1. To find turns ratio, polarity & mark dot convention of a 1-phase transformer.

2. To perform open & short circuit tests on a 1-phase transformer& find parameters.
3. To perform Sumpner’s Back -to-Back test on 1-phase transformer& find parameters.
4. Parallel operation of two 1-phase transformers and observe load sharing.
5. To convert three phase supply to 2-phase by Scott-connection, compare line
Currents theoretically & practically for unbalanced load.
6. Speed control of DC shunt motor by armature & field control method, draw graph Between speed &
field current.
7.. To study Ward Leonard method for speed control DC shunts motor.
8. To study various types of three phase connections, using three single phase
Transformers, study relevant features
Experiment No.
Objective: - To find turns ratio, polarity & mark dot convention of a 1-phase transformer.

Circuit Diagram:-

Theory: - Polarity Test: On the primary side of a two winding transformer, one terminal is positive with
respect to the other one at any instant. At the same instant, one terminal of the secondary winding is
positive with respect to the other one. Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals having the
same instantaneous polarity. The relative polarities of the primary and secondary terminals at any instant
must be known for connecting windings of the same transformer in parallel, or series, or for
interconnecting two or more transformers in parallel, or for connecting single phase transformers for
polyphase transformation of voltages.

In subtractive polarity, the voltage between A1 and a1 is reduced. The leads connected to these terminals
and the two windings are, therefore, not subjected to high voltage stress. On the other hand in additive
polarity the two windings and leads connected to A1, A2, a1 and a2 are subjected to high voltage stresses.
This is the reason that subtractive polarity is preferred over additive polarity.

Procedure:-
1. The two transformers has to be connected with correct polarities and for this there is polarity test.
Polarity Test:- Connect the ckt. as shown in fig. 1. Switch on the supply. Note the reading of the voltmeter
connected.
→ If it reads zero, correct polarities have been connected.
→ If it reads twice the secondary voltage, opposite polarities have been connected. S1 should be connected
to S2’ and S1’ to S2.
Precautions:-
1. Transformer should be connected in such a way that they have same polarity.
Experiment No.

TITLE: Open and Short circuit test on Transformer.

Objective: - To perform open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer and to find its
efficiency.

Apparatus: - I) For Open Circuit.

S.No. Instrument Range Qty.

1. Ammeter 0-1A 1
2. Voltmeter 0-300 1
3. Wattmeter 0-75 W, LPF 1

II) For Short Circuit.

S.No. Instrument Range Qty.
1. Ammeter 0-5 A 1
2. Voltmeter 0-50V 1
3. Wattmeter 0-400 W, HPF 1
4. Connecting leads

Circuit Diagram:-
 Theory: -Transformer is a high efficiency, static machine. It transfers the power from one circuit to other
circuit at same frequency. The efficiency of small rating transformer can be found by directly loading method,
but in case of large transformer, it cannot. Because it is impossible to full load the large transformers in
laboratory and it is also costly. So we perform the open circuit test & short circuit test on a transformer to
measure its losses by which we can calculate efficiency and voltages regulation of the transformer.
Open Circuit Test:
This test performed to find out the no load losses (iron losses) and no load current. Since, at the no load
condition or open circuit secondary condition, load current in primary is very less, so copper losses can be
neglected.
In this test, primary winding (generally LV side) energized with rated voltage & secondary winding (HV
Side) is open circuited. The connected apparatus i.e. voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter, in primary side
measures, voltage across primary terminals, no load current and no load losses respectively.
Short Circuit Test:
The main purpose of this test is to find out the copper losses. This test is performed by keeping LV winding
short circuited with a wire or ammeter and energized HV side with its full load current. Since, this full load
current is started flowing at the low voltage (generally 5 to 10% of rated voltage), so less magnetic flux
produced; due to this reason core losses or iron losses can be neglected. The apparatus i.e. ammeter, voltmeter
& wattmeter connected in HV side, measures the full load current, short circuit voltage and full load copper
losses respectively.
Procedure:- (I) Open Circuit Test.
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram and show that HV winding is kept open.
2. Ensure that the setting of the variac is at low output voltage.
3. Switch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit.
4. Record no load current, voltage applied & no load power corresponding to the high voltage of the
transformer winding.
5. Switch off the ac supply.
For short circuit test:-
1. Connect the circuit per figure for conducting short circuit test.
2. Adjust the setting of the variac so that output voltage is zero.
3. Switch on the ac supply to the circuit.
4. Increase the voltage applied slowly, till the current in the winding of the transformer is full load rated
value.
5. Record short circuit current corresponding applied voltage and power with full load current flowing
under short circuit loads.
6. Switch off the ac supply.
Precautions:-
1. All connections should be tight.
2. All steps should be followed carefully.
3. Don’t touch the live terminals.

