SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETYS

SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

1. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S LAWS

AIM: To verify the Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchhoff’s current law for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
1 RPS 0-30V - 1N0
2 Voltmeter 0-20 V Digital 4 NO
3 Ammeter 0-20mA Digital 4 NO
4 Bread board - - 1 NO
5 Connecting wires - - Required
number.
470 Ω 2 NO
1kΩ 1 NO
6 Resistors
680Ω 1 NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

GIVEN CIRCUIT:

Fig (1)

1. KVL:

Fig (1a)
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:

2. KCL:

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:

Fig (2b)
THEORY:
a) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed
path in a given circuit is always zero. In any circuit, voltage drops across the resistors
always have polarities opposite to the source polarity. When the current passes through
the resistor, there is a loss in energy and therefore a voltage drop. In any element, the
current flows from a higher potential to lower potential. Consider the fig (1a) shown
above in which there are 3 resistors are in series. According to kickoff’s voltage law….
V = V1 + V2 + V3

b) Kirchhoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents entering a node equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the same node. Consider the fig (1b) shown above in which
there are 3 parallel paths. According to Kirchhoff’s current law...
I = I1 + I2 + I3

PROCEDURE:
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2a).
2. Measure the voltages across the resistors.
3. Observe that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero.
2. Kirchhoff’s current law:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2b).
2. Measure the currents through the resistors.
3. Observe that the algebraic sum of the currents at a node is zero.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
KVL:
S.NO Voltage Across Resistor Theoretical Practical

KCL:
S.NO Current Through Resistor Theoretical Practical
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Keep all the knobs in minimum position while switch on and off of the supply.

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1. In The Circuit Given In Fig Find A)The Current I B)The Voltage Across 30 Ω
resistance

2. Determine The Current In All Resistors In The Circuit Shown In Fig.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is another name for KCL & KVL?

2. Define network and circuit?
3. What is the property of inductor and capacitor?
 SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETYS
SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

AIM: To verify Theremin’s theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-20)V Digital 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
10K Ω,1K Ω 1 NO
4 Resistors 2.2Ω 1 NO
330 Ω 1 NO
5 Breadboard - - 1 NO
6 DMM - Digital 1 NO
7 Connecting wires Required
number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GIVEN CIRCUIT:

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

TO FIND IL:
THEORY:

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
It states that in any lumped, linear network having more number of sources and elements the
equivalent circuit across any branch can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of
Theremin’s equivalent voltage source Vth in series with Theremin’s equivalent resistance Rth.
Where Vth is the open circuit voltage across (branch) the two terminals and Rth is the
resistance seen from the same two terminals by replacing all other sources with internal
resistances.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per fig (1)
2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 20V).
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the branch of interest i.e. AB
(ammeter reading).
4. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (2).
6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 20V.
7. Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives Vth.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (3).
10. Connect the digital multimeter(DMM) across AB terminals and it should be kept in
resistance mode to measure Thevenin’s resistance(RTh).
THEORITICAL VALUES:

Tabulation for Thevenin’s Theorem:

THEORITICAL VALUES PRACTICAL VALUES

Vth= Vth=
Rth= Rth=
IL= IL=

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1. Determine current through current 5 ohms resistor using Norton’s theorem.

2. Determine the current flowing through the 5 ohm resistor using Thevenin’s theorem

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1) The internal resistance of a source is 2 Ohms and is connected with an

External Load Of 10 Ohms Resistance. What is Rth ?
2) In the above question if the voltage is 10 volts and the load is of 50
ohms What is the load current and Vth? Verify IL?
3) If the internal resistance of a source is 5 ohms and is connected with an
External Load Of 25 Ohms Resistance. What is Rth?
4) In the above question if the voltage is 20V and the load is of 50
Ohms, What is the load current and IN ? Verify IL ?
 SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETYS
SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To find out the efficiency by conducting the load test on Single Phase Transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 1- AUTO - 0-230V/270V 01
Transformer
2 1- Transformer Shell type 220/110V 01
3 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 01
4 Ammeter MI 0-20A 01
5 Resistive load 0-20A 01
6 Wattmeter UPF 300V/20A 01
7 Connecting wires Required
number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESISTIVE LOAD:
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in above fig.
2) Switch on the input AC supply.
3) Slowly vary the auto transformer knob up to rated input voltage of main transformer.
4) Apply the load slowly up to rated current of the transformer.
5) Take down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6) Draw the graph between efficiency and output power.

TABULAR COLUMN (RESISTIVE LOAD):

S.NO Load Current Voltage

(amps) (volts)

OBSERVATION TBLE:

S.NO % OF LOAD EFFICIENCY

MODEL GRAPHS:

EFFICIENCY VS OUTPUT
RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is load test on transformer and what is the advantage of this test?
2) What is other test to determine the efficiency and regulation of transformer?
 SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETYS
SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

3. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM: To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Bread board - - 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20) mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
2.2k Ω 1 NO
4 Resistors 1k Ω 1 NO
560 Ω 1 NO
5 Connecting Wires - - As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRACTICAL CIRCUITS:
When V1 Source Acting (To Find ILI)

Fig (2)

WhenV2 source acting (To find ILII):

Fig (3)

