation
B. For Populations:
𝑍=X
−µ σ Where:
Z = standard score
x= raw score or observed value µ =
population mean
σ = population standard deviation
Example 1.
On a final examination in Mathematics, the mean was 50 and the standard deviation
was 10. Determine the standard score of a student who received a score of s40, assuming that
the scores are normally distributed.
Solution:
𝑋 − 𝑋̅ 40 − 50
𝑍= == −1
𝑠 10
-1 0
This means that 40 is -1, and the standard deviation is below the mean.
Example 2.
On the third quarter examination in Physics, the population mean was 80 and the
population standard deviation was 8. Determine the standard score of student who got a score
of 92, assuming that the scores are normally distributed.
30
Solution:
𝑋 − 𝑋̅ 92 − 80
𝑍= = = 1.5
𝑠 8
-1.5 0 1.5
80 92
This means that 92 is 1.5 standard deviation above the mean.
Example 3.
Ana scored 80 in a Filipino test and 60 in an English test. Scores in Filipino test have a
mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 8. Scores in English test have a mean of 50 and a
standard deviation of 5. In which subject was her standing better assuming that the scores in
her Filipino and English class are normally distributed?
Solution: For Filipino
𝑋 − 𝑋̅ 80 − 70
𝑍= == 1.25
𝑠 8
For English
𝑋 − 𝑋̅ 60 − 50
𝑍= == 2
𝑠 5
Her standing in English was better than her standing in Filipino. Her score in Filipino
was 1.25 standard deviation above the mean of the scores in Filipino whereas in English, her
score was 2 standard deviation above the mean of the scores in English.
31
Example 4.
In a Statistics test, the score is 40 and the standard deviation is 4. Assuming the scores
are normally distributed, what percent of the score is
a. greater than 45?
b. Less than 50?
c. Between 35 and 46? Solution:
a. 1. Convert the score 45 to z-score.
𝑋 − 𝑋̅ 45 − 40
𝑍= = = 1.25
𝑠 4
32
2. Sketch the normal curve.
A 2 = 0.5
A1 A
0 1.25
40 4
Let A = area to the right of z = 1.25

A1 = Area between z = 0 and z = 1.25
A2 = area of the half of the curve
From the table: A1 = 0.3944 A =

A2 - A1
= 0.5 – 0.3944
= 0.1056
Hence, 10.56% of the scores is greater than 45.
Converts a random variable to a standard normal variable and

vice versa
ACTIVITY 1 Direction: In a given normal distribution the

sample mean is 70 and the sample standard deviation is 5. Find the
corresponding standard score (z) of the following:(1 point each).
33
1. 65 6. 56 2.
2.85 7. 80 3.
3.69 8. 62 4.
4. 76 9. 59
5. 78 10. 55
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Using the formula for z, find the value of the random variable x in each of the
following
1.µ = 86, σ = 15, z = 1.6
2.µ = 50, σ = 8, z = 2
3.µ = 53, σ = 6, z = -1.5
4.µ = 68, σ = 4, z = -2.5
5.µ = 70, σ = 10, z = 1.5
ACTIVITY 3
Direction: Solve the following problems:

1. On a final examination in Statistics, the mean was 86 and the standard
deviation is 4. Determine the standard score of the student who received a score of 92
assuming the scores are normally distributed.
2. Ben gets a score of 75 in a Chemistry test and 70 in a Physics test. Scores in a
Chemistry test have a mean of 65 and a standard deviation of 6. Scores in the Physics
test have a mean of 66 and a standard deviation of 2. In which subject is her standing
better assuming that the scores in the two subjects are normally distributed?
3. In a Mathematics test, the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 5.
Assuming the scores are normally distributed, what percent of the scores is: a.
greater than 55?
b. less than 60?
c. between 40 and 55?
COMPUTES PROBABILITIES AND PERCENTILES USING THE

STANDARD NORMAL CURVE
For any set of measurements, (arranged in ascending or descending order), a percentile (or
a centile) is a point in the distribution such that a given number of cases is below it. A percentile
is a measure of relative standing. It is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a measurement
to the rest of the data.
34
In the previous lesson we learned how to compute the z- scores based on means
and standard deviations for both sample and population. The resulting z-scores allowed us to
read the corresponding areas (or probabilities) using the standard normal table.
Example 1. Find the 90th percentile of a normal curve.

Solution:
a. Sketch the normal curve
0.9
0.5 0.4
0 z
b. Express the given percentage as a probability. 90% is the same as 0.9000.

c. Split 0.9000 into 0.5000 and 0.4000.
0.9000=0.5000 + 0.4000
d. Locate the area 0.4000 in the z- table.
-The area is not found in the table. It is between the value 0.3997 and 0.4015
e. Get the nearest area which is 0.3997.
0.3997 corresponds to z = 1.28.
Hence, the 90th percentile is z = 1.28.
Example 2.
The results of NAT scores in Mathematics are normally distributed with µ = 70 and
𝜎 = 10. What is the percentile rank of a score 75?
Solution:
a. Convert the raw score 75 to z–score
Z= X – 𝜇 / σ = 75 – 70 / 10 = 0.5
Z= 0.5 corresponds to the area 0.1915.

b. Sketch the curve.
35
A
A2 A1
0
0.5
70 75
Let A = area below z = 0.5

A2 = area of half the curve
From the table:

A1 = 0.1915
A2 = 0.5
A = A1 + A2
= 0.1915 + 0.5
= 0.6915
=69.15%
Hence, the percentile rank of the score 75 in the NAT is 69.15.
Example 3.
A certain flashlight battery lasts on the average of 5 years with a standard
deviation of 0.75 years. Assuming that the battery lives and normally distributed, find the
probability that a given battery will last less than 3.5 years?
Solution;
1. Compute for z.
Z= X – 𝜇 / σ = 3.5 – 5 / 0.75 = - 2
2. Sketch the normal curve.
36
A2
A1
-2 0
3.5 5
Let A = area below z = -2

A1 = area between z = 0 and z = -2
A2 = area of half the curve
From the table: A1 =

0.4772
A2 = 0.5
A = A2 - A1
= 0.5 - 0.4772
= 0.0228 or 2.28%
Hence, the probability that a given battery will last less than 3.5 years is 0.0228 or
2.28
37
Computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard
normal table.
ACTIVITY 1
Directions:
Find each of the following percentile points under the normal curve.(1 point each).
1. P98
2. P80
3. P64
4. P42
5. P30
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Answer this problem:

The result of an exam in Mathematics has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation
of 8. What is the percentile rank of the following scores. (1 point each).
1. 70
2. 64
3. 58
4. 52
5. 50
ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Solve the following problems:

1. The mean height of female Grade 11 students in a certain Senior High School
is 160 cm. and the standard deviation is 4. Assuming the heights are normally
distributed, what percent of the heights is less than 164 cm?(3 points)
2. The mean weight of 700 students in a certain High School is 132 pounds and the
standard deviation is 8 pounds. Assuming that the weights are normally
distributed, find the probability that the weight of a certain student is less than 126
pounds.(3 points)
3. Three hundred students participated in a field demonstration. Their heights averaged
156 cm. with a standard deviation of 6 cm.
a. What is the probability that a student, picked at random has a height greater than
160 cm.?(3 points)
b. What is the probability that the height of the student picked at random, is less than
150 cm.?(3 points)
c. What is the minimum height of the students who belong to the upper 30% of the
group?(3points)
38
Illustrates Random Sampling
Probability Sampling Techniques

It is a sampling technique wherein each member or element of the population has an equal
chance of being selected as members of the sample.
1.
Simple Random Sampling
• Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the
population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected.
2.
Systematic Sampling
• Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame.
The intervals are chosen to ensure an adequate sample size. If you need
a sample size n from a population of size x, you should select
every x/nth individual for the sample.
3.
Stratified Sampling
• In this method, the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata)
who all share a similar characteristic. It is used when we might reasonably expect the
measurement of interest to vary between the
different subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all the
subgroups.
4.
Cluster Sampling
• In a clustered sample, subgroups of the population are used as the
sampling unit, rather than individuals. The population is divided into
subgroups, known as clusters, which are randomly selected to be included in the study.
Examples
Identify the probability sampling technique used in each of the following situations:
39
1. The pilot testing for the modular distance learning will be conducted. Students will be
classified according to grade level and 25 students will be selected from each grade level
to participate in the pilot testing.
2. A teacher wants to choose 5 students from her 45 students. She will select every 6 th
student from her list.
3. A Principal wants to select 5 teachers to attend a 2-hour webinar on google classroom. To
avoid bias in selecting teachers, she will assign numbers to all teachers based on their
alphabetical list. She will make use of the random number table to choose the 5 teachers.
4. All senior citizens who belong to the 5 chosen barangays will join in the Rapid testing for
Covid-19.
5. Suppose a community consists of 250 families belonging to different income brackets.
We will select samples from families coming from each of the three income brackets,
high-income; average-income; and low-income.
Answers
1. Stratified
2. Systematic
3. Simple Random
4. Cluster
5. Stratified
ILLUSTRATE THE DIFFERENT RANDOM SAMPLING METHODS.
Exercise 1
Direction: Identify the random sampling technique illustrated in each scenario.
Use:
SI for Simple Random
SY for Systematic
ST for Stratified
CL for Cluster Sampling
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

