Nanocomposite Materials-Chapter 1

Nanocomposite Materials
Assoc. Prof. Tugrul Cetinkaya

tcetinkaya@sakarya.edu.tr
Chapter 1: Description of the nano,
nanostructures and classification of
nanocomposites.
• The term nano is originated from the Nanomaterials are the
Greek word for dwarf or an abnormally materials with sizes of the
short person individual grain or particle in
• It is a unit such as second or a meter the range of 1–100 nm at
• Nano means billionth of meter (10-9) least in one dimension
When some interesting

property of a material
emerges from the
organization or pattern of
random or well-ordered
nanopatterns, the resultant
material is referred to as
nanostructure or
nanostructured material
Nanomaterials exhibit multifunctional properties which are distinctively different from
that of bulk materials
The crystals in the nanometer scale have
• a low-melting point, reduced lattice constants, different crystal structure,
disappearance or shift of Curie temperatures (of ferroelectrics and magnetic
materials), changed electrical conductivity of metals or oxides, increased oxidation
and wear resistance, and higher sensitivity of sensors compared to their bulk
counterparts
Production Methods of Nanomaterials
TOP DOWN
BOTTOM UP
 Mechanical Alloying
Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
 Lithograpy
Chemical vapour deposition
 Plastic Deformation
(CVD)
Collaidal and green chemistry
route
Sol-gel method
İntersection of
the science
In general, nanotechnology is the science and technology which involves design,

fabrication, and applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials with typical
size smaller than 100 nm. Nanotechnology is a broad interdisciplinary field, which
requires expertise in physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, mechanical
and electrical engineering, medicine, and their collective knowledge. It is the
boundary between atoms/molecules and the macroworld
Nanomaterials can be classified on the basis of their dimensionality,
morphology composition, uniformity and agglomeration.
Based on the dimensionality
 0-D nanomaterials
0-D Nanomaterials
Materials wherein all the dimensions are
measured within the nanoscale (no
dimensions, or 0-D, are larger than 100 nm).
They are also known as artificial atoms (or

quantum dots)
Example
Fullerene(C60), gold nanoparticles,

semiconductor nanoparticles include
quantum dots of CdS, CdSe, and CdTe
MWCNT
1-D Nanomaterials
• Their two dimensions in the
nanometer scale and the third
dimension is out of nanoscale.
• This leads to needle like-shaped

nanomaterials
• Nanotubes, nanorods and

nanowires
2-D Nanomaterials
• They have one dimension in
the nanometer scale and
other two dimensions are
significantly large compared to
third dimension (i.e.,
thickness)
• 2D materials exhibit plate like MoS2

structures
• Nanocoatings, nanolayers,
nanoflakes, nanoclays, Graphene Oxide
nanosheets
3-D Nanomaterials
All dimensions of these materials are outside the nanometer range.
It might call as bulk materials
Materials possess a nanocrystalline structure or involve the presence of

features at the nanoscale.
3-D nanomaterials can contain dispersions of nanoparticles, nanowires,

nanotubes, or multinanolayers, etc. in the matrix
Effect of Particle Sizes on Properties of
Nanomaterials
Surface Area
the reduction of size of the cube

from 1 to 0.1 μm and 0.01 μm will
result in surface area of 10 and 100
times, respectively, compared to
the surface area of original cube
Melting
Temperature
It is reported that ΔT can be

reached 160 C, When particle
size is about 5-20 nm
Heat Capacity
The heat capacity of nanopowders is about
1.2–2 times higher than that of the bulk
materials
The increased heat capacity of the
nanopowders is contributed by the large
surface area
The higher heat capacity of the
nanocrystalline materials has been attributed
to large fraction of grain boundaries which
contains free volumes and presence of some
impurities like hydrogen.
Enhancement of Cp is primarily due to the
grain-boundary component
Curie Temperature
Curie point, is the temperature above which
certain materials lose their permanent magnetic
properties.
Disapparence of the curie temperature attributed

to transation of tetragonal
Phase to cubic phase.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Selenium
• Nanocrystalline materials have a large
amount of interfacial volume; hence,
coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is
expected to be higher than coarse-grained
material.
Electrical Properties
Conductivity is the inverse of their
electrical resistivity
This difference is due to the higher volume

fraction of grain boundaries, and different
width and structure of the grain
boundaries in nanocrystalline
Nanocomposite
• A composite is a combination of two
or more different materials that are
mixed in an effort to blend the best
properties of both.
• A nanocomposite is a composite
material, in which one of the
components has at least one
dimension that is nanoscopic in size,
One continuous phase and at least one discontinuous phase
• At least one dimension in 100-nm scale
Properties unachievable with

traditional materials
• Whereas traditional composites use over 40% by weight of

reinforcement, nanocomposites may show improvements at less than
5%. More importantly, traditional theories do not account for
meaningful change in properties when so little material is replaced

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Nanocomposite Materials

Assoc. Prof. Tugrul Cetinkaya

When some interesting

In general, nanotechnology is the science and technology which involves design,

Based on the dimensionality

They are also known as artificial atoms (or

Fullerene(C60), gold nanoparticles,

• This leads to needle like-shaped

• Nanotubes, nanorods and

• 2D materials exhibit plate like MoS2

It might call as bulk materials

Materials possess a nanocrystalline structure or involve the presence of

3-D nanomaterials can contain dispersions of nanoparticles, nanowires,

the reduction of size of the cube

It is reported that ΔT can be

Disapparence of the curie temperature attributed

This difference is due to the higher volume

Properties unachievable with

• Whereas traditional composites use over 40% by weight of

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