Observation Table:-
Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

Short
Open ckt. No-Load Iron losses Short ckt. Cu-Losses
voltage Current (Wo) watt Circuit Current (Isc) (Wsc) watt
S.No. (V0) volts (Io) Amps. Volatge Amps. .
(Vsc) Volts

Calculations:-
For open circuit test:-
W0 = Vo Io Cos o.
 Cos o = W0 / Vo Io.
Also, Iw = Io Cos o and Im = Io Sin o.
Ro = Vo/Iw, Xo = Vo/Im.

For Short Circuit Test:-

Req = Wsc/Isc2
Zeq = Vsc/Isc
Xeq =  Zeq2 – Req2
Efficiency:- Po → Power output on full load = VI Cos  (kVA rating of transformer)

 = Po/(Po+Wo+Wsc)

At any other load x

 = x Po/(x Po+Wo+x2 Wsc)

Result:- From calculation.

1. Open Ckt.:- R0 = --  X0= -- 
2. Short Ckt. :- Req = --  Xeq = -- 
3. Efficiency:- --- %

Pre Experiment Questions:

1. What is Transformer?
2. What do mean by efficiency of a transformer?
3. What are different types of losses in the transformers?
4. What are different types of test for finding efficiency of transformer?

Post Experiment Questions

1. Why is HV side open- circuited for open circuit test?
2. Why is LV side short- circuited for open circuit test?
3. Which loss is given by open- circuit test in transformer?
4. Which loss is given by short -circuit test in transformer?
 Experiment No. 2

TITLE: Efficiency of Single phase Transformer

Objective: To find out efficiency of a transformer by sumpeners test

Apparatus Required:
S. No Instrument Range Quantity
1. Ammeter 0-10 A 2
2. Voltmeter 0-300V 1
3. Watt meter 0-400W 2
4. Voltmeter 0-50V 1
5. 1 - Variac 230V 1
6. Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:-
Theory: This test needs two transformers, which are identical. The primary windings of these transformers
are connected in parallel and supplied at rated voltage and frequency, while two secondaries are connected
in phase opposition. Thus the voltage across the two secondaries is zero, when the primary windings are
energized. This test is also called back to back test. In this test, iron losses occur in the cores and full load
copper losses occur in the windings of the two transformers. Current flowing in the two secondaries is
rated full load current of each transformer. The wattmeter W1 connected in the circuit of the primaries
measures the total core losses of both the transformers.

Procedure:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Ensure that switches S2& S3 are open.
3. Energize the primary by closing switches.
4. Observe the reading of voltmeter, switch should be zero for connect connections of the secondaries.
In case the voltmeter reads twice the rated voltage of each transformer open the switch S1 and interchange
the connections at the secondary terminals of one of the transformer.
5. Adjust the reading of the voltmeter V1 by interchanging the connection at the secondary terminals of
one of the transformer.
6. Adjust the setting of the variac, to give nearly zero output voltage.
7. Replace the setting of the variac to give nearly zero output voltage.
8. Close switch S3& then S2.
9. Adjust the out put voltage of the variac, so that the current flowing in the secondaries is full load
secondary current of each transformer.
10. Record the readings of all the instruments connected in the primacy and secondary circuit only one
set of reading is sufficient to calculate the efficiency at different loads.
11. Switch off the supply to primary and secondary circuit.