1. A survey will be conducted to 25 randomly selected students from a Grade
11 class to determine their most preferred learning modality for SY 2020-
2021.
2. In a class, every 5th student will be chosen to participate in the webinar on, “The Effect
of Covid-19 to Philippine Education”.
3. In a municipality with 30 barangays, five barangays will be randomly selected
and all students from the 5 barangays will be interviewed regarding the impact
of Covid-19 to them as students.
4. Twenty teachers from a certain school will be selected using the lottery method
to be the respondents of a study on the “Readiness of Teachers in the New
Normal”.
40
5. Students are categorized into grade levels and sections. Fifteen representatives
from each grade level and section will be chosen to participate on a survey on
the gadgets they have at home.
6. Mrs. Cruz, a Class Adviser of Grade 11 randomly selects 25 out of her 50
students to participate on a survey on the internet access of students at home.
7. All students belonging to the 8 randomly selected sections will participate in the
survey on the readiness of students for SY 2020-2021.
8. Teachers are grouped into age bracket and sex. Five representatives from each
age bracket and sex will be selected to participate on a survey on the “Online
Readiness and Capability of Teachers for SY 2020-2021.
9. In a school, every 3rd teacher will be selected to participate in the Rapid Test for
Covid-19.
10. The names of 100 televiewers are written on slips of papers. The slips of papers
are placed inside a box, and twenty names are picked from the box to receive a
cash price.
Exercise 2
Direction: Illustrate the following:
2. A study will need a sample of 50 students. There are five sections (Sections A-E) of
Grade 11 students with 50 students per class.
A. Use stratified sampling to choose the 50 samples
B. Use cluster sampling to choose the 50 samples.
3. A researcher would like to investigate the perception of students towards online learning.
A. Use stratified sampling to choose the 100 respondents from the 900 students.
Grade Level Number of Students
Grade 7 160
Grade 8 154
Grade 9 146
Grade 10 138
Grade 11 162
Grade 12 140
Total 900
Exercise 3
Direction: Read and analyze the given situation below. Determine the most appropriate
sampling method to use in each item.
A survey is conducted to determine the readiness of students for distance learning. The class
adviser would like to utilize 20 of her students to participate in the survey.
1. What sampling technique is best to use if she will not consider the gender of her
students?
41
2. What if she will consider the gender of the students in choosing the
participants, what sampling technique will she use?
3. What sampling technique will be used if she wants to have a systematic way of
choosing the respondents regardless the gender?
Distinguishes Between Parameter and Statistic
Parameter is a value or measurement obtained from a population. It referred

is usually
to as
the true or actual value.
Statistic is a value or measurement obtained from a sample. It is an estimate of a parameter.
Examples
Identify if the following examples is a parameter or a statistic
1.The mean grade of all students in a Statistics class is 88.5.
2.The average height of a sample of 50 male students is 5 feet and 7 inches.
3.Sixty (60) percent of all students at a particular high school prefer modular distance
learning.
Answers
1.Parameter
2. Statistic
3. Parameter
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PARAMETER AND STATISTIC.
Directions/Instructions:
A. Determine if the given statement is a parameter or a statistic.
1. The recovery rate of patients from Covid-19 in the Philippines is 33.49% as of July 20,
2020.
2. Based on the results of the national LESF it showed that 7.2 million enrolees this school
year prefer to use modular distance learning.
3. A sample of 10 public schools in Region 2 showed that 80% of their enrolees prefer
blended learning as revealed in the result of the LESF.
4. The average height of 100 randomly selected 16-year-old women in Region 2 is 5 feet and
4 inches.
5. In a certain secondary school, 49.75% of the entire student population chose online
distance learning.
42
6. Out of 150 sample households, only 34.67% have internet connection.
7. The percentage of students having a smartphone in the Philippines is almost 90%.
8. A sample of 50 Covid-19 patients with mild symptoms obtained a mean of 14 days to
recover from the virus.
9. Covid-19 patients with severe symptoms in the Philippines take an average of three to six
weeks to recover.
10. A sample of 500 randomly selected LESFs from Region 2 revealed that more than 50%
preferred modular distance learning.
B. For each study, identify both the parameter and statistic. Assume that the
following situations are true based on surveys.
1. The number of internet subscribers in the Philippines is 73 million. The digital population
mostly belong to the age group of 16 years old above. A study is interested to estimate the
number of internet users in Region 2. In a random sample of 5000 students aged 16-18 it
revealed that out of the 5000 samples 4218 or 84.36% are internet subscribers.
2. In the Philippines, almost 90% of the Senior High School students play online games
during the lockdown. A research is conducted to determine the proportion of Senior High
School students in Region 2 who had played at least one online game during the
lockdown. Of the 2500 random samples, 2376 or 95.04% of them played at least one
online game during the lockdown.
3. A researcher wants to estimate the average height of 16-year old Filipino men. A random
sample 500 men were taken from the different regions of the country, the researcher
obtained a mean height of 70 inches from the samples.
4. The energy department wants to determine the average monthly kilowatt per hour (KWH)
consumption of households during the lockdown. A sample of 1000 households obtained
a mean of 300 kilowatt per hour (KWH) consumption per month.
5. In the Philippines, 41.34 % of the students prefer the modular distance learning. A survey
is conducted to determine the most preferred learning modality in Region 2. Of the 1500
samples, 822 or 54.8% of them preferred the modular distance learning.
C. Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your

answer.
1. A recent survey of 100 students showed that the average number of hours they stay online
is 4 hours a day.
2. All students in a certain school spend an average of 80 minutes in watching youtube
videos.
3. A sample of 50 patients obtained a mean of 5 days to recover from cough.
Identifies Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means
43
computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a
population.
Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Mean
1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the
population using the formula: NCn
Where: N = size of the population
n = size of the sample
2. List all possible samples and compute for the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in Step
2.
Example
A population consists of five numbers 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. Consider samples of size 2 that
can be drawn from this population.
a. NCn = 5C2
= 10
!
b. List all the possible samples and their corresponding mean

Sample Mean
13,14 13.5
13,15 14.0
13,16 14.5
13,17 15.0
14,15 14.5
14,16 15.0
14,17 15.5
15,16 15.5
15,17 16.0
16,17 16.5
C. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
13.5 1 0.10
14.0 1 0.10
14.5 2 0.20
15.0 2 0.20
15.5 2 0.20
16.0 1 0.10
16.5 1 0.10
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Total 10 1.00
IDENTIFIES SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS OF STATISTICS (SAMPLE MEAN
C. How many different samples of size n = 2 can be selected from the following sizes
of population? Write your answer on the blank provided before the number. (1
point each) 1. N = 8
2. N = 9
3. N = 12 4. N = 20 5. N = 30 6. N = 35 7. N =
42 8. N = 53 9. N = 65
10. N = 78
D. Find the mean of the following sets of numbers. Write your answer on the
space provided.
Given Mean
3, 5, 7
5, 6, 6, 7
7, 8, 9, 10, 11
8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
E.
a. A population consists of five numbers 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10. Consider samples of size 3
that can be drawn from the population.
A. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population
B. List all the possible samples and their corresponding mean
C. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means
b. A population consists of six numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. Consider samples of size 2
that can be drawn from the population
11. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population
12. List all the possible samples and their corresponding mean
13. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means
The Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample

Means
In your previous lessons, you have studied about the mean and variance of a probability
distribution and the step-by-step process of constructing the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
45
In this learning activity sheet, you will be able to find the mean and variance of a
sampling distribution of the sample means using formulas for the mean and variance of
probability distribution and define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is: a) known and b) unknown.
Example
Consider a population with values 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. 1. What is the mean (),
variance (σ2) and standard deviation (σ) of the population?
2. How many samples of size 2 can be taken from the population?
3. List all possible samples of size 2 from the population if sampling is without replacement.
Then calculate the mean of each sample.
4. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample means for this population.
5. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means (𝜇𝑥̅). Compare this to the
mean of the population.
6. Calculate the variance (𝝈𝟐𝑋̅) and standard deviation (𝜎𝑋̅)of the sampling distribution of
the sample means. Compare this to the variance and standard deviation of the population.
Solution: 1. The mean of the population can be computed using the formula:
= ∑𝑋

So, the mean of the population is 6.
The variance of the population can be computed using the formula:

N
Here are the steps to compute the variance of the population:
Step 1: Subtract the computed mean of the population from each value of X
Step 2: Square the results in step 1
Step 3: Add the results in step 2
Step 4: Divide the ∑(X − )2 by the value of N.
X Step 1: X −  Step 2: (X − )2

2 2-6= -4 (-4)2 = 16
4 4-6= -2 (-2)2 = 4
6 6-6= 0 (0)2 = 0
8 8-6= 2 (2)2 = 4
10 10-6= 4 (4)2 = 16
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Step 3: ∑(X − )2 = 16 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 16 = 40
Step 4:
N
σ2 = 8
Therefore, the variance of the population is 8.
The standard deviation of the population can be computed by simply getting the
square root of the variance. That is σ= . So, the standard deviation of the population
is σ=
2. To find the number of samples taken from the population, use the formula C
N 𝑛
Given: N=5, n=2

NC𝑛 = 5C2 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2 taken from the population.
3. List of samples and its corresponding mean.

