Qualitative Research Designs C. Historical Study determines the reasons for changes or permanence of things in the physical E.

e reasons for changes or permanence of things in the physical E. Grounded Theory aims to develop a theory that will increase your
world in a certain period, e.g., years, decades, or centuries. What is referred to in the study as understanding of something in a psychosocial context. Such study
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time of changes is not time shorter than a year, but a period indicating a big number of years. enables you to develop theories to explain sociologically and
• Scope: The scope or coverage of a historical study refers to the number of years psychologically influenced phenomena for proper identification of a
covered, the kind of events focused on, and the extent of new knowledge or discoveries certain educational process.
Design means a plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind. In the field of
research, design serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of your research study. resulting from the historical study. A grounded theory design takes place in an inductive manner,
Examples: wherein one basic category of people’s action and interactions gets
➢ A Five-Year Study of the Impact of the K-12 Curriculum on the Philippine related to a second category; to third category; and so on, until a
It includes many related aspects of your research work. A choice of a research design new theory emerges from the previous data (Gibson, 2014; Creswell,
requires you to finalize your mind on the purpose, philosophical basis, and types of data Employment System
2012)
of your research, including your method of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and ➢ The Rise and Fall of the Twenty-Year Reign of Former Philippine President,
presenting data. Ferdinand E. Marcos A return to the previous data to validate a newly found theory is a
➢ Filipino-Student Activism from the Spanish Era to the Contemporary Period zigzag sampling.
Different Research Designs ➢ Telephones from the Nuclear Era to the Digital Age Moving from category to category, a study using a grounded theory
A. Case Study describes a person, a thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of • Methods of Collecting Data design is done by a researcher wanting to know how people fair up
explaining the reasons behind the nature of its existence. Its aim is to determine why in a process-bound activity such as writing.
a. Biography or Autobiography Reading
such an individual or an object acts, behaves, occurs or exists in a particular • Methods of Collecting Data
manner. Usually, a case study centers on an individual or single subject matter. b. Documentary Analysis
• Methods of Collecting Data c. Chronicling Activities makes you interview people to trace series of events in the a. Formal Interview
lives of people in a span of time.
a. Interview b. Informal Interview
• Disadvantage: Absence or loss of complete and well-kept old that may hinder the
b. Observation completion of the study. c. Semi-structured Interview
c. Questionnaire D. Phenomenology understands the ways of how people go through inevitable events in their d. Analysis of Written Works, Notes, Phone Calls, Meeting
• Advantage: Its capacity to deal with a lot of factors to determine the unique lives. You are likely to spend much time in listening to people’s recount of their significant Proceedings, and Training Sessions. (Picardine, 2014)
characteristics of the entity (Meng, 2012; Yin, 2012) experiences to be able to get a clue or pattern of their techniques in coming to terms with the
B. Ethnography requires your actual participation in the group members’ activities positive or negative results of their life experiences.
while a case study treats you, the researcher, as an outsider whose role is just to Phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It is a sensory experience
observe the group. that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in your life such as death,
Realizing this qualitative research design is living with the subjects in several joy, friendship, caregiving, defeat, victory and the like.
months; hence, this is usually done by anthropologists whose interests basically lie
in cultural studies (Winn, 2014) Phenomenology Ethnography
Aims as getting a thorough understanding of Aims at defining, describing, or portraying a
an individual's life experiences for this same certain group of people possessing unique
person's realistic dealing with hard facts of cultural traits.
life

Phenomenology focuses on people's meaning and making strategies in relation to their life
experiences. It finds itself relevant to people such as teachers, nurses, guidance counselors,
and the like, whose work entails giving physical and emotional assistance or relief to people.
• Methods of Collecting Data: Unstructured interview is what is this research design
directs you to use in collecting data (Paris, 2014)