Precautions:-
4. Ensure the proper switches should be open and close.
5. All connections should be tight.
6. All steps should be followed carefully.
7. Don’t touch the live terminals.

Observation Table:-

S.No. V0 I0 W0 (W1) V1 (sc) I1 (sc) W2(sc)

Calculations: -
Iron losses of each transformer = 1/2Wo where Wo is reading of wattmeter which is connected in
primaries. Also full load Cu losses of transformer = ½Wc. Where Wc is reading of wattmeter which is
connected in secondaries.

(a) For efficiency at full load.

O/p in KVA of each transformer be Po.
Total losses of each transformer = ½Wc + ½Wo
 So that,  = (Po * 1000 * cos/ (Po * 1000 * cos + ½Wc + ½Wo) * 100)
(b) Efficiency at half full load.
O/p in KVA of each transformer = ½Po.
Iron losses at half load = ½ Wo.
Cu losses at half the full load = (½)2 [½Wc] = 1/8 Wc.
So that,  = ½Po * 1000 * cos/( ½Po * 1000 * cos + 1/8Wc + ½Wo) * 100

Efficiency of transformer
Po = Vo Io cos 
cos = 0.8

Result and Discussion: - The efficiency of transformer is …………………. %.

Pre Experiment Questions:

1. What is Transformer?

2. What do mean by efficiency of a transformer?

3. What are different types of losses in the transformers?
4. What are different types of test for finding efficiency of transformer?

Post Experiment Question:

1. What is sumpeners test? What we find out with this test?
2. How efficiency of transformer is changes with load?
 Experiment No.
Objective: - To perform Parallel operation of a single phase transformer.
Apparatus:-

S.No. Instrument Range Qty.

1. Wattmeter 0-400W 2
2. Wattmeter 0-750W 1
3. Ammeter 0-5A 3
4. Voltmeter 0-300V 2
5. Variable load 0-5KW 1
6. Transformer 2
7. Connecting leads
Circuit Diagram:-
Theory: -

The following conditions must be justified by transformer for satisfactory parallel operation:-

(i) Transformer must be connected properly as far as their polarities are concerned. A wrong
polarity connections result in dead short circuit.
(ii) Primary winding of transformer should be suitable for supply voltage freq.
(iii) Voltage rating for both primary and secondary should be identical i.e. the transformer
should have same transformation ratio.
(iv) The p.u. impedance’s of the two transformers should be equal in magnitude in order to
avoid circulating current.
(v) With transformer having different KVA rating the impedance should be proper to the
individual KVA rating if circulating current are to be avoided.

Procedure:-
2. The two transformers has to be connected with correct polarities and for this there is polarity
test.
3. After polarity test connect the ckt. as shown in fig. 2 for parallel operation.
4. With S2 open, close the switch S1. If the voltage ratio’s of the two transformers is same no
circulating current would be observed. And if the voltages ratio are not equal there is
circulating current. Note its reading.

5. Close the switch S2 on the secondary side.

6. Change the position of load and note the readings of all the instruments connected.
7. Switch off the load. Open the switch S2 and then open the switch S1.

Precautions:-
2. Transformer should be connected in such a way that they have same polarity.
3. Both transformer should have same voltage ratio.
4. All connection should be tight.
5. Do not touch live terminals.

Observation Table:-

S.No. VL IL WL I1 W1 I2 W2 Load
Calculations:- WL = W1 + W2
IL = I1 + I2

% error =Wa (actual ) – WL(calculated) * 100

WL(calculated)

Results and Discussion:-Load shared by each transformer is………………….