Samples Sample Mean (𝑋̅)
2,4 3
2,6 4
2,8 5
2,10 6
4,6 5
4,8 6
4,10 7
6,8 7
6,10 8
8,10 9
4. Sampling Distribution or Probability Distribution of the sample means

Probability Distribution
Sample Mean (𝑋̅) Frequency (f)
P(𝑋̅)
3 1 1/10
4 1 1/10
5 2 2/10 or 1/5
6 2 2/10 or 1/5
7 2 2/10 or 1/5
8 1 1/10
9 1 1/10
Total 10 1
47
5. To find the mean of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means (𝑥̅),
Step 1: Multiply the sample mean (𝑋̅) to its corresponding probability distribution
P(𝑋̅). Label this as (𝑋̅)• P(𝑋̅); and
Step 2: Get the summation of results in Step 1.
𝑿̅ P(𝑿̅) Step 1: (𝑿̅) • P(𝑿̅)

3 1/10 3/10
4 1/10 4/10
5 2/10 or 1/5 10/10
6 2/10 or 1/5 12/10
7 2/10 or 1/5 14/10
8 1/10 8/10
9 1/10 9/10
Step 2: 𝑥̅=∑[𝑋̅ • P (𝑋̅ )] = 60/10 or 6
Note: The formula in finding the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
means is the same with the mean of the probability distribution. We just replace the
variable X with 𝑋̅ since the random variable in the sampling distribution of the sample
means is the sample mean.
So, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means (𝑥̅) is 6.
The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the mean of the
population. We can write this as: 𝑥̅ = 
6. To find the variance 𝝈𝟐̅𝒙 of the sampling distribution of the sample means , consider
the following steps:
Step 1: Subtract the mean (𝑥̅) of the sampling distribution of the sample means from
each sample mean (𝑋̅). It can be labelled as 𝑋̅-𝑥̅
Step 2: Square the difference of population mean and each sample mean.
It can be labelled as (𝑋̅-𝑥̅)2
Step 3: Multiply the results in step 2 by its corresponding probability. It can be labelled
as (𝑋̅-𝑥̅)2 • P (𝑋̅ )
Step 4: Get the summation of results in step 3
𝑋̅ P(𝑋̅) Step 1: 𝑋̅-𝑥̅ Step 2: (𝑋̅-𝑥̅)2 Step 3: (𝑋̅-𝑥̅)2 • P (𝑋̅ )

3 3-6= -3 (-3)2= 9 9• 1 = 9
10 10
4 4-6= -2 (-2) = 4
2 1
4• =4
10 10
48
5 5-6= -1 (-1)2= 1 2
1• =2
10 10
6 6-6= 0 (0) = 0
2
0• =0
7 7-6= 1 (1)2= 1 2
1• =2
10 10
8 8-6= 2 (2) = 4
2
4• = 1 4
10 10
9 9-6= 3 (3) = 9
2
9• = 1 9
10 10
𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩 𝟒: 𝝈 𝑋̅ =∑[(𝑋̅ -𝑥̅ )2 • P (𝑋̅)] = 30

𝟐
or 3
10
So, the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝝈𝟐𝑋̅ is 3.
Standard Deviation: 𝜎 = √∑[(𝑋̅ − 𝑥̅ )2 • P (𝑋̅)]
𝜎 or 1.73
So, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 1.73
The computed value of the variance and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample means is smaller than the variance and standard deviation of a population.
• FINDS THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF

THE SAMPLE MEANS , AND
• DEFINES THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN FOR
NORMAL POPULATION WHEN THE VARIANCE IS: A) KNOWN;
B)UNKNOWN
•
• Exercise 1: “I Can Do It”
1. Samples of two cards are drawn at random from a population of 6 cards numbered
from 1 to 6.
a. How many possible samples can be drawn from the population? [2points]
b. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn without replacement and
calculate its corresponding means. (The table below is already given as hint)
[5 points
]
Samples Sample Mean (̅X)
49
c. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means. (The table below is
already given as hint) [9 points]
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Sample Mean (̅X) Frequency Probability Distribution P(̅X)
Total
2. A group of students got the following scores in a Mathematics quiz: 8,12,16, 20, and
24. Consider sample scores of size 3 that can be drawn without replacement from the
given scores.
a. List all the possible samples of size 3 and calculate the means of each sample.
Round your sample mean into 2 decimal places. [5 points]
Sample Sample Mean (̅X)
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means. [5 points]

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Sample Mean (̅X) Frequency Probability Distribution P(̅X)
50
Total
Exercise 2: “Engage Me”

Directions: Read and analyze each question then answer what is being asked. Show your
stepby step solution.
1. A group of students got the following scores in a Mathematics quiz: 8,12,16, 20, and
24. Consider sample scores of size 3 that can be drawn without replacement from the
given scores. Calculate:
a) The population mean ; [2 points]
b) The variance and standard deviation σ of the population [3 points]
The mean x̅ of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Compare this
to the mean  of the population. [5 points]
c) The standard deviation 𝜎𝑥̅ of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
Compare this to the standard deviation σ of the population. [5 points]
2. The 4 nurses assigned in the RHU in the Municipality of Luna have the following
ages: 24, 26, 28, and 30. Suppose samples of size 2 are drawn from this population.
Let x be the age of the nurses.
a. What is the mean () and standard deviation (σ) of the ages of the population?
[5 points]
How many samples of size 2 can be taken from the population?
[2 points]
List all possible samples of size 2 of the population if sampling is without replacement.
Then calculate the mean 𝑥̅ of each sample. [4 points]
b. Construct a sampling distribution of the sample means for this population.

[5 points]
c. Find the mean 𝜇𝑥̅ of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to
the mean  of the population. [5 points]
Calculate the variance 𝝈𝟐𝑋̅ and standard deviation 𝜎𝑋̅ of the sampling distribution of the sample
means. Compare this to the variance 𝜎2and standard deviation of the population σ.
[5 points] Exercise 3: “Solve Me”
51
Direction: Solve the following problem. Assume that the population is infinite in each item.
Show your solution. [Hint: The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means
can be solve using the formula: 𝝈𝟐𝑋̅ = 𝜎 𝑛
2
]
1. Consider a population with a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 3. Samples of

size 5 are obtained from the population. Determine the: a) mean of the sampling
distribution,
b) variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means; and c) standard deviation
of the sampling distribution of the sample means. [5 points ]
2. The height of female Senior High School students of Luna National High School is
normally distributed with a mean of 65 inches and a standard deviation of 2 inches. If
20 students are randomly selected from the population, what would be the mean and
standard deviation of the resulting sampling distribution of the sample means?
[4
points ]
3. A random sample of n=50 measurements is obtained from a population with =160

and standard deviation of 3. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means
by calculating its mean and standard deviation. [4 points ]
Central Limit Theorem Definition and Illustration
Central Limit Theorem

If a random sample of size n is drawn from a population with mean µ x and a variance 𝝈
2
x and n is chosen large enough, then the sampling distribution of the
sample mean ̅𝒙 is approximately normally distributed with mean
E(̅𝒙) = µ̅𝒙 = µx and variance Var (̅𝒙) = 𝝈𝟐̅𝒙 = 𝛔𝟐𝒙 .
This theorem says that regardless of the distribution of the population from
which a sample is taken, we can choose a sufficiently large n so that the resulting
sampling distribution will approach a normal distribution. In general, n≥ 30 is
large enough for the sampling distribution of the mean to be approximately normal.
𝒛 𝝁
√𝒏where: ̅𝒙 = sample mean
µ = population mean
52
𝝈 = population standard deviation
𝒏 = 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞
Example
The average time it takes a group of students to finish a certain class activity is 39 minutes.
The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Find the probability that if 45 randomly selected
students take the activity, the mean time it takes the group of students to complete the
activity will be less than 41 minutes.
Given:
Steps Solution
Identify the given information ̅𝒙 = 41 µ
= 39
𝝈=8
𝒏 = 𝟒𝟓
Solve the problem Z=
√𝟒𝟓
0.5 + 0.4535 = 0.9535

State the answer So, the probability that the 45 students
will complete the class activity in less
than 41 minutes is 95.35%.
@ ILLUSTRATES THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM.

@ DEFINES THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN USING THE
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM.
Follow the different steps to answer the following problems applying the central limit theorem.
1. The average time it takes a group of senior high school students to finish a periodical
examination is 45 minutes. The standard deviation is 6.5 minutes. Assume that the
variable is normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that if 50 randomly selected students will take the periodical test,
the mean time will be more than 47.5 minutes?
b. What is the probability that if 50 randomly selected will take the periodical test, the mean
time will be less than 47.5 minutes?
c. What is the probability that if 50 randomly selected will take the periodical test, the mean
time will be between 43 minutes and 47.5 minutes?
d. What is the probability that if 50 randomly selected will take the periodical test, the mean
time will be between 46 minutes and 47 minutes?
2. The mean weight of 16-year old females is 120 pounds with a standard deviation of 12.5
53
a. If a sample of 35 female is selected, find the probability that the mean weight of the
samples is less than 125 pounds.
b. If a sample of 30 female is selected, find the probability that the mean weight of the
samples is between 120 pounds and 123 pounds.
c. If a sample of 30 female is selected, find the probability that the mean weight of the
samples is between 121pounds and 123 pounds.
3. The average number of milligrams (mg) of sugar of a certain brand of milk tea is 600 mg
with a standard deviation of 28 mg. Assume that the variable is normally distributed.
a. If a sample of 30 servings of milk tea is selected, what is the probability that the mean
sugar content of the samples will be greater than 590 mg?
b. If a of sample 30 servings of milk tea is selected, what is the probability that the mean
sugar content of the samples will be between 590 mg and 605 mg?
c. If a sample of 50 servings of milk tea is selected, what is the probability that the mean
sugar content of the samples will be less than 605?
SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SAMPLE MEAN
Since, we are done learning about the properties of the sampling distribution of the
sample means in terms of its mean, variance, and standard deviation, this time we shall solve
problems involving sampling distributions of the sample means applying these properties
called the Central Limit Theorem. The Central Limit Theorem tells that the sampling
distribution of the sample means approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets
larger, regardless the shape of the population distribution. One of the important components
of the Central Limit Theorem is that the average of sample means is the population mean.
If n ≥ 30, the sampling distribution will appear to be normal, thus Central Limit
Theorem applies.
Using the Central Limit Theorem to convert sampling distribution to standard normal
distribution:
• Mean of sample is equal to the mean of the population. In symbol, 𝜇𝑋 ̅ = 𝜇.

