Experiment 1.

  
Aim:  Determination of Transformer equivalent circuit from Open Circuit  
Theory:  
Introduction- 
 The open circuit test is performed for determining the parameter of the transformer like their
efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit constant, etc. This test is performed without the actual
loading and because of this reason the very less power is required for the test. The open circuit
give’s a very accurate result as compared to the full load test.  
Open circuit test-  
The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and losses of the
transformer because of which their no-load parameter is determined. This test is performed on
the primary winding of the transformer. The wattmeter, ammeter, and the voltage are connected
to their primary winding. The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their primary winding with the
help of the ac source. 
The secondary winding of the transformer is kept open and the voltmeter is connected to their
terminal. This voltmeter measures the secondary induced voltage. As the secondary of the
transformer is open the no-load current flows through the primary winding. The value of no-
load current is very small as compared to the full rated current. The copper loss occurs only on
the primary winding of the transformer because the circuit diagram for open circuit test on
transformer secondary winding is open. The reading of the wattmeter only represents the core
and iron losses. The core loss of the transformer is same for all types of loads.  
  
Calculation:  
Let, 
W0 – wattmeter reading 
V1 – voltmeter reading 
I0 – ammeter reading 
Then the iron loss of the transformer Pi = W0 and 
                                                         W0 =(V1) (I0)CosФ ..............................eq (1)  
 
The no-load power factor is- 
 
CosФ = W0/V1.I0 
 
Working component Iw is- 
                                                      Iw = W0/V1 ............................. eq (2) 
Putting the value of W0 from the equation (1) in equation (2) you will get the value of
working component as 
 
Iw = I0CosФ 
 
Magnetizing component Is- 
 
Im = [I0^2 - Iw^2]^(1/2) 
 
No load parameters are given below: 
 
Equivalent exciting resistance is- 
 
R0 = V1/Iw 
 
Equivalent exciting reactance is- 
 
X0 = V1/Im  
Procedure:  
Make the proper connection between the nodes according to circuit figure provided
above. 
1) Connect +ve terminal of battery to +ve terminal of autotransformer and -ve terminal
of MCB to -ve terminal of autotransformer. 
2) Connect -ve terminal of autotransformer to -ve terminal of voltmeter1 and P2 of
transformer. 
3) Connect +ve terminal of autotransformer to +ve terminal of voltmeter1 and
+ve terminal of ammeter. 
4) Now connect P1 of transformer to L, P2 of transformer to V, S1 of transformer to
+ve terminal of voltmeter 2 and S2 of transformer to -ve terminal of voltmeter 2. 
5) Connect -ve terminal of ammeter to M terminal of wattmeter. 
6) Connect C of wattmeter to L. 
7) Switch on the MCB. 
8) Rotate the transformer and write down the readings.  
 

Experiment 2.  
Aim: Determination of Transformer equivalent circuit from Short Circuit Test.  
Theory:  
Introduction-  
The short circuit test is performed for determining the parameter of the transformer like
their efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit constant, etc. This test is performed without
the actual loading and because of this reason the very less power is required for the test.
The short circuit test give’s a very accurate result as compared to the full load test.  
Short Circuit test-  
The short circuit test is performed for determining the below mention parameter of the
transformer- 
 
1. It determines the copper loss occurs on the full load. The copper loss is used for
finding the efficiency of the transformer. 
2. The equivalent resistance, impedance, and leakage reactance are known by the short
circuit test. 
 
The short circuit test is performed on the secondary or high voltage winding of the
transformer. The measuring instrument like wattmeter, voltmeter, and ammeter are
connected to the high voltage winding of the transformer. Their primary winding is
short circuited by the help of thick strip or ammeter which is connected to their
terminal. The low voltage source is connected across the secondary winding because of
which the full load current flows from both the secondary and the primary winding of
the transformer. The full load current is measured by the ammeter connected across
their secondary winding. 

 
Calculation:  
Let, 
Wc – wattmeter reading 
Vsc – voltmeter reading 
Isc – ammeter reading 
Then the full load copper loss of the transformer is given by- 
 
Pc = [Ifl/Isc]^2.Wc 
Isc^2 Rs = Wc 
 
Equivalent resistance referred to secondary side is- 
 
Rs = Wc/(Isc^2) 
 
Equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side is given b-y 
 
Zs = Vsc/Isc 
 
The Equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side is given by 
 
Xs = [(Zs)^2 - (Rs)^2]^½  
Procedure:  
 Make the proper connection between the nodes according to circuit figure provided
above. 
1) Connect +ve terminal of battery to +ve terminal of autotransformer and -ve terminal
of MCB to -ve terminal of autotransformer. 
2) Connect -ve terminal of autotransformer to -ve terminal of voltmeter and P2 of
transformer. 
3) Connect +ve terminal of autotransformer to +ve terminal of voltmeter and
+ve terminal of ammeter. 
4) Now connect P1 of transformer to L, P2 of transformer to V and short both S1 and S2
terminal of transformer. 
5) Connect -ve terminal of ammeter to M terminal of wattmeter. 
6) Connect C of wattmeter to L. 
7) Switch on the MCB. 
8) Rotate the transformer and write down the readings.  
 

