Plant Leaves: Pha 611 Lec Pharmaceutical Botany With Taxonomy

PHA 611 LEC
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy
PLANT LEAVES
ROI MARTIN B. PAJIMNA, MSc
Course Facilitator
Origin of leaf
Leaf arises from the activity of leaf primordium
=leaf-like pegs of meristem
Development of Leaves
• In Dicot: shoot apical meristem, at its base, the cells interior to
protoderm grow outward and form leaf primordium
• Leaf primordium- extends upward than shoot apical meristem
• Consists of protoderm, ground meristem, provascular tissues ( forms 1˚ xylem/
phloem)
• Leaf primordium grows, increase in thickness, forms midrib and lamina ( young
leaf)
• In compound leaves, 2 rows of loci initiate the leaflets
• Monocot: same as Dicot
• Apical meristem adjacent to primordium grow upward giving hood
like shape
• Tubular portion of leaf primordium continue to surround it as
sheathing leaf base
• Conical leaf primordium --- lamina
• Regeneration – meristem can form new lamina after fire, grazing
animal
• Meristematic cells remain active mitotically w/c extends the leaf
Physiological function
• Photosynthesis
• Chlorenchyma, flat thin leaf
• Transpiration – the process by which plant
loses water to serve the following
purposes:
a. Continuous uptake of water
b. Cooling effects
c. Controls degree of saturation of cell
with water
Dicot leaf with stipules (
Monocot leaf sheath
protect shoot apical meristem
and ligules
while leaf is young)
Economic uses of Leaves
Food – The leafy greens are
among the most nutritious
of foods
Herbs – The mint family is a
popular herb family
Beverages
Teas
Drug uses
Tobacco
Marijuana
Cocaine
Uses of Leaves
Insecticides
Rotenone
Citronella
Waxes
Carnauba
Aromatic Oils
Medical uses
Aloe (Mild
Topical
Anesthetic)
Anticoagulant Antibacterial Antifungal
ginkgo duhat marigold
Part of leaves
• Lamina/ leaf blade – flat, light harvesting portion
• Petiole – stalk, holds blade
o petiolate
o sessile
Leaf Classification
1. Nature of the blade
2. Venation pattern
3. Phyllotaxy
4. Leaf margin
5. Leaf apex
1. Nature of the blade
a. Simple – with one blade only
b. compound- with a blade divided into leaflets or
pinnae or pinnule
Two types of compound leaves
Palmately compound Pinnately compound
Leaflets attach to same pt Leaflets attach indvl to rachis by
petiolule
Simple Pinnately compound
Bipinnately Compound Leaf
Tripinnately Compound Leaf
a compound leaf
having three order of
rachises:
primary rachis
secondary rachis
tertiary rachis
Palmately compound leaves – leaflets are attached to the end
of the petiole
Types of palmately
compound leaves:
1. Bifoliate – two leaflets
2. Trifoliate- three leaflets
3. Quadri/tetrafoliate – four
leaflets
4. Pentafoliate compound –
with 5 or more leaflets
Palmate - trifoliate
Phyllotaxy – arrangement of leaves on the stem
Venation- arrangement of veins on the
blade
Veins - bundles of vascular; distribute water from stem into leaf and collect
sugars produced and carry them to the stem for use or storage
Types of parallel venation
1. Parallel to the midrib

1. Palmately parallel
1. Acute angle to the

midrib 1. Perpendicular to the midrib
Three types of netted venation pattern
Pinnately Radiately netted Palmately netted

netted Principal veins arise Principal veins arise
Veins arise from from the center of from the base of the
the midrib the blade blade
Leaf traces- vascular bundles w/c exit the stem and diverge to the
petiole
Anatomy of leaf
A. Epidermal cells with guard cells
Are kidney-shaped, chlorophyllous