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Sampling Things to Consider in Increasing Sample Size: 2. Non-probability Sampling disregards random selection of subjects. The subjects are chosen
• Finalizing expenses for questionnaires, and interview trips and interview schedules, and based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole
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time for reading respondents’ answers. discretion of the researcher.
• The right sample size depends on whether or not the group is heterogeneous or This is not a scientific way of selecting respondents, neither does it offer a valid or an objective
Sampling refers to your method or process of selecting respondents to answer homogeneous. way of detecting sampling errors. (Edmund, 2013).
questions meant to yield data for research study. The chosen ones constitute the • The first group requires a bigger size; the second, a smaller one.
sample through which you will derive facts and evidence to support the claims or Types of Non-probability Sampling
conclusions, propounded by your research problem
For a study in the field of social sciences requiring an in-depth investigation of something A. Quota sampling. You resort to quota sampling when you think you know the characteristics of
The bigger the group from where you choose your sample is called population. the target population very well. You resort to quota sampling when you think you know the
such as one involving the national government, the right sample size ranges from 1,000 to
Sampling frame is the list of the members of such population from where you will characteristics of the target population very well.
1,500 or up to 2,500. On the other hand, hundreds, not thousands, of respondents suffice
get the sample (Paris, 2013) Using quota or a specific set of persons, whom you believe to have the characteristics of the
for a study about any local government unit (Suter, 2013; Emmer,2013)
target population in this study, is your way of showing that the sample you have chosen closely
In Statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample represents the target population as regards such characteristics
Types of Probability Sampling
is drawn.[It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may B. Voluntary Sampling. Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are
include individuals, households or institutions. A. Simple Random Sampling is the best type of probability sampling through which you the ones volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need for you to do any selection
can choose a sample from the population. process.
Using pure-chance selection, you assure every member of the same opportunity to be C. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling. You choose people whom you are sure could
History of Sampling
in the sample. correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest
The beginning of sampling could be traced to the early political activities of the in your study
Here the only basis of including or excluding a member is by chance or opportunity; not
Americans in 1920 when the Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the
by any occurrence accounted for by cause -effect relationships. D. Availability Sampling. The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts
American citizens’ favorite for the 1920 presidential candidates.
This was the very first survey that served as the impetus for the discovery by • Method of Simple Random Sampling a lot in this non probability sampling method.
academic researchers of other sampling strategies that they categorized into two a. Here the only basis of including or excluding a member is by chance or If during the data-collection time, you encounter people walking on a school campus, along
classes: probability sampling or unbiased sampling and non - probability sampling opportunity; not by any occurrence accounted for by cause -effect relationships. corridors, and along the park or employees lining up at an office, and these people show
(Babbie, 2013). willingness to respond to your questions, then you automatically consider them as your
b. Have a list of all members; give a number to member and then use
respondents.
randomized or unrandomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from
the list. E. Snowball Sampling. Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this sampling method
1. Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling involves all members listed in does not give a specific set of samples. This is true for a study involving unspecified group of
the sampling frame representing a certain population focused by your study. An B. Systematic Sampling. For this kind of probability sampling, chance and system are the
people.
equal chance of participation in the sampling or selection process is given to ones to determine who would compose the sample.
every member listed in the sampling frame. Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children, mendicants, drug dependents,
For instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of numbers like
call center workers, informal settlers, street vendors and the like is possible in this kind of non-
By means of this unbiased sampling, you are able to obtain a sample that is 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students, take every 15th name on the list until you
probability sampling.
capable of representing the population under study or of showing strong complete the total number of respondents to constitute your sample.
similarities in characteristics with the members of the population. Free to obtain data from any group like snow freely expanding and accumulating at a certain
C. Stratified Sampling chooses a group which is liable to subdivision during data analysis
place, you tend to increase the number of people you want to form the sample of your study
A sampling error crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is stage. A study needing group -by - group analysis finds stratified sampling the right
(Harding, 2013)
planned. Such sampling error is manifested by strong dissimilarity between the probability sampling use.
sample and ones listed in the sample frame. How numerous the sampling errors D. Cluster Sampling isolates a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as
depend on the size of the sample. The smaller the sample is the bigger the sample members.
number of sampling errors.
For example, if you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1,000 students, you can
Thus, choose to have a bigger sample of respondents to avoid sampling errors. randomly select three selections with 40 students each to constitute the sample.
However, deciding to increase the size of your sample is not easy

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