• Standard deviation of the sample is the same to the standard deviation of the population
divided by the square root of the sample size. In symbol,
.
where n = sample size (n ≥ 30)

𝜇 = mean of the 𝑋 ̅ distribution
𝜎 = standard deviation of 𝑋 distribution
Example 1
54
A population distribution has a mean 𝜇 = 84 and standard deviation of 𝜎 = 18. What is the
probability that a random sample size of n = 48 and a mean of 88 or more?
Let us find P(𝑋 ̅ ≥ 88).

Solution
Let us convert the values to z-score.
Since, n = 48 which 30 Central Limit Theorem applies.
Use the table for Areas of the Normal Curve to find the P( 88).
P( 88) = P(z 1.54)

= P(z 0) - P(0 z 1.54)
= 0.5000 – 0.4382
= 0.0618
Thus, the probability that a random sample size of n = 48 and a mean of 88 or more is
0.0618 or 6.18%.
Example 2
0.0618
A population distribution
has a mean = 84 and a
standard deviation of =
18. What is the probability
0 1.54 that a random sample size
of n = 96 and a mean of 81
and below?
Find P( 81).
Solution
Convert the values to z-score.
The giver is n = 96 which is 30 Central Limit Theorem applies.
Use the table for Areas of the Normal Curve to find the P( 81).
P( 81) = P(z -1.63)
55
= P(z 0) - P(-1.63 z 0)
= 0.5000 – 0.4484
= 0.0516
Thus, the probability that a random sample size of n = 96 and a mean of 81 and below
is 0.0516 or 5.16%.
Example 3
0.0516 A population distribution

has mean = 84 and a
standard deviation of =
18. What is the probability
-1.63 0 that a random sample size
of n = 90 and a mean of less
than 85.5?
Find P( < 85.5).
Solution
Note that, n = 90 and is 30 Central Limit Theorem applies.
Use the table for Areas of the Normal Curve to find the P( < 85.5).
P( < 85.5) = P(z < 0.79)
= P(z 0) + P(0 z 0.79)
= 0.5000 + 0.2852
= 0.7852
Thus, the probability that a random sample size of n = 90 and a mean of less than 85.5 is
0.7852 or 78.52%.
0.78
52
56
0 0.79
Example 4
A population distribution has a mean = 84 and a standard deviation of = 18. What is the
probability that a random sample size of n = 120 and a mean of greater than 80?
Find P( > 80).
Solution
The given is n = 120 which is 30 Central Limit Theorem applies.
Use the table for Areas of the Normal Curve to find the P( > 80).
P( > 80) = P(z > -2.43)
= P(-2.43 z 0) + P(z 0)
= 0.4925 + 0.5000
= 0.9925
Thus, the probability that a random sample size of n = 120 and a mean of greater than 80 is
0.9925 or 99.25%
0.9925
-2.43 0
Example 5
A population distribution has a mean = 84 and standard deviation of = 18. What is the
probability that a random sample size of n = 210 and a mean of between 83 and 86?
Find .
Solution
Convert the values to z-scores.
In here, n = 210 which 30 Central Limit Theorem applies.
57
Use the table for Areas of the Normal Curve to find the P( ). P(
) = P(-0.81 z 1.61)
= P(-0.81 z 0) + P(0 z 1.61)
= 0.2910 + 0.4463
= 0.7373
Thus, the probability that a random sample size of n = 210 and a mean of between 83 and 86
is 0.7373 or 73.73%
0.7373 Learning Competency
Solves problems involving
sampling distributions of the
sample mean (M11/12SP-
III-f-1)
-0.43 0 1.61
EXERCISE 1
1. Find the probability in each of the following situations. Assume that the variable is
normally distributed.
n Probability
80 7 75
74.5 5 12
42 4.46 53
123 12.3 165
250 16 235
2. A normally distributed variable has a mean = 120 and standard deviation of = 12. If
a sample size of n = 36 is selected, what is the probability of the following means?
a. greater than 125?

b. less than 118?
c. 119 and above?
d. 124 and below?
e. between 114.5 and 125.5?
f. between 116 and 126?
58
EXERCISE 2
1. According to research, Filipinos spend an average of 9.5 hours per day in the internet
and the standard deviation is 2.4 hours. Assume that the variable is normally
distributed. If 50 Filipinos were randomly selected,
a. what is the probability that the average hours spend in the internet is 8.5 hours and
above?
b. what is the probability that the average hours spend in the internet is less than 10
hours?
c. what is the probability that the average hours spend in the internet is between 9 hours
and 10 hours?
2. Suppose that the annual employment rate of private companies in a certain country is
to have a normal distribution with a mean of 4% and a standard deviation of 1.6%. A
random sample of 25 private companies is selected from the population and the
sample mean is calculated.
a. What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 5%?
b. What is the probability that the sample mean will be more than 3.5%?
c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be between 3% and 5%?
3. According to SHS research teachers, the average time of senior high school research
proposal defense is 28.5 minutes and the standard deviation is 4.3 minutes. Assume
that the variable is normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school students will
defend their research proposals in less than 28 minutes?
b. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school students will
defend their research proposals in more than 28 minutes?
c. What is the probability that 45 senior high school students who are randomly selected
will defend their research proposals with an average time of less than 28 minutes?
d. What is the probability that 50 senior high school students who are randomly selected
will defend their research proposals with an average time of between 27.5 minutes and
29.5 minutes?
The t-DISTRIBUTION
In the previous lessons, you have learned z-distribution. It is used when the
population variance is unknown and the sample size is large (𝑛 ≥ 30). This time you will
encounter a new distribution called t-distribution, it is used in estimating the population
parameter when the sample size is small or less than 30 and the population variance is
unknown.
Like the z-distribution/normal distribution, the t-distribution is bell-shaped and symmetric
about the y-axis, centered at zero and the total area under the normal curve is one.
59
Glimpse from the Past
The t-distribution was also called Student’s t-distribution. William Sealy Gosset
formulated the t-distribution in 1908, he is an Irish brewing employee who was involved in
researching new methods of manufacturing ale (type of beer). He published his finding
using the pseudonym Student because brewing employees were not allowed to publish
findings.
Hence, the t-distribution is sometimes called Student’s t-distribution.
The following formula is used to convert any normal variable to its corresponding
t-value on a t-distribution. 𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
where: t
= t-value
𝑥̅ = sample mean
𝜇 = population mean n = sample size (Note: the
formula is used when n<30)
s = sample standard deviation (

The t-distribution Table
The left side is the degrees of freedom while the top segment relates to the right
tail probabilities (α). The entries within the table are the t-values or critical values of t.
There are no negative values since t-distribution is symmetrical. The region below of a
negative t-score is equal to the area above a positive t-score.
The larger the degrees of freedom, the more it will approximate a normal distribution.
Thus, the t-scores can be negative but areas and probabilities cannot.
Degrees of Freedom (df= n-1) Right tail probabilities (α)
60
EXAMPLE 1
Source: https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/451675.image0.jpg
What is the tvalue (round to the nearest thousandth) when df=21 at α= 0.01?
Answer:
Referring to the t-table, df=21 and α= 0.01, then t=2.518. The t-value is the
intersection between the left side column (degrees of freedom = 21) and the right tail
probabilities (α= 0.01) is 2.518.
61
EXAMPLE 2
What is the t-value (round to the nearest thousandth) when n=16 at α= 0.05?
Answer:
df=n-1, since n=16, df= 16-1= 15
Referring to the t-table, df=15 and α= 0.05, then t=1.753. The t-value is the
intersection between the left side column (degrees of freedom = 15) and the right tail
probabilities (α= 0.05) is 1.753.
62
EXAMPLE 3
Find the t-score below which we can expect 99% of sample means will fall if samples of size 20
are taken a normally distributed population.
Answer:
The cumulative probability is 1- α = 0.99, we have α=0.01. Likewise, the degrees of
freedom is df = n-1 = 20 – 1 = 19. To find the required t-score, move down the first column
of the t-table until you get 19, which is the degree of freedom. Move across the row
containing this entry until you get to the column with heading α=0.01. The value that we get
is 2.539. This shows that 99% of all sample means are expected to have t-scores less than or
equal to 2.539. We can say that 1% of all sample means will have t-scores less than or equal
to -2.539.
63
EXAMPLE 4
Using the t-distribution table. Find the degrees of freedom and the critical values n=25 at
95% confidence coefficient.
Answer:
Since the confidence coefficient is 95%, we have α = 0.05. The degrees of freedom is df =
n-1 = 25 – 1 = 24. The intersection between df=24 and α = 0.05 is 1.711, the critical value
of t.
EXAMPLE 5
Find the t-value when 𝜇 = 43, ,𝑥̅ = 45 s= 3, and n=16.

