Mekdela Amba University

Collage of Natural resource

and
computational science

Laboratory Manual
for
Fundamentals of Database

Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.)

 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

Contents

Table of Contents
Session 1: introduction to database and Generally laboratory instruction............................3
Session 2 Data Definition language.............................................................................................5
A. CREATING, MODIFYING AND Dropping DATABASES.........................................................5
Session 3 DATA DEFINITION, CONSTRAINTS, AND SCHEMA CHANGES....................................8
CREATING, MODIFYING AND DELETING TABLES......................................................................8
Session 3 DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)..................................................................9
INSERT UPDATE DELETE TABLES...............................................................................................9

ii
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

Session 1: introduction to database and Generally

laboratory instruction
A. Introduction to database
This is a laboratory manual for the course Fundamentals of Database.
The content is organized into lessons corresponding to the lecture content outlined on the
curriculum. And the code in this manual is written (edited), debug and Execute using Microsoft
SQL server.

Database: a collection of Logical related data.it is a collection of table

Database Management Systems (DBMS): a computerized system that system enables user to
create and maintain a database.
The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitate of defining, constructing and
sharing database users and applications.

DBMS Software
 Microsoft access
 Oracle
 PostgreSQL
 Dbase
 SQLite
 IBM DB2
 Maria DB
 Microsoft SQL server
 My SQL
In this manual we use software is Microsoft SQL Server

As a final notice, this manual is now ready to be given to the trainees (students) to help
them acquire the necessary skills and understandings, and then lead them to the level that
they would produce software-based solutions to the miscellaneous societal problems we
have today!
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

B. Generally, laboratory instruction

Introducing Microsoft sql server 2014
To open SQL SSMS, use the following steps:
In window 7
1. Start  All Programs  Microsoft SQL server 2014 SQL Server
Management Studio.
Other way in window 10
2. Start  All apps  Microsoft SQL server 2012 SQL Server
Management Studio.

Click on Connect to your default instance as shown in the following figure

Fig 1 connecting SQL server

 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

Session 2 Data Definition language

 Used to define the database structure or Schema
 Allows the designers to specify datatype, structures and constraints on the
datatype to be stored in the database

CREATING, MODIFYING AND Dropping

DATABASES
CREATING A DATABASE IN GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

1. Start SQL Server Management Studio by selecting Start

Programs  Microsoft SQL server 2012 Management
Studio.
2. Click on Connect to your default instance of SQL Server as
in Figure 1.1
3. Open Query editor window
4. Expand your Databases folder.
5. Right-click either the Databases folder in the console tree or
the white space in the right pane, and choose New
Database from the context menu.
6. You should now see the General tab of the Database
properties sheet. Enter the database name, and
leave the owner as <default>.
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

Fig 2.1 opening new Query editor window

Fig 2.2 create New database

CREATING A DATABASE IN TRANSACT SQL STATEMENT(T-SQL)

1. Start SQL Server Management Studio by selecting Start

Programs  Microsoft SQL server 2012 Management
Studio.
2. Click on Connect to your default instance of SQL Server as
in Figure 1.1
3. Open Query editor window as in Figure 2.1
4. Write the database creation statement
5. Execute the statement

Syntax: CREATE DATABASE database_name

database_name Is the name of the new database. Database names must be unique within an instance
of SQL Server

For example, to create a database with name ‘University, we write the following statement:
CREATE DATABASE University
1. Expand your database Right Click on Tables and specify columns with their data types
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

2.Enter database name Fig 2.3 create database by GUI

Syntax: create database database_name
CREATE DATABASE MAU_University

Fig 2.4 create database by T-SQL

MODIFYING A DATABASE
Syntax: create database database_name
ALTER DATABASE student MODIFY FILE (NAME = N'test', FILEGROWTH = 2048KB

Alter database database_name modify file (name=’new name’ filegrowth=2048

kb
Dropping A DATABASE
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

We can drop a database either by right clicking the database and pressing Delete on the
context menu or using the following Drop
Syntax: DROP DATABASE <databaseName>
Example: DROP DATABASE Mau_university