epidermal cells
Guard cells
Guard cells and pore
Internal structure
• Epidermis
• With cutin
• Flat epidermal cells, with guard cells, trichomes
• High # stomata in lower epidermis
• Trichomes –prevents rapid air movement, prevents water
loss from stomata; protection
• Stomatal crypts – filled w/ trichomes & stomata, at lower
surface of leaf, decrease air movementt near stomata
•Mesophyll
• Ground tissue
• Parts:
• Palisade parenchyma
• Uppermost, main photosynthetic tissue
• 1 layer thick, cells are separated, inc exposure to CO2
• Spongy mesophyll
• Open , loose aerenchyma, permits CO2 to diffuse
rapidly fr stomata into all parts of leaf
•Vascular tissues
• Between palisade , spongy mesophyll
• Dicot: large midrib (midvein) from w/c lateral veins
emerge
• Minor veins – important in releasing water from
xylem and loading sugar into phloem
• Bundle sheath – fibers arrange as sheath around
vascular tissue, present in midrib and lateral veins
only
B. Internal Anatomy of blade
epidermis
palisade
mesophyll
spongy
epidermis
Dorsiventral or Bifacial Mesophyll – 1 palisade layer
In horizontally oriented leaf – 1 side exposed to light
Internal Anatomy of Monocot Leaf
Chlorophyllous cells
photosynthetic
Bundle sheath
Kranz Anatomy – Halo or Wreath Anatomy
Chlorenchymatous cells surround a photosynthetic bundle sheath.
Bulliform cells are large
vacuolated epidermal cells
that roll the leaf during hot
conditions. Present only in
monocot epidermal cells.
Kranz anatomy is typical of monocot leaf that undergoes C4 metabolism, plants

possess mechanism of CO2 transport, adapt C4 plants in dry environment
These plants lack palisade and spongy mesophyll layer but with prominent bundle
sheath w/ large chlorophyllous cells
Abscission zone – Senescence – leaf aging
detachment area of leaves from
the stem
due to breakdown of
Release enzymes w/c weaken
chlorophyll, sugars and
their walls loss of photosynthetic
ability
Leaf scar – protective scar

tissue across wound after leaf
fall
Modified leaves
Succulent Leaves-thick and fleshy, reduced surface-
volume-ratio. ; with water storage parenchyma; Crassulaceae, katakataka
Lithops – pair of translucent

Senecio – spherical Dinteranthus – pair of
leaves acting as optical fiber,
succulent leaves succulent leaves
allows light to enter, even
leaves are under grd
Modified leaves
Sclerophyllous foliage- thick sclerenchyma, resistant to animals, fungi, freezing
temp. and UV, very thick cuticle; 2 or more yrs
Sclerophylls - leaves
Agave
Barberry
Yucca
Modified leaves
Spines- no blade and needle-shaped, no mesophyll, no vascular tissue,
has closely packed fibers in mesophyll
Cactus- spines are axillary Colitis- spines are stipules

buds of small leaves
Stem cortex -
photsynthesis
Modified leaves
Tendrils- sensing contact with other objects, no lamina, support; side
facing the object stop growing, other side elongate--- coil
Pea plant Squash plant

Insect traps- digest insects and obtain nitrogen for their amino acid
Passive trap- incapable of movement ex. Pitcher plant
Active trap – leaf blade curl, close
Nepenthes- pitcher Sundew- with Venus’ flytrap –

plant stalked glands traps insects
Modified leaves
Adventitious buds- produce plantlets
Kalanchoe- with plantlets Sansiviera- reproduce by

along the leaf margin leaf cutting
Modified leaves
Colored leaves – for attraction
Bougainvillea
Poinsettia
Anthurium- colored spathe

Mussaenda
Modified leaves
Floats – aerenchymatous leaf base for buoyancy,
support
Water hyacinth – aerenchymatous enlarged leaf base

Modified leaves
Supporting leaf bases “pseudotrunk”– for support
Modified leaves
Motile leaves – display “thigmonasty” sensitivity to touch, for
protection
Thigmotropic response – tropic response to touch
Modified leaves
Expanded leaf-like petiole or stipule – added
photosynthesis
Suha leaf Rose leaf

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PHA 611 LEC

Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy

1. Parallel to the midrib

1. Acute angle to the

Pinnately Radiately netted Palmately netted

Are kidney-shaped, chlorophyllous

Kranz anatomy is typical of monocot leaf that undergoes C4 metabolism, plants

Leaf scar – protective scar

Lithops – pair of translucent

Cactus- spines are axillary Colitis- spines are stipules

Pea plant Squash plant

Nepenthes- pitcher Sundew- with Venus’ flytrap –

Kalanchoe- with plantlets Sansiviera- reproduce by

Anthurium- colored spathe

Water hyacinth – aerenchymatous enlarged leaf base

Suha leaf Rose leaf

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