Solution:
64
𝑡 = 2.667
ILLUSTRATES THE T-DISTRIBUTION
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
A. Directions: Determine the value of t (round to the nearest thousandth) based on the given
degrees of freedom df and α. [ 2 points each]
1. 𝑑𝑓 = 26, 𝛼 = 0.01
2. 𝑑𝑓 = 15, 𝛼 = 0.025
3. 𝑑𝑓 = 28, 𝛼 = 0.10
4. 𝑑𝑓 = 5, 𝛼 = 0.05
5. 𝑑𝑓 = 23, 𝛼 = 0.005
B. Directions: Determine the value of t (round to the nearest thousandth) based on the given
sample size n and α. [ 2 points each]
1. 𝑛 = 6, 𝛼 = 0.005
2. 𝑛 = 15, 𝛼 = 0.001
3. 𝑛 = 21, 𝛼 = 0.05
4. 𝑛 = 17, 𝛼 = 0.10
5. 𝑛 = 10, 𝛼 = 0.01
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
Directions: In each of the following, samples of size n are taken from a population with a
population mean µ. Find the t-value of the given sample means. [ 3 points each]
1. 𝜇 = 15, 𝑥̅ = 18, 𝑛 = 16, 𝑠 = 2.5 2. 𝜇

= 23, 𝑥̅ = 20, 𝑛 = 25, 𝑠 = 3.2
3. 𝜇 = 35, 𝑥̅ = 32, 𝑛 = 24, 𝑠 = 2.8
4. 𝜇 = 64.5, 𝑥̅ = 63, 𝑛 = 27, 𝑠 = 8.1
5. 𝜇 = 200, 𝑥̅ = 198, 𝑛 = 16, 𝑠 = 14
PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
Directions: Solve the following problems. [ 5 points each]
1. A researcher gathers a plasma samples from 20 patients who recovered from COVID-19.
He conducts one-tailed t-test for a mean using an alpha level of 0.05. Once he conducts
his one-tailed t-test and obtains a test statistics t, what critical value should he compare t
to?
2. The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a serving of a certain brand of
milk tea is 660 mg, and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed. What is the t-value if a sample of 10 servings of milk tea selected has a
sample mean of 670 mg of cholesterol?
65
3. An electronic company claims that the average life of the smartphone battery it
manufactures is 14 hours with a standard deviation of 3 hours. What is the t-value if a
random sample of 25 smartphones chosen has a sample mean of 15 hours?
PERCENTILES USING T- DISTRIBUTION TABLES
Remember that a t-distribution is like a standard deviation. The curve is symmetric

approximately to the mean and the total area under the t-curve is equal to 1 or 100%. It is
likewise bell-shaped like the z-distribution, however the values in t-distribution are more
spread out around the middle which makes the curve shorter and flatter around the center.
The t-distribution is used when the sample size is less than 30 and the population variance is
unknown. If the sample size is increased, the t-value of the percentile decreases.
KEY FACTS: Percentile

❖ The 2.5th percentile of the given variable means the value of the variable that has an
area to the left of 2.5% or 0.025.
❖ Dictionary.com defines percentile as one of the values of a variable that divides the
distribution of the variable into 100 groups having equal frequencies.
❖ Marketbusinessnews.com describes percentile or centile as a value or number that
represents a percentage position on a range or list of data- the person or thing at that
number of values is above that number in percentage.
❖ According to Statisticsbyjim.com, it is percentage of scores that fall below a
particular value. They tell you where a score stands relative to other scores
Percentiles are a great tool to know the relative standing of a value.
EXAMPLE 1
What is the 10th percentile of a t-distribution when the sample size is 6?
Consider the charts below. The 10th percentile is found some place in the lower-end tail on
the left side of zero. The 10th percentile is the value where 10% of the quantities lie
underneath it, and 90% lie above it. It likewise implies that 0.10 is the area to the left of the
10th percentile tvalue, while 90th percentile is located somewhere in the upper-end tail on the
right side of zero. The 90th percentile is where 90% of the quantities lie underneath it, and
10% of the quantities lies above it. This means 0.10 is the area to the right of the 90th
percentile t-value.
66
t-Distribution Table
Right tail probabilities α

Degrees of Freedom ( df=n -1)
67
Source: https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/451675.image0.jp g
Source: https://link.quipper.com
Since the t-distribution table only appears at the right tail area, if the percentile lies to the
right of the mean or above the 50th percentile, the area to the right of the given percentile can
be found by subtracting the percentile from 100% or 1.
The area to the left of the 10th percentile t-value is equal to the area to the right of the
90th percentile t-value. This means that the 10th percentile and the 90th percentile have the
same t-value on the t-distribution table.
Solution:
i. List the known facts of the problem 10th percentile n= 6
df = n- 1 = 6 – 1 = 5
ii. Find the area associated with the percentile by dividing it by 100.
10th percentile is which is equal to 0.10
iii. Identify if the area of probability is higher or lower than 0.50. if the percentile is
higher than 0.50, subtract it from 1.
Since 0.10 is lower than 0.50, there is no need to subtract from 1. Thus, the area
is 0.10.
iv. Find the t-value by finding the intersection of the right tail area column and the row
for the degrees of freedom.
The desired t-value is in the body of the table. Look for the corresponding area
or probabilities column heading 𝑡0.10 and locate it with the degrees of freedom
5. The t-value is 1.476.
v. Identify if the t-score is positive or negative.

Since the 10th percentile is lower than 50 and it lies below the mean, the t-
score must be negative. Thus, the 10th percentile has a t-score of -1.476 which
signifies that 10% of the values lie below it, and 90% of the values lie above
it.
68
EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the 90th percentile from the value of the lower cumulative distribution of the student’s t-
distribution when the sample size is 11?
Solution:
i. List the known facts of the problem 90th percentile n= 11
df = n- 1 = 11– 1 = 10
ii. Find the area associated with the percentile by dividing it by 100.
90th percentile is which is equal to 0.90
iii. Identify if the area of probability is higher or lower than 0.50. if the percentile is
higher than 0.50, subtract it from 1.
Since 0.90 is higher than 0.50. It must be subtracted from 1.
1 – 0.90 = 0.10
0.10 is the area to the right of the 90th percentile
iv. Find the t-value by finding the intersection of the right tail area column and the row
for the degrees of freedom.
The desired t-value is in the body of the table. Look for the corresponding area
or probabilities column heading 𝑡0.10 and locate it with the degrees of freedom
10. The t-value is 1.372.
vi. Identify if the t-score is positive or negative.

Since the 90th percentile is higher than 50 and it lies to the right of the mean,
the t-score must be positive. Thus, the 90th percentile with sample size 11 is
has a t-score of 1.372 which signifies that 90% of the values lie below it, and
10% of the values lie above it.
IDENTIFIES THE PERCENTILES USING THE T-DISTRIBUTION TABLE
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Determine whether the statement is true or false. Write the correct answer on the
space provided. [ 1 point each]
69
____________1. If the sample size is 25, then the degree of freedom is 24.
____________2. 99th percentile can be written as 99/100 or 0.99.
____________3. The percentile increased when the sample size decreased.
____________4. 90th percentile means the number where 90% of the values lie below it and 10%
lie above it.
____________5. The area of the region to the left of the 25th percentile is 0.75.
____________6. -2.064 is the 2.5th percentile of a t-distribution when the degrees of freedom is
24.
____________7. 95th percentile would result in a t-distribution value of 2.528 with 20 degree of
freedom.
____________8. A 99.5th percentile is a result in a t-distribution value of 3.106 with a sample size
of 12.
____________9. If n= 25, at α=0.05, the critical value is 1.719.
____________ 10. Suppose you have a sample size 15 and you want to find the 95th percentile
of its corresponding t-distribution, you should find first the critical values.
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2
Directions: Using the t-table, find the degrees of freedom and t-value corresponding to 95th
percentile for each of the following n. Be mindful of the sign. [ 2 points each]
1. 𝑛 = 4 6. 𝑛 = 19 2. 𝑛 = 6
7. 𝑛 = 23
3. 𝑛 = 12 8. 𝑛 = 25
4. 𝑛 = 14 9. 𝑛 = 26
5. 𝑛 = 17 10. 𝑛 = 28
PRACTICE EXERCISE 3
A. Directions: For each situation, specify the corresponding t-value. Be mindful of the sign and
feel free to use the t-table. [ 3 points each]
1. 90th percentile, df =28
2. df = 13, α = 0.10
3. 2.5th percentile for n = 20
4. 75th percentile, n = 12
5. t-values that bound the middle 60% with df=12
B. Directions: Find the percentile given the following data. [ 3 points each]
1. df = 19, t-value = -2.093
2. n = 13, t-value = -0.259
3. df = 20, t-value = -2.845
4. n= 21, t-value = -1.725
5. n= 27, t-value = 0.684
70
IDENTIFYING THE LENGTH OF CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
Confidence Intervals are results and they are usually numbers i.e. you survey a group of dog
owners to see how many packs of dog food they purchase a year. Your test statistics at the 95%
confidence level and get a confidence interval of (200, 300). This means you think they buy
between 200 and 300 packs of dog food per year.
Definition: Confidence Interval
A confidence interval is how much uncertainty there is with any statistic. Confidence
intervals are often used with a margin of error. It tells you how confident you can be that the
results from a survey reflect what you would expect to find it were possible to survey the
entire population. Confidence intervals are intrinsically connected to confidence level.
General Formula of a Confidence Interval
The general formula of a confidence interval is
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 ± 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 and
the tabular value depends on the sampling distribution of the point estimate.
The Confidence Interval for an Unknown Population Mean and Known Standard Deviation
The confidence interval for an unknown population mean and known standard deviation
is defined mathematically as
𝜎
𝑿̅
or
𝜎 𝜎
𝑿̅
where, 𝑿̅ is the sample mean (point estimator),
𝑍𝛼 is the critical value of z with a confidence interval of (1 − 𝛼)%,
2
𝜎 is the population standard deviation, and

