Fluency Report (Guiamalon)

WHAT IS FLUENCY?
 The term fluency means is derived from the Latin

word “flure”- flowing, describes what the listener
perceives when listening to someone who is truly
adept at producing speech
 Fluency also called volubility and eloquency- is the
property of a person or of a system that delivers
information quickly and with expertise. (Wikipedia)
Factors influences fluency are:
1)Stress which depend upon language and environment.
2)Duration of sound
3)Co articulation
4)Effort
 Muscular
 Mental effort
 Disfluency refers to normal, non-stuttered interruptions of
speech and Dysfluency refers to stuttered interruption of
speech (Stark weather, 1987; Manning, 2001).
 Fluency requires facility at a minimum of two levels of

production: language and speech.
Language fluency is one of a variety of terms used to
characterize or measure a person’s language ability, often
used in conjunction with accuracy and complexity.
 Ability to produce language on demand and be understood

 Varying definitions of fluency characterize it by the
language user’s automaticity their speed and
coherency of language use, or the length and rate of
their speech output.
 Filmore (1979) described the three types of
language fluency, which are interpreted by Stark
Weather (1987) as syntactic, semantic and
pragmatic fluency. Stark Weather adds 4th
components which he describes as phonologic
fluency.
 Syntactic fluency- speakers who are syntactically
fluent are able to construct highly complex sentences.
 Semantic fluency- speakers who semantically fluent
possess and able to access large vocabularies.
 Pragmatic fluency- speakers who are pragmatically
fluent are adept at a verbal response in a variety of
speaking situations.
 Phonological fluency- describes those speakers who
are able to pronounce long and complicated
sequences of sounds and syllables including nonsense
and foreign words.
Speech fluency- Stark Weather (1987) discusses speech
fluency in terms of continuity, rate, duration, co
articulation and effort.
 Continuity refers to speech that flows without
hesitation or stoppage. It relates to the degree to
which syllables and words are logically sequenced as
well as the presence or absence of pauses.
 Rate refers to the speed in which the words are
spoken. Rate of speech also signals the perception of
fluency.
 Duration of speech segments relates closely to the
co articulation of the segments. The duration of the
consonants and vowels of a language varies
considerably with speech rate and phonetic and
linguistic context
 Co articulation: The co articulatory effects are
greater when the speech rate is increased (Gay,
1978) co articulatory effects contribute to the timing
and smoothness of speech.
 Effort refers to the ease with which an act is
performed. Stark weather (1987) distinguishes 2
types of effort: • Effort associated with linguistic
planning (mental) • Effort associated with muscle
movement (physical) Effort can be neuromuscular in
the timing and co-ordination of respiration,
phonation, and articulation.
READING FLUENCY
 Refers to the link between the recognition of words
while reading and reading comprehension, which
manifests itself in the speed and accuracy that one
is able to read text.
 Research on reading fluency aligns concepts of
accuracy, automaticity and prosody.
ORAL FLUENCY OR SPEAKING FLUENCY
 Is measurement both of production of and reception
of speech, as a fluent speaker must be able to
understand and respond to others in conversation.
 Spoken language is typically characterized by
seemingly non fluent qualities (e.g., fragmentation,
pauses, false starts, hesitation, repetition) because of
'task stress'
ORAL READING FLUENCY
 Is sometimes distinguished from oral fluency. Oral
reading fluency refers to the ability to read words
accurately and quickly while using good vocal
expression and phrasing.
 Oral reading fluency is often linked to Schreiber's
Theory of Prosody, which places importance on the
tone, rhythm and expressiveness of speech.
WRITTEN OR COMPOSITIONAL FLUENCY

 Can be measured in a variety of ways. Researchers
have measured by length of the composition
(especially under timed conditons,) words produced
per minute, sentence length or words per clause.

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WHAT IS FLUENCY?

 The term fluency means is derived from the Latin

 Fluency requires facility at a minimum of two levels of

 Ability to produce language on demand and be understood

WRITTEN OR COMPOSITIONAL FLUENCY

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