Experiment 3.  
Aim:  To study the speed control of D.C. Shunt motor by armature control method.  
Theory:  
Introduction-  
We know that the speed of shunt motor is given by: 
 
N = (V-IaRa)/kФ 
Where, Va is the voltage applied across the armature and φ is the flux per pole and is
proportional to the field current If. As explained earlier, armature current Ia is decided
by the mechanical load present on the shaft. Therefore, by varying Va and If we can vary
n. For fixed supply voltage and the motor connected as shunt we can vary Va by
controlling an external resistance connected in series with the armature. If of course can
be varied by controlling external field resistance Rf connected with the field circuit. 
 
Thus, for shunt motor we have essentially two methods for controlling speed, namely
by: 
 
1. Varying armature resistance. 
2. Varying field resistance.  
Speed control by varying armature resistance-  
In this method a variable series resistor Rext is put in the armature circuit. In this case
the field is directly connected across the supply and therefore the flux ɸ is not affected
by variation of Rext. in this case the current and hence the flux is affected by the
variation of the armature circuit resistance. The voltage drop in Rext reduces the voltage
applied to the armature and therefore the speed is reducing. 
The slope of the n vs. Ia or n vs. Te characteristic can be modified by deliberately
connecting external resistance Rext in the armature circuit. One can get a family of
speed vs. armature curves for various values of Rext. From these characteristics it can be
explained how speed control is achieved. Let us assume that the load torque TL is
constant and field current is also kept constant. 
Therefore, since steady state operation demands Te = TL, Te = kφ too will remain
constant; which means Ia will not change. Suppose Rext = 0, then at rated load torque,
operating point will be at C and motor speed will be n. If additional resistance rext1 is
introduced in the armature circuit, new steady state operating speed will be n1
corresponding to the operating point D. In this way one can get a speed of n2
corresponding to the operating point E, when rext2 is introduced in the armature circuit.
This same load torque is supplied at various speed. Variation of the speed is smooth and
speed will decrease smoothly if Rext is increased. 
 
Procedure:  
The following procedure is to be followed for the simulation: 
1. Make the proper Connections as per the Instructions.  
a) First of all, connect the + (positive) terminal of MCB to the (-) negative terminal of
Voltmeter(V) and to the motor's A2 and F2 Port respectively. 
b) Connect - (negative) terminal of MCB to the L port of the Starter. 
c) Connect The F port of the starter to the positive (+) terminal of the Ammeter(A). 
d) Connect the A port of starter to the positive (+) terminal of the Armature Resistance. 
e) Connect the positive (+) terminal of the voltmeter(V) to the negative (-) terminal of
the Armature Resistance and to the motor's A1 Port respectively. 
f) Connect Ammeter's negative (-) terminal to the positive (+) terminal of the Field
Resistance. 
g) Connect Negative (-) Terminal of the Field Resistance to the Port F1 of the Motor. 
h) Connect Port A1 of the Motor to the Negative (-) terminal of the Armature
Resistance.  
1. Tap on the MCB to turn on the circuit. 
2. Move slider second to get variations over the voltmeter readings. 
3. Then add the readings by drawing a table. 
4. Repeat steps 3 & 4 to add more values in table 
5. After getting 6 or more values, make a respective graph regarding the values in
the table.  

Experiment-4
Aim: To study the speed control of DC Motor by field resistance Control.

Theory:

Speed control by varying field current-

In this method field circuit resistance is varied to control the speed of a d.c shunt motor.
Let us rewrite the basic equation to understand the method.

N = (V-IaRa)/kФ

If we vary I f, flux φ will change, hence speed will vary. To change If an external
resistance is connected in series with the field windings. The resistance is called the
shunt field regulator the field coil produces rated flux when no external resistance is
connected and rated voltage is applied across field coil. It should be understood that we
can only decrease flux from its rated value by adding external resistance. Thus the speed
of the motor will rise as we decrease the field current and speed control above the base
speed will be achieved. Speed versus armature current characteristic is shown.

Procedure:

The following procedure is to be followed for the simulation:

2. Connect all dots in the following manner:

(f) F to D
(g) G to R

(h) H to I
(i) I to C
(j) C to H
(k) Q to L

3. Tap on the MCB to turn on the circuit.