𝑛 is the sample size.
The lower limit of the confidence interval is
𝑿̅ 𝜎
, and the upper limit of the confidence interval is 𝑿̅ 𝜎
.
Steps in Identifying the Length of a Confidence Interval for an Unknown Population
Mean and Known Standard Deviation
71
Step 1. Identify the given variables:
Population standard deviation, 𝜎
Sample mean, 𝑋
Sample size, 𝑛
Step 2. Determine the confidence level and appropriate 𝑍𝛼
2
Values of z of Importance
Z Confidence Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%
Step 3. Identify the length of the confidence interval

i. . Compute for the lower limit
𝜎
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
ii. Compute for the Upper limit
𝜎
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Step 4. Construct and interpret the confidence interval.
Illustrative Example1.
A survey studying the income of individuals in a certain municipality was conducted.
A population standard deviation of Php 1000 and a mean income of Php 15, 000 was
gathered from 49 individuals.
a. Identify and interpret a 90% confidence interval for the true mean income of the
individuals in a certain municipality.
Solution:
72
(a) Construct and interpret a 90% confidence interval for the true mean income
of the individuals in a certain municipality.
Population standard deviation, 𝜎 = 1,000
Sample mean, 𝑋 = 15,000
Sample size, 𝑛 = 49
Step 2. Identify the 𝑍𝛼 with 90% confidence level
2
𝑍𝛼 Confidence
2 Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%
At 90% confidence level, the 𝑍𝛼 =1.645

2

i. Compute for the lower limit
𝜎
𝜎
73
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 15235 Step

4. Construct and interpret the confidence interval.
Therefore the 90% Confidence Interval (CI) is (14,765, 15,235) or 14, 765
< 𝜇 < 15, 235. Hence, we are 90% confident that the true average income of all individuals
in a certain municipality is between Php 14, 765 and Php 15, 235.
Illustrative Example 2.
The following were observed weights (in kilograms) of a random sample of 20
learners. Assuming that the population standard deviation of the weights of all learners in the
class is 9 kg.
40 45 46 48 48 50 55 55 56 58
50 59 60 60 62 62 64 64 65 66
a. Identify and interpret a 99% confidence interval for the true mean weight of the
learners.
b. Identify and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the true mean weight of the
learners.
Solution:
(a) Construct and interpret a 99% confidence interval for the true mean weight of the
learners.
Population standard deviation, 𝜎 = 9
Sample size, 𝑛 = 20 Sample mean,
𝑋 =?
We must solve for the sample mean since it is not found in the given variables.
Using the sample mean formula of ungrouped data:
𝑛𝑖 𝑥𝑖
74
Sample mean, 𝑋 = 56.05
Step 2. Identify the 𝑍𝛼 with 99% confidence level
2
𝑍𝛼 Confidence
2 Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%
At 99% confidence level, the 𝑍𝛼 =2.576

2

𝜎
𝜎
75
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 Step

4. Construct and interpret the confidence interval.
Therefore, 99% CI is (50.87, 61.23) 𝑜𝑟 50.87 < 𝜇 < 61.23. Hence, we are
99% confident that the true mean weight of the learners is between 50.87 kg and 61.23
kg.
The Confidence Interval for an Unknown Population Mean and Unknown Standard Deviation
The confidence interval for an unknown population mean and unknown standard deviation
is defined mathematically as
𝑠
𝑿̅ (𝑡
or
𝑠 𝑠
𝑿̅ (𝑡
where, 𝑿̅ is the sample mean (point estimator),

𝑡( 𝛼 is the critical value of t with a confidence interval of (1 − 𝛼)%,
2,𝑛−1)
𝑠 is the sample standard deviation, and 𝑛

is the sample size.
The lower limit of the confidence interval is 𝑿̅ − 𝑡( 𝛼 , and the upper limit of
2,𝑛−1)
the confidence interval is 𝑿̅ + 𝑡( 𝛼 .

2,𝑛−1)
Steps in Identifying the Length of a Confidence Interval for an Unknown Population

Mean and Unknown Standard Deviation
Sample size, 𝑛
76
∑ =1
Sample mean, 𝑋 = 𝑛
𝑖
𝑋𝑖
𝑛
𝑛 2
∑ (𝑋 𝑖 −𝑋)
= √ 𝑖=1
Standard deviation, 𝑛−1 𝑠
Step 2. Determine the confidence level and appropriate 𝑡( 𝛼
2,𝑛−1)
Use the Student’s t Distribution table or the one-tailed t Distribution

𝑠
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑡
𝑠
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑡
Eleven regions in the Philippines are randomly sampled. In each region, rainfall was
monitored for one year, and the following total yearly rainfalls in centimeters were recorded:
145, 185, 209, 213, 241, 255, 255, 262, 269, 276, 297. Assume that yearly rainfalls within the
region are normally distributed. Identify a confidence interval for the true mean rainfall in the
Philippines with 99% confidence level.
Solution:
Sample mean, 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
𝑛
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
𝑥̅
Standard deviation, 𝑠 = √∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖−𝑋)2

𝑛−1
𝑋 𝑥̅ 𝑋 − 𝑥̅ 2
(𝑋 − 𝑥̅)
145 237 145 − 237 = −92 (−92)2 = 8464
77
185 237 185 − 237 = −52 (−52)2 = 2704
209 237 209 − 237 = −28 (−28)2 = 784
213 237 213 − 237 = −24 (−24)2 = 576
241 237 241 − 237 = 4 (4)2 = 16
255 237 255 − 237 = 18 (18)2 = 324
255 237 255 − 237 = 18 (18)2 = 324
262 237 262 − 237 = 25 (25)2 = 625
269 237 269 − 237 = 32 (32)2 = 1024
276 237 276 − 237 = 39 (39)2 = 1521
297 237 297 − 237 = 60 (60)2 = 3600
𝑛 = 11 ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 −)2 =19, 962
∑ 𝑛𝑖=1( 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑥 ) 2
=√
𝑛−1
̅𝑠
𝑠
Step 2. Determine the confidence level and appropriate 𝑡( 𝛼

2,𝑛−1)
Confidence level at 99%

𝛼 = 1 − 𝐶𝐿 = 1 − 0.99 = 0.01
𝛼 0.
== 0.005
2
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 11 − 1 = 10
Using the Student’s t Distribution table, 𝑡(0.005,10) = 3.169

𝑠
78
𝑠
Therefore, 99% CI is (194.3098, 279.6902) or 194.3098 < 𝜇 < 279.6902.
Hence, we are 99% confident that the true mean rainfall in all regions in the Philippines is
between 194.3098 cm and 279.6902 cm.
Learning Competency: Identifies the length of a confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-1)

EXERCISE 1
Directions: Identify the length of the confidence interval for an unknown population mean is
and known standard deviation. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.
1. 𝑥̅ = 25; 𝜎 = 3; 𝑛 = 36 𝑎𝑛𝑑 99% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

2. 𝑥̅ = 30; 𝜎 = 3; 𝑛 = 25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Identify the length of the confidence interval for an unknown population mean is
and unknown standard deviation. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.
1. 𝑥̅ = 35; 𝑠 = 3.76; 𝑛 = 25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

2. 𝑥̅ = 50; 𝑠 = 5.02; 𝑛 = 16 𝑎𝑛𝑑 99% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
EXERCISE 3
Directions: Solve the problem. Follow the given steps in finding the length of the confidence
interval. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.
1. A company that manufactures electronic calculators uses a certain type of plastic. An

alternative plastic material is introduced in the market and the manager of the
company is thinking of shifting to this material. He will decide to shift if the mean
79
breaking strength of the new material is greater than 155. It is known that the
breaking strengths of the new plastic material follow the normal distribution and have
a standard deviation of 10 psi (pounds per square inch). Six samples of the new
plastic materials were randomly selected, and their breaking strengths were
determined. The data obtained were 156, 154, 168, 157, 160 and 158.
a. Identify and interpret a 98% confidence interval for the true mean breaking strength
of the new plastic material.
b. Identify and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the true mean breaking strength
of the new plastic material.
2. The nickel metal Hydride (Nimh) battery is one of the highly advertised rechargeable
batteries today. It is lighter and can last up to 2 to 4 times longer than alkaline or
standard Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries. To evaluate its performance, a random
sample of 10 Nimh batteries was taken. The number of photos taken using each
battery in a digital camera is given as follows: 405, 564, 342, 456, 435, 543, 473, 452,
462, and 475. Identify the length of a 95% confidence interval for the true mean
number of photos taken using the Nimh battery and interpret.
COMPUTE FOR THE LENGTH OF THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
Background Information for learners

