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Module 3 Orifice Flow Lesson 2

This document summarizes two lessons on orifice flow: 1) The coordinate method of determining jet velocity, which uses equations of rectilinear motion and relationships between velocity, distance, and time to calculate the velocity of fluid passing through an orifice. 2) Unsteady flow in orifices under changing head conditions. It describes how to calculate the time for a liquid surface to rise or fall between two elevations based on the inflow and outflow rates, using integrals involving cross-sectional area and the square root of head. Cases address falling head when inflow is zero and both rising and falling head when inflow is non-zero.

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Aica M. Atendido
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90 views

Module 3 Orifice Flow Lesson 2

This document summarizes two lessons on orifice flow: 1) The coordinate method of determining jet velocity, which uses equations of rectilinear motion and relationships between velocity, distance, and time to calculate the velocity of fluid passing through an orifice. 2) Unsteady flow in orifices under changing head conditions. It describes how to calculate the time for a liquid surface to rise or fall between two elevations based on the inflow and outflow rates, using integrals involving cross-sectional area and the square root of head. Cases address falling head when inflow is zero and both rising and falling head when inflow is non-zero.

Uploaded by

Aica M. Atendido
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3

ORIFICE FLOW
LESSON No. 2 : Coordinate Method of Jet Velocity and
Unsteady Flow in an Orifice

COURSE MATERIALS
1. Coordinate Method of Determining Jet Velocity

a. Inclined Velocity

Viy Vi

 X
O Vix y

x
Vf

Working equations from rectilinear motion

a. V f = V i + a t
b. V f 2 = V i 2 + 2 a s
c. S = V i ( t ) + ½ a t 2

b. Horizontal Velocity

V i = Vix

y
V iy = 0

From: S=Vi(t)+½at2
x = Vix ( t )
y=½gt2

c. Relationship of Vi and the coordinates x and y.

2.215x
Vi = √y
2. Unsteady Flow in Orifices: Discharge Under Falling or Rising Head

The unsteady flow problems require the determination of the time it takes for the
liquid surface to rise or drop from one given elevation to another elevation. The
analysis are divided in each cases that follows.

Constant QI (inflow)
L.S. ( t = 0 )
dh

h1 L.S. ( t = t )
h
h2

Qo (outflow)

Q i = inflow
Q o = outflow or discharge

The general equation of time “t” to reduce the head from h 1 to h2 is :

Asdh d(Vol)
dt = CAo √ 2gh = CAo √ 2gh
where :
A s = area of the liquid surface at any head “h”

d (Vol )
Case I. When Q i = 0, the surface drops and the volume decreases or dt
<
0.

The rate of change in the volume of the contained liquid is the outflow, Q o.

- Q o = - C Ao √ 2gh
if the time in the interval h2 < h < h1 is required, then

1 h 2 d(Vol)
∫h1
t = - CAo √ 2 g √h
1 h 1 d(Vol)
∫h1
t = CAo √ 2g √h
Case II. When Qi ¿ Qo at time t = 0.

Two related sub-cases under this condition:

a. Qi < Qo : The liquid surface drops as in the first case.

hi d(Vol)
∫h 2 CAo √ 2gh−Qi
t=

b. Qi > Qo : The liquid surface rises and the volume increase or


d (Vol )
dt > 0.
h2 d(Vol)
∫h 1 Qi−CAo √ 2gh
t =

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