THEORY:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
Superposition theorem states that in a lumped ,linear, bilateral network consisting more
number of sources each branch current(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents ( branch
voltages), each of which is determined by considering one source at a time and removing all
other sources. In removing the sources, voltage and current sources are replaced by internal
resistances.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the fig (1).
2. Adjust the output voltage of sources X and Y to appropriate values (Say 15V
and20V respectively).
3. Note down the current (IL) through the 560 0hm resistor by using the ammeter.
4. Connect the circuit as per fig (2) and set the source Y (20V) to 0V.
5. Note down the current ( ILl) through 560ohm resistor by using ammeter.
6. Connect the circuit as per fig(3) and set the source X (15V) to 0V and source Y to 20V.
7. Note down the current (ILll) through the 560 ohm resistor branch by using ammeter.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the sources X and Y to 0V and switch off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.
5. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What do you mean by Unilateral and Bilateral network? Give the limitations of
Superposition Theorem?
2) What are the equivalent internal impedances for an ideal voltage source and for a
Current source?
3) Transform a physical voltage source into its equivalent current source.
4) If all the 3 star connected impedance are identical and equal to ZA, then what is the
Delta connected resistors
 SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETYS
SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

Aim:- To control the speed of a D.C. shunt motor by Armature control method and
field control method.

Apparatus:-
S.No Apparatus Type Range Qty
1 Ammeter (M.C) 0–3A 1
2 Voltmeter (M.C) 0 – 250 V 1
3 Rheostat Wire wound 500 , 1.2 A 1
4 Rheostat Wire Wound 38 , 10 A 1
4 Tachometer Digital 0 – 9999 rpm 1
6 D.C. shunt motor 3HP, 220 V, 12 A 1
7 Connecting wires PVC insulated - -

Theory:-
The speed of a dc shunt motor can be controlled by varying
i) Flux/pole (Flux control method)
ii) Resistance of armature circuit (rheostat control method)
iii) Applied voltage (Voltage control
method) Speed of a motor is given by the
relation:
Eb
N -- (1)


i) Flux control method:-This method is used when speeds above normal speeds are
required. In the above equation (1) by decreasing the flux, the speed can be
increased and vice versa. The flux of a dc motor can be changed by changing I sh
with the help of a shunt field rheostat. The current in shunt field rheostat is less.
I2R loss is small, so that rheostat is small in size.

ii) Armature or rheostat control method:- This method is used when speeds below
the no-load speeds are required. In this method the voltage across the armature
is varied by increasing a variable rheostat in series with the armature circuit,
as resistance is increased, potential difference across the armature is
decreased, there by decreasing the armature speed. This method is expensive
(Cu loss more) and unsuitable for rapidly changing loads because for a given
value of Rt, the speed will change with load.
iii) Voltage control method:- This method is also used to control the speeds below
the no-load speeds. In this method the shunt field of the motor is
connected across the fixed supply and then by supplying different voltage
to the armature different speeds are obtained. The control voltage is

obtained from potential dividers, solid state rectifier and Ward-Leonard

system.
 Procedure:-

a) For Armature voltage control method:-

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. With the armature rheostat is CUTIN position, the field rheostat in CUTOUT
position and the 3-point starter handle at its initial position, the D.C. supply
switch is closed.
3. The 3-point starter handle is moved clock wise gradually to cut out the
resistance in armature circuit so that the motor starts and runs at some
speed.
4. The armature rheostat is brought to cut out position so that rated voltage is
applied across the armature.
5. The field current is adjusted to a certain value by varying the field rheostat
such that the motor runs at nearly rated speed.
6. The armature rheostat is CUTIN gradually so that the armature voltage is
varied in steps and the corresponding speeds are noted in the tabular column.
7. Step no. 5 is repeated until the armature rheostat is completely CUTIN.
8. The field rheostat is brought back to CUTOUT position, the armature rheostat
to CUTIN position and the D.C. supply switch is opened.

b) For field control method:-

1. Step nos. 1, 2 & 3 of armature voltage control method are repeated.

2. The armature rheostat is varied such that the rated voltage is applied across
the armature terminals.
3. The field rheostat is gradually cut in steps so that the field current is varied in
steps of 0.05A and the corresponding value of speeds are noted.
4. Step no. 3 is repeated until the field rheostat is completely CUT IN.
5. Step no. 3 and 4 are repeated for an armature voltage of 200V.
6. The field rheostat is brought back to CUT OUT, the armature rheostat to CUT
IN position and the supply switch is opened.

Tabular column:-

a) Armature voltage control b) Field control method

Field current = Armature voltage =

Sl.No Armature voltage Speed Sl.No Field current Speed

In In In In
Volts rpm Volts rpm
Nature of graph:

a) Armature Voltage Control b) Field Control

Viva – Voce Questions:-

1. Speed of a dc shunt motor is directly proportional to field current (true or false)?

2. A dc shunt motor rated speed as 1500 rpm. How do you get speed below and
above 1500 rpm?
3. Give the equation of the back EMF induced in a dc motor. What is the other
equation by which it can be calculated?
4. What is the difference between arm voltage control and arm series resistance
control in case of dc shunt motor? Which one is preferable?
5. Define speed regulation of a dc motor? How much percent will it be usually for a
shunt motor?
 SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETYS
SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EXP NO: 6 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF AN

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Aim:
To measure the Earth Resistance of given Electrical Components

Apparatus Required:

S.NO. Components Required Range Quantity

1. Insulation Tester (Megger) 1000V,(0-200)MW 1

2. Any Electrical equipment ----- -----

(Transformer, Cables)

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The required Voltage is generated with the help of Hand
driven Generator (Megger).
3. The insulation resistance of the given equipment is directly read from the display of
Megger.
 L- LINE E- EARTH

L L

Electrical
Insulation
Equipment
E E Tester

V (0 -300 v)MC

Result:

Thus the insulation Resistance of the given Electrical Equipment was measured using
Insulation tester.
Thus the insulation Resistance of the given Electrical Equipment was measured using Insulation tester.