The length of the confidence interval, 𝑳 is the difference between the upper limit and the lower
limit of the interval estimate, 𝐿 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡. We also use 𝐿 =
𝜎
for the confidence interval of unknown population mean and known standard
deviation or 𝐿 𝜎
for the confidence interval of unknown population mean and
unknown standard deviation.
Steps in Computing for the Length of a Confidence Interval
i. Upper limit and Lower limit
ii. standard deviation, 𝜎/𝑠
Sample mean, 𝑋̅
Sample size, 𝑛
80
Tabular value
Step 2. Compute for the length of the confidence interval, L.
Use the formula 𝑳 = 𝑼𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 if the lower limit and the upper
𝝈
limit are given in the problem. While use 𝑳 = 𝟐(𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × ) or 𝑳 = 𝟐 (𝒕(𝜶⁄𝟐,𝒏 × 𝝈 ) if
both the lower limit and upper limit are not given.
Step 3. Interpret the result.
A survey studying the income of individuals in a certain municipality was conducted.
a. If 90% confidence interval for the true mean income of the individuals in a certain
municipality is (14,765, 15,235) or 14, 765 < 𝜇 < 15, 235, compute for the
length of the confidence interval.
b. If 95% confidence interval for the true mean income of the individuals in a certain
municipality is (14,720, 15,280) 𝑜𝑟 14, 720 < 𝜇 < 15, 280, compute for the
length of the confidence interval.
c. How was the length of the confidence interval affected by the decrease in the
confidence coefficient holding the other factors constant?
Solution:
a) If 90% confidence interval for the true mean income of the individuals in a
certain municipality is (𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟔𝟓, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟑𝟓) or 𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟔𝟓 < 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟑𝟓, compute
for the length of the confidence interval.
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 14, 765
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 15, 235
Since the upper limit and the lower limit is given, we will use the formula:
𝑳 = 𝑼𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝐿 = 15, 235 − 14, 765
𝐿 = 470
Hence, the length of 90% confidence interval between Php 14,765 and Php 15,235 is 470.
Solution:
b) If 95% confidence interval for the true mean income of the individuals in a
certain municipality is (𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟖𝟎) 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟐𝟎 < 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟖𝟎, compute
for the length of the confidence interval.
81
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 14, 720
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 15, 280
Since the upper limit and the lower limit is given, we will use the formula:
𝑳 = 𝑼𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝐿 = 15, 280 − 14, 720
𝐿 = 560
Hence, the length of 95% confidence interval between Php 14,720 and Php15,280 is 560.
Solution:
c) How was the length of the confidence interval affected by the decrease in the
Holding other factors constant, as the confidence coefficient decreases, the length of
the interval becomes narrower and vice versa. In this case, a 90% confidence interval
with a length of 470 is narrower than the 95% confidence interval with a length of
560.
The following were observed weights (in kilograms) of a random sample of 20
learners. Assuming that the population standard deviation of the weights of all learners in the
class is 9 kg.
40 45 46 48 48 50 55 55 56 58
50 59 60 60 62 62 64 64 65 66
a. Compute for the length of 99% confidence interval for the true mean weight of the
learners.
b. Compute for the length of 95% confidence interval for the true mean weight of the
learners.
Solution: In example 2, there is unknown population mean and known standard deviation, so
we will use the standard normal distribution.
(a) Compute for the length of 99% confidence interval for the true mean weight of the
learners.
Sample size, 𝑛 = 20 Sample mean,
𝑋̅ =?
We must solve for the sample mean since it is not found in the given variables.
Using the sample mean formula of ungrouped data:
82
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
̅
𝑋=
𝑛
𝑋̅
𝑋̅
Sample mean, 𝑋̅ = 56.05
Determine the appropriate Zα⁄2 at 99% confidence level
𝑍𝛼⁄2 Confidence
Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%
At 99% confidence level, the Zα⁄2=2.576

Since the upper limit and the lower limit is not given, we will use the formula:
𝝈
𝑳 = 𝟐 (𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 ×
𝐿
𝐿 = 2(5.18)
𝐿 = 10.36
Hence, the length of 99% confidence interval is 10.36.
Solution:
(b) Compute for the length of 95% confidence interval for the true mean weight of
the learners.
83
Sample mean, 𝑋̅ = 56.05
Determine the appropriate Zα⁄2 (z-value) at 95% confidence level
Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%

𝝈
𝑳 = 𝟐 (𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 ×
𝐿
𝐿 = 2(3.94)
𝐿 = 7.88
Hence, the length of 95% confidence interval is 7.88
The heights of 10 Statistics and Probability students in inches are given below. Compute for
the length of the 98% confidence interval for the true mean height of all Statistics and
Probability students.
61.8 66.5 67.4 67.6 68.5 71.4 72.0 72.4 74.7 78.1
Solution: In example 3, there is unknown population mean and unknown standard deviation,
so we will use the student’s t distribution. Step 1. Identify the given variables:
Sample size, 𝑛 = 10 Sample
mean, 𝑋̅ =?
84
̅ = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑋
𝑛
𝑋̅
𝑋̅
Sample mean, 𝑋̅ = 56.05 Standard
deviation, 𝑠 =?
̅ )2
𝑛 ( 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋
∑ 𝑖=1
=√
𝑠 𝑛−1
𝑋 𝑋̅ 𝑋 − 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
61.8 70.04 61.8 − 70.04 = −8.21 (−8.21)2 = 67.4041
66.5 70.04 66.5 − 70.04 = −3.4 (−3.4)2 = 11.56
67.4 70.04 67.4 − 70.04 = −2.64 (−2.64)2 = 6.9696
67.6 70.04 67.6 − 70.04 = −2.44 (−2.44)2 = 5.9536
68.5 70.04 68.5 − 70.04 = −1.54 (−1.54)2 = 2.3716
71.4 70.04 71.4 − 70.04 = 1.36 (1.36)2 = 1.8496
72.0 70.04 72.0 − 70.04 = 1.96 (1.96)2 = 3.8416
72.4 70.04 72.4 − 70.04 = 2.36 (2.36)2 = 5.5696
74.7 70.04 74.7 − 70.04 = 4.66 (4.66)2 = 21.7156
78.1 70.04 78.1 − 70.04 = 8.06 (8.06)2 = 64.9636
𝑛 = 10 𝑛
∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅)2 = 192.1989

𝑖=1
Determine the confidence level and appropriate t(α⁄2,n−1) (t-value) Confidence

level at 98%
𝛼 = 1 − 𝐶𝐿 = 1 − 0.98 = 0.02
𝛼 0 .
⁄2 = = 0.01
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 10 − 1 = 9
85
Using the Student’s t Distribution table, 𝑡(0.01,9) = 2.821 Step
2. Compute for the length of the confidence interval, L.
𝒔
𝑳 = 𝟐 (𝒕(𝜶⁄𝟐,𝒏 ×)
𝑠
𝐿
𝐿 = 2(4.12)
𝐿 = 8.24
Hence, the length of 98% confidence interval is 8.24.
Learning Competency: Computes for the length of a confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-2)
EXERCISE 1
Directions: Compute for the length of the confidence interval given its lower limit and upper
limit. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.
1. 95% confidence interval: (0.887, 1.213)
5. 95% confidence interval: (1, 041.65, 1, 096.35)
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Compute for the length of the confidence interval given some of the following
variables. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.
1. 𝑥̅ = 20, 𝜎 = 3, 𝑛 = 36, 95% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

2. 𝑥̅ = 30, 𝜎 = 3, 𝑛 = 25, 90% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
3. 𝑥̅ = 35, 𝑠 = 3.76, 𝑛 = 25, 90% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
4. 𝑥̅ = 50, 𝑠 = 5.02, 𝑛 = 16, 99% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
86
EXERCISE 3
Directions: Solve the problem. Follow the given steps in computing for the length of the
confidence interval. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.
1. The head of a certain university observes a decline on the alcoholic expenditures of

learners from a monthly expenditure of Php 350 pesos in the previous year. To check
on this, he randomly selected 10 learners who drink alcoholic beverages and asked the
amount, in pesos, that they usually spend on alcoholic beverages in a month. It is
known that the usual amount spent on alcoholic beverages by learners who drink
alcoholic beverages follows the normal distribution with standard deviation of Php
10. The data collected are: 400, 235, 200, 250, 200, 300, 500, 430, 420, and 220.
a. How long are the length of a 95% and 90% confidence interval for the true mean
amount spent by the learners on alcoholic beverages?
b. How was the length of the confidence interval affected by the decrease in the
2.The following data represent the age in weeks at which babies first crawl based on a
survey of 12 mothers. How long is the length of a 95% confidence interval of the
mean age at which a baby first crawls?
52 30 44 35 47 37
56 26 39 26 39 28
COMPUTE FOR AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE USING THE

LENGTH OF THE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
Background Information for learners

A sample size is a part of the population chosen for a survey or experiment. It is important to
produce the minimum sample size to ensure that the margin of error will not exceed the
confidence interval. Let us recall that the length of the confidence interval is the difference
between the upper limit and the lower limit of the interval estimate, that is
𝝈
𝑳 = 𝟐 (𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 ×
Sample Size, 𝑛
To determine the appropriate sample size in estimating the population mean under simple
random sampling scheme, we will use the concept of the length of the confidence interval
and derive the equation from 𝐿 𝜎

. Thus, the sample size, 𝑛 is computed
as 𝒏 = (𝟐𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × 𝝈𝑳)𝟐.
Steps in Computing for appropriate sample size

Confidence level and appropriate z value.
87
Length of the Confidence Interval
Step 2. Compute for the appropriate sample size
𝝈
𝒏 = (𝟐𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × )𝟐
𝑳
A hardware manufacturer produces bolts used to assemble various machines. Assume
that the diameter of bolts produced by this manufacturer has an unknown population mean
and the standard deviation is 0.1 mm. How many samples are needed for a 95% confidence
interval to be between 5.0823 mm and 5.1337 mm of the true mean diameter of all bolts?
Solution:
✓ Standard deviation, 𝜎 = 0.1
✓ Zα⁄2 with 95% confidence interval
Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%
At 95% confidence level, the Zα⁄2 = 1.96