Session 3 DATA DEFINITION, CONSTRAINTS,AND SCHEMA

CHANGES

CREATING, MODIFYING AND DELETING

TABLES
table…………………………………….……relation
row……………………………………..…….tuple
column………………………………….……attribute
DATA TYPES
 Numeric: NUMBER, NUMBER(s,p), INTEGER, INT, FLOAT, DECIMAL
 Character: CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n), VARCHAR2(n), CHAR
VARYING(n)
 Boolean: true, false, and null
 Date and Time: DATE (YYYY-MM-DD) TIME( HH:MM:SS)
 Timestamp: DATE + TIME
 USER Defined types

CREATE SCHEMA
Specifies a new database schema by giving it a name

Syntax: create schema Schema_Name

CREATE TABLE
Specifies a new data base relation by giving it a name, and specifying each
of its attributes and their data types
Syntax of CREATE Command:
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

CREATE TABLE <table name> ( <Attribute A1> <Data Type D1> [<
Constraints>], <Attribute A2> <Data Type D2> [< Constraints>], …….
<Attribute An> <Data Type Dn> [< Constraints>]);

DROP TABLE
 Used to remove a relation (base table) and its definition.
 The relation can no longer be used in queries, updates, or any other commands since its
description no longer exists
Syntax: DROP TABLE tabl_name;

DROP A COLUMN AN ATTRIBUTE

Syntax: DROP TABLE tabl_name DROP COLUMN COLUMN_NAME

Example: alter table grade_report drop column result

ALTER TABLE
 Used to add an attribute to/from one of the base relations drop constraint -- The new
attribute will have NULLs in all the tuples of the relation right after the command is
executed; hence, the NOT NULL constraint is not allowed for such an attribute.
Syntax: ALTER TABLE tabl_name ADD COLUMN_NAME DATATYPE (SAIZE);
 The database users must still enter a value for the new attribute JOB for each
EMPLOYEE tuple.
This can be done using the UPDATE command.

Session 3 DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE

(DML)
The Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to retrieve, insert and modify database
information. These commands will be used by all database users during the routine
operation of the database. Let's take a brief look at the basic DML commands:

INSERT UPDATE DELETE TABLES

1. INSERT INTO: This is used to add records into a relation. These are
three type of INSERT INTO queries which are as
a) Inserting a single record
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

Syntax: INSERT INTO < table name> (field_1,field_2……field_n)VALUES

(data_1,data_2,........data_n);
Example: insert into school.departement(Did,Dname,Dlocation)
values('d01','Cscince','ethiopia');

b) Inserting a single record

Syntax: INSERT INTO < table name>VALUES
(data_1,data_2,........data_n); Example:
insert into school.departement values('d01','Cscince','ethiopia');

c) Inserting all records from another relation

Syntax: INSERT INTO relation_name_1 SELECT Field_1,field_2,field_n
FROM relation_name_2 WHERE field_x=data;
Example: insert into school.departement SELECT Dname,Dlocation
FROM department WHERE NAME=’Almaz’;

2.UPDATE-SET-WHERE: This is used to update the content of a record

in a relation.
Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET column_name1=data,column_name2=data,
WHERE column_name=data;
Example: UPDATE student SET sname = ‘Almaz’ WHERE sno=1;

3. DELETE-FROM: This is used to delete all the records of a relation but it will
retain the structure of that relation.

a) DELETE-FROM: This is used to delete all the records of relation.

Syntax: SQL>DELETE FROM table_name;

Example: delete from student

b) DELETE -FROM-WHERE: This is used to delete a selecte record from a relation.
Syntax: DELETE FROM relation_name WHERE condition;
Example: delete from student where sno=14
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

4.TRUNCATE: This command will remove the data permanently. But structure will not
be removed.
Difference between Truncate & Delete:-
 By using truncate command data will be removed permanently & will not get back where
as by using delete command data will be removed temporally & get back by using roll
back command.
 By using delete command data will be removed based on the condition where as by
using truncate command there is no condition.
 Truncate is a DDL command & delete is a DML command.

Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE <Table name>

Example : TRUNCATE TABLE STUDENT

Session 4 Retrieve data from one or more tables.

1. SELECT FROM: To display all fields for all records.
Syntax : SELECT * FROM relation_name;

Example : select *from student

2. SELECT FROM: To display a set of fields for all records of relation.

Syntax: SELECT a set of fields FROM relation_name;

Example: select FNAME,LNAME from student

3. SELECT - FROM -WHERE: This query is used to display a selected set of fields for a
selected set of records of a relation.
Syntax: SELECT a set of fields FROM relation_name WHERE condition;

Example: select * from student WHERE SNO=15

Exercise 1
1.Create database called “MAU_university”.

Syntax: create database Database_Name

create database MAU_university
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

2.create schema called “School” under this database.

Syntax: create schema Schema_Name

create schema school

3.create “department,student,course” table inside “school” schema under “university”
Department table 1
Column Data type Size Constraint
Did Char 8 Pk,Not null
Dname Varchar 30 Unique,not null
Dlocation Varchar 30

Syntax: create table schema.table_Name(column_name

Datatype(size) constraint, column_Name1 Datatype(size)
constraint ... column Name N Datatype(size) constraint)

create table school.departement(Did char(8) primary key not

null,
Dname varchar(30) unique not null,Dlocation varchar(30));

Student table 2
Column Data type Size Constraint
Sid Char 10 not null
Fname Varchar 30 not null
Lname Varchar 30 not null
Sex 1 1 Default ‘f’, must be either ‘f’ or ’M’
Year_ofstudy Int not null
Dbirth Date
Age integer Computed or derived from Dbirth and current
date
sem_payment Decimal (6,2)
Paid Char Computed or derived from sem_payment
Did Char 8 FK
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

create table student(Sid char(10) primary key not

null,Fname varchar(30) not null,
Lname varchar(30)not null,
sex char(1) default 'f' check(sex='f' or sex='m'),
--check(sex in('f' or 'm'))
Year_ofstudy int not null,Dbirth date,age as
datediff(year,Dbirth,getdate()),
--as year(getdat())-year(Dbirth)
sem_payment decimal(6,2),
paid as case when(sem_payment is not null)then 'yes'
when(sem_payment is null)then 'no'end,
Did char(8) foreign key references school.departement(Did));

Course table 3
Column Data type Size Constraint
Cno char 10 Not null
Cname varchar 20 Unique,Not null
Chour int Must be Chour B/n 2 and
4

create table course(Cno char (10) primary key not null,

Cname varchar (20) unique not null,Chour int check (Chour>=2
and Chour <=4),
Did char(8) foreign key references school.departement(Did));

Section table 4
Column Data type Size Constraint
section_id Int,identity (10,1) PK, not null
Cno FK
acadamic_year int Date Default year current year,Must be
b/n 2015 and 2018
Instructor varchar 10

create table section(section_id int identity(10,1) primary

key not null,
Cno char(10) not null foreign key references
course(Cno),semester char(4) not null ,
acadamic_year int check(acadamic_year >=2015 and
acadamic_year <=2018)default year(getdate()),
 Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C

instructur varchar(10));

Gred_Report table 4

Column Data type Size Constraint

Sid Char 8 Not null
section_id Int Not null
grade char

create table gred_report(Sid char (8) not null,section_id

int not null,
constraint gred_pk primary key(Sid,section_id),
constraint gred_fk1 foreign key(Sid)references student(Sid),
constraint gred_fk2 foreign key(section_id)references
section(section_id));
grade char check(grade in('a','b','c','d','f')),remark as
case when(grade='a') then'Execelent'
when(grade='b') then'Very good'when(grade='c')
then'good'when(grade='d') then'poor'
when(grade='f') then'f'else 'invalid'end);
prerequast table 5
Column Data type Size Constraint
Cno char 10 Not null
Prno char 10 Not null

create table prerequast(Cno char(10) not null,

prno char(10) not null,
constraint pr_pk primary key(Cno,Prno),
constraint pr_fk foreign key(Cno) references course(Cno));
Prepared by: Abera Brhanu (BSc.) 2013 E.C