Pre Experiment Questions:-

1. What is transformer? Discuss operating principle of transformer.
2. What is need of parallel operation of transformer?
3. Why polarity test is conducted on transformer?
4. What are conditions for parallel operation of transformer?
Post Experiment Questions:-
1. What is minimum no. of transformer needed for parallel operation?
2. What will happen if transformer are connected in parallel with wrong polarity?
3. Why circulating current is following in parallel operation of transformer?
Experiment No.
TITLE: Scott Connections of Three phase transformer.
Objective:- To transform power from 3-phase system to a 2 - phase system using Scott connected
transformer.
Apparatus:-
S.No. Instrument Range Qty.
1 TFm 1 KVA, 230-115V,
2 Voltmeter 0-300V 2
3 Voltmeter 0-600V 1
Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:-3-phase to 2-phase conversion or vice versa is essential under the following

circumstances.
1. To supply power to two-phase electric.
2. To supply power to two phase apparatus from a 3-phase source.
3. To interlink these phase system and two phase system.
4. To supply power to 3-phase apparatus from a 2-phase source.
The common type of connection, which can achieve the above conversion, is normally called scott

connection.

Two single-phase transformers of identical rating with suitable tapping provided on both, are
required for the Scott connection. The two transformers used for this conversion must have the
following tapping on their primary windings.
Transformer A – 50 % tapping and is called the main transformer.
Transformer B – 86.6 % tapping and is called the teaser transformer. The phasor diagram of

voltages across the primaries and secondary has been shown in fig. The voltage across the primary,

CO of the teaser transformer will be 86.6% of the voltage across the primary, AB of main

transformer. The neutral point of the 3-phase system will be on the teaser transformer, such that

the voltage between O and N is 28.8% of the applied voltage. Thus the neutral point divided the

teaser primary wdg. CO in the ratio of 1:2.

The voltages across the two secondary a1 a2 and b1 b2 should be same in magnitude but the phase
quadrate, which may be verified experimentally by recording the voltage across a2b2 with a1b1
connected together. The voltage Va1a2 and Vb1b2 will be in phase quadrate, if the following
relationship holds well between the three voltages.

Va2b2 = V2a1a2 + V2b1b2.

The behavior of the above ckt. can be studied experimentally, under following different loading

conditions.

1. Equal loading on the two secondaries at unity p.f.:- If the two secondaries of main and
teaser transformers are equally loaded at upf, the currents flowing in the primary wdgs on
the 3-phase side will also will be equal.
2. Equal loading on the two secondaries at 0.8 p.f. lagging:- If the two secondaries on two phase

side are equally loaded with inductive loads, the primaries on three phase side would be balanced

and the power factor remains same as that on the secondary side.

3. Equal loading on the two secondaries with different power factors:- If both the current and pf
are different in the two secondaries of the transformers used for scott connection, then the current
on primary side will also be unbalanced.

Procedure:-
1. Connect the ckt. as per fig.
2. Ensure that the switches S1 and S2 are open.
3. Adjust the 3-phase variac for minimum voltage in its o/p ckt.
4. Switch on the ac supply and apply rated voltage across the primaries of the TFms.
5. Record voltage V1, V2 and V3 and verify that the o/p is a balanced two phase supply.
6. Switch off the ac supply and remove the dotted connection of the two secondaries and the
voltmeter, V3. Again adjust the variac to minimum o/p voltage.
7. Switch on the ac supply again, adjust the O/P voltage of the variac as per the rated voltage of
the primaries of the transformers.
8. Close the switches S1 and S2. Both the secondaries should be loaded equally. Record the
reading of all the meters connected in the ckt. (Primaries as well as secondaries).
9. Repeat step 8 for various equal loading condition on the two secondaries.
10. Repeat step 8 for various unequal loading conditions on the two secondaries.
11. Switch off the load from both the secondaries and adjust the value, so that its output voltage
is minimum.
12. Switch off the ac supply.

Precaution:-
1. Ensure switches S1 and S2 should be open.
2. Do not touch live terminals.
3. All connections should be tight.

Observation Table:-
For balanced 2 phase supply.
S.No. V1 V2 V3

Result and Discussion: - % error = ………… %

Pre Experiment Questions:-

1. What does Scott Connection do?

2. How to obtain balanced two phase supply from a 3 phase balanced system.

Post Experiment Questions:

1. Explain Phase Group I (00), Group II (1800), Group III (300) and Group IV (-300) in 3-phase
transformer.

2. Explain Scott Connection in transformer?

 Experiment No.
TITLE: Three Phase Three Winding Transformer
Objective: - To study various connection of a three phase three winding transformer and find
resistance and reactance of each winding.
Apparatus:-
S.No. Instrument Range Qty.
1 3 wdgTFm 1 KVA, 50HZ, 1
Rated vol. of primary – 400V,
Rated vol. of secondary – 230V.
2 Wattmeter 0-75W 2
3 Voltmeter 0-300V 1
4 Ammeter 0-5A 1
5 Connecting leads 15

CircuitDiagram:-
Theory:- A three-phase transformer may consist of three single-phase windings on the same core
inside a single tank or three single-phase transformers wired externally in WYE or DELTA. It is
also common practice to construct valid three-phase transformation using only two single-phase
transformers. This configuration is called “open-DELTA”.

In three-phase systems, the default voltage designation is the Line-to-Line value, VL-L.
Commercial and light industrial systems utilizing three-phase are usually served at 208 Volts
(with 120 Volts line-to-neutral). Larger industrial systems utilize 480 Volts (277 Volts line-to-
neutral). Very large industrial plants may use 4160 Volts (2400 Volts line-to-neutral) or even
higher ranges. A high voltage system will transmit a given amount of power at a lower current
than a lower voltage system. This is important for many reasons, not the least of which is I2R
losses (efficiency).

There are really only four ways to configure a standard three-phase transformer bank:
DELTA-DELTA, WYE-WYE, DELTA-WYE and WYE-DELTA. The most commonly used
configuration is DELTA-WYE.

When creating a DELTA winding using single-phase transformers, great care must be taken to
ensure proper phasing and proper polarity. If a DELTA is completed with the wrong polarity, it
is possible to create a dead short between phases, resulting in great damage to the transformer
Transformer have tertiary wdg in addition to the normal primary and secondary for any of the
following reasons:-
a) For additional load at a voltage different from that of the primary and secondary.
b) To supply phase compensating devices, such as condensers, operated at a voltage, which
is different from both primary and secondary voltage.
c) In Star-star connected transformer to suppress harmonic voltage to allow sufficient earth
fault current to flow for operation of protective devices to enable them to supply single-
phase loads. As a voltage coil in a cascaded testing transformer.
d) Tertiary wdg are often delta connected to provide path for zero sequence currents in case
of single line or double line to ground faults. This low reactance path reduces voltages
unbalance caused by these unbalanced faults.

Precautions:-
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. Do not touch the live terminals.

Pre Experiment Questions:-

1. What is transformer? What are different types of transformers?
2. What is difference between three phase and single phase transformer?
3. What is three winding transformer?
Post Experiment questions:-
1. What are different types of transformer connections?
2. What is need of tertiary winding in transformer?
 Experiment No.
TITLE: Speed Control of DC Shunt motor.

Objective: - To carry out speed control on DC shunt motor using:-

1) Armature control method 2) Field control method.
Apparatus:
S.No. Instrument Range Quantity
1 D.C. Shunt motor 1
2 Rheostat 45, 400 2
3 Voltmeter 0-300V 1
4 Ammeter 0-2A 2
5 Tachometer.

Circuit Diagram:-

Theory: We know that, in DC Shunt motor, the back emf is given by

 Eb = V – IaRa = φZNP
60 A
So Speed

N = (V-IaRa) / ZΦP x 60A (1)

N α 1/ Φ and N α 1/ Ra (N is speed in RPM)

Where Φ is flux per pole & Ra is armature resistance.

Thus speed can be controlled by 2 ways:-

(i) By varying  known as field control.
(ii) By varying V known as armature control.

Field Control: -
If field circuit resistance is increased, the field current If and the field flux  are reduced. And as 
decrease speed of motor increase.

Armature Control:-
The main requirement of this control is a variable voltage supply to armature. When armature
terminal voltage is varied, counter emf V- IaRa change almost proportionally and for a constant
flux motor, the speed changes approximately in the same proportion as the terminal voltage.

Procedure:-
1. The circuit is setup as shown in fig.
2. First keep the armature resistance rheostat to its maximum value and field rheostat to its
minimum value.
3. Switch on supply.
4. For various positions of armature rheostat note speed of motor and armature voltage keeping
field current constant and plot N vs. V.
5. Now keep armature rheostat at its minimum value. Increase field rheostat. Note speed of motor
& field current till rheostat is at its max. Position plot N Vs. If.

Precautions:

1. All connections should be tight.

2. Don’t touch live terminals.
3. Don’t insert the resistance in field winding, when motor begins to start.
4. Reading should be obtained carefully.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.No. Field Control Method Armature Control Method
N(rpm) If N(rpm) V(Volts)
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:
1. Plot speed against field current for different sets of constant armature voltage on a graph paper.

2. Plot speed against armature voltage for different sets of constant field current on another graph paper.

3. With the increase in resistance in the field circuit, the field current decreases so speed increases.

4. With the increase in resistance in the armature circuit, voltage drop in armature increases i.e. back
emfEb decreases and, therefore, speed decreases.

PRE EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

1. What is the function of DC motor?
2. What is working principle of DC motor?
3. What is Back EMF ?

POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

1. What are the methods for speed control of DC shunt motors?

2. In order to increase the speed above rated speed, which method of speed control is used in DC shunt
motor?
3. In order to decrease the speed below rated speed, which method of speed control is used in DC shunt
motor?
 Experiment No.

TITLE: Study the Ward Leonard method of Speed control of DC machine.

Objective: - To control speed of DC machine using Ward Leonard method.

Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:- This system is used where an unusually wide and very sensitive speed control
is required as for colliery winders, electric excavators, elevators and the main drives in steel
mills and blooming and paper mills. M1 is the main motor whose speed control is required. The
field of this motor is permanently connected across the dc supply lines. By applying a variable
voltage across its armature, any desired speed can be obtained. This variable voltage is supplied
by a motor-generator set which consists of either a dc or an ac motor M2 directly coupled to
generator G. The motor M2 runs at an approximately constant speed. The output voltage of G is
directly fed to the main motor M1. The voltage of the generator can be varied from zero up to its
maximum value by means of its field regulator. By reversing thedirection
of the field current of G by means of the reversing switch RS, generated voltage can be
reversed and hence the direction of rotation of M1. It should be remembered that motor
generator set always runs in the same direction.
In Ward Leonard method of speed control speed is controlled by varying the voltage applied to the
motor. As speed of a motor is given by the relation.
N = K(V-IaRa) rpm.

It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying the voltage (V). This variable voltage is
supplied by a motor gen. set which consist of either a DC or AC motor directly coupled to DC
Gen. So by varying the voltage of the gen. from zero to max. value by means of its field regulator,
the voltage supplied to main motor (Whose speed is to be controlled) can be varied, (as main motor
is to this DC gen.).
This system is used where an unusually wide (upto 10:1) and very sensitive speed control is
required.
Procedure:-
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that R1 R2 rheostat are in zero position.
3. Vary the field rheostat R1 of DC gen. and note If and speed of DC motor and Voltage.
4. Vary the field rheostat R2 of DC generator and note If, voltage and speed of DC motor.

Precautions:-
1. Do not touch the live terminals.
2. All connections should be tight.
3. Do not insert resistance in field winding when motor begins to start.

Result and discussion: - The variation between field current and speed is shown in the graph.

Pre Experiment Questions:-

1. What are different types of DC motor?
2. What are different type of Speed control methods of DC motor?
Post Experiment Questions:-
1. What is Ward Leonard method of speed control of DC motor?
2. What is the variation of speed with field current?