✓ Length of the confidence interval, L with 95% confidence level between 5.0823
mm and 5.1337 mm
𝐿 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐿 = 5.1337 − 5.0823
𝐿 = 0.0514
𝒏 = (𝟐𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × 𝝈)𝟐
𝑳
88
𝑛
𝑛 = (7.63)2
𝑛 = 58.21 ≈ 59
Note: When determining the sample size, we always round up the resulting value to the
next whole number.
Hence, the appropriate sample size is 59 bolts.
How large should a sample be if we want to estimate the true average weight of
learners enrolled in a school using a sample to be drawn using simple random sampling that
we are 95% confident of our estimate. Assume that the length of the confidence interval is
between 52.11 kg and 59.99 kg and that the population standard deviation of the weights of
all learners in the class is 9 kg.
Solution:
✓ Standard deviation, 𝜎 = 9
✓ Zα⁄2 with 95% confidence level
Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%

✓ Length of the confidence interval, L with 95% confidence interval to be between
52.11 kg and 59.99 kg
𝐿 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐿 = 59.99 − 52.11
𝐿 = 7.88
89
𝒏 = (𝟐𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × 𝝈 𝟐 )
𝑳
𝑛
𝑛 = (4.48)2
𝑛 = 20.07 ≈ 21
Note: When determining the sample size, we always round up the resulting value to the next
whole number.
Hence, the appropriate sample size is 21 learners.
COMPUTES FOR AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE USING THE LENGTH OF A

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
EXERCISE 1
Directions: Compute for the appropriate sample size. Show complete solution in a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Length of the 95% confidence interval, L is 0.33 and standard deviation of 0.25
2. Length of the 90% confidence interval L is 2.2 and standard deviation of 2.67
3. 95% confidence interval: (19.02, 20.98) and standard deviation of 3
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Solve for the problem. Follow the given steps in computing for an appropriate
sample size using the length of the confidence interval. Show complete solution in a separate
sheet of paper.
1. How many simple random of dog weights must be included in a study. If the
standard deviation of the population of all dog weights is 18 lbs. Assume that we
are 99% confident that the true mean weight is between 185.27 lbs. and 200.72
lbs.
2. How many random samples of students must be selected from a certain school if
they are given an IQ test which has a standard deviation of 11 and 98% confident
that the true mean intelligence is (109.44, 114.56).
EXERCISE 3
Directions: Analyze and solve the given problem below. Justify your answer.
1. A random sample of 81 workers at a company showed that they work an average of

100 hours per month with a standard deviation of 27 hours. At 95% confidence, how
many more workers need to be included in the sample to provide a confidence interval
with length 4?
90
SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
The appropriate sample size derived from the margin of error, ME is a statistic expressing
the amount of random sampling error in the results of a survey. The Margin of
𝜎
Error is mathematically defined as 𝑀𝐸 . Thus, the sample size, 𝑛 is computed
as 𝒏 = (𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × 𝑴𝑬 𝝈 )𝟐.
The sample size is a function of three factors:

1. Population standard deviation, 𝜎
2. Sample size, 𝑛 and
3. Confidence coefficient (1 − 𝛼)% through the tabular value 𝑍𝛼⁄2.
Steps in determining sample size, n with 𝑛 = (𝑍𝛼⁄2 × 𝑀𝐸 ).
𝜎 2

Zα⁄2
Margin of Error, ME
𝒏 = (𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × 𝝈 )𝟐
𝑴𝑬
What should be the sample size of the five-year old children to be included in a
feeding program if the mayor wants to estimate the mean weight (in kilograms) of the
children in a certain barangay? He wants to be 99% confident that the estimate of the sample
mean is accurate within 0.06 kg. Assuming that the standard deviation of the weights of the
target population is 0.5 kg.
Solution:
Population standard deviation, 𝜎 = 0.5
Margin of Error, 𝑀𝐸 = 0.06
Zα⁄2 with 99% confidence level
91
Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%
At 99% confidence level, the Zα⁄2=2.576 Step

2. Compute for the appropriate sample size
𝒏 = (𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × 𝝈 )𝟐
𝑴𝑬
𝑛
𝑛 = (21.467)2
𝑛 = 460.82 ≈ 461
whole number.
Hence, a simple random sample of 461 five-year old children should be included in a feeding
program to be 99% confident that the mean weight is within 0.06 kg from the true mean.
How large should a sample be if we want to estimate the true average weight of
learners enrolled in a school using a sample to be drawn using simple random sampling to be
within 2kg away from the true value and that we are 99% confident of our estimate. Assume
that the population standard deviation of the weight is 9kg.
Solution:
Margin of Error, 𝑀𝐸 = 2
Zα⁄2 with 99% confidence level
92
Level
1.645 90%
1.960 95%
2.326 98%
2.576 99%
3.090 99.8%
3.291 99.9%
At 99% confidence level, the Zα⁄2=2.576 Step

2. Compute for the appropriate sample size
𝒏 = (𝒁𝜶⁄𝟐 × 𝝈 )𝟐
𝑴𝑬
𝑛
𝑛 = (11.592)2
𝑛 = 134.37 ≈ 134
whole number.
Hence, we need 134 learners in estimating the true average weight of learners enrolled in a
school class under simple random sampling scheme with 99% confidence that it is within 2
kg of the true mean.
SOLVES PROBLEMS INVOLVING SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
EXERCISE 1
Directions: Identify the given variables in the following word problems.

a. Population standard deviation, 𝜎
b. Margin of Error, 𝑀𝐸
c. Zα⁄2
1. A set of ducks is fed a certain type of grain for a period to estimate the average weight
gain. What sample size is needed if you want the estimate to be within 1.5 kg of the
correct 𝜇 with 95% confidence interval and a standard deviation of 7 kg?
2. Determine the sample size needed to estimate the average height of all grade 1
learners if we want to be within 1 inch with a confidence level of 90%. Assume we
know that the standard deviation of such heights is 3 inches.
93
EXERCISE 2
Directions: Solve the following problem. Follow the given steps in computing for the length
of the confidence interval. Show complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Textbook authors developed books that are appropriate to reading level of the target
audience. How many randomly selected words should we use to estimate average
text’s word length to be within 0.5 letters with 98% confidence. Assuming that the
population standard deviation is 2.7.
2. A local government official observes an increase in the number of individuals with
cardiovascular and obesity problems in his barangay. To improve the health
conditions of his constituents, he aims to promote an easy and cheap way to reduce
weight. It is known that obesity results in greater risk of having illnesses like diabetes
and heart problems. He encouraged his constituents to participate in his Dance for
Life project every weekend for 3 months. It is known that the weight loss of those
who have completed the dance program follows a normal distribution with variance of
3.24 𝑘𝑔2(the standard deviation is the square root of the given variance).To know if
the program is effective in reducing weight, how many participants must be sampled
in order to be 95% confident that the estimated mean weight loss of the participants
will be within 0.5 kg of the true mean?
EXERCISE 3
Directions: Analyze and solve the given problem below. Show your complete solution in a
separate sheet of paper.
1
1. Find the sample size needed to estimate the population mean to be within ⁄5 of the
standard deviation with 99% confidence.
94

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STATISTICS and PROBABILITY 11

A continuous random variable takes on values on a continuous scale. Often, continuous

DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X shows the probabilities

Properties of a Probability Distribution

2. The sum of the probabilities of the values equals 1. ∑ 𝑃(𝑋) = 1

a. Tabular form of the probability distribution

b. Formula form of the probability distribution

c. The graph shows the probability histogram of the distribution

THE PROBABILITIES CORRESPONDING TO A GIVEN RANDOM

while the probability of getting a sum of 9 is

The Complement Rule of Probability

THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE RANDOM

2. Multiply the value of the random

3. Get the total/summation of X.P(X).

3. Get the total/summation of X.P(X). ƩX.P(X)= 2.43

Thus, the mean of the distribution is 2.43

1. Find the mean or the

X P(X) X. P(X) X-µ (X-µ)2

0 0 -2.43 (-2.43)2 =5.90

4. Get the product of (X-µ)2.

0 0 -2.43 5.90 ) =1.2

2 -0.43 0.18 0.05

3 0.57 0.32 0.02

4 1.57 2.46 0.53

5 2.57 6.60 0.94

Thus, the variance of the probability is 2.95

2. Multiply the value of the random

3. Get the total/summation of X.P(X) ƩX.P(X)=

2. Students taking up Online learning

4. Get the product of (X-

5. Get the sum of (X-µ)2. Ʃ(X-µ)2. P(X)=

µ=27.85 Ʃ(X-µ)2. P(X)=1.6

The mean of the distribution is 27.85

2. Covid-19 Patients a Day

Therefore, the mean distribution is 27.1

V(X)= E(X2)- [E(X)]2 Formula 2

X P(X) X.P(X) X- µ (X- µ)2 (X- µ)2 . P(X)

2 -0.73 0.532 0.142

3 0.27 0.072 0.01

4 1.27 1.612 0.43

5 2.27 5.152 0.687

𝑜2= Ʃ(X-µ)2 . P(X)= 2.462

4. Tails in Five Flips of a Coin

c. What is the mean of the distribution?

What is the mean of the distribution? __________________

Therefore, the variance of the probability is ____________.

What is the Variance of the distribution? _________________

Interpret the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

Problems involving Mean and Variance of a Discrete Probability

The mean of a random variable describes where the probability distribution is

Let X be a discrete random variable with probability distribution P(X) . The

𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = (4980) ( ) + (−20) ( )=

𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = (0) ( ) + (2) ( ) + (4) ( ) + (6) ( ) = 3

Exercise 3. Solve the following problems. (3 points each)

The Normal Distribution and its Properties

IDENTIFIES REGION UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

The most important of all continuous probability distribution is the normal

STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION