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CHAPTER 13
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS

[Problem 1]
Twig Company
Comparative Balance Sheet
December 31, 2006 and 2007

Increase (Decrease)
ASSETS 2007 2006 Amount Percentage
Cash P 3,000 P 5,000 P (2,000) (40.0)
Accounts Receivable 40,000 25,000 15,000 60.0
Inventory 27,000 30,000 (3,000 ) (10.0)
Long-term investments 15,000 0 15,000 0.0
Land, building and
equipment (net) 100,000 75,000 25,000 33.3
Intangibles 10,000 10,000 0 0.0
Other assets 5,000 20,000 (15,000) (75.0)
Total P 200,000 P 165,000 P 35,000 21.2

LIABILITIES & STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities P 30,000 P 47,000 P (17,000) (36.2)

Long-term liabilities 88,000 74,000 14,000 18.9
Total liabilities 118,000 121,000 (3,000 ) (2.5)
8% Preferred stock 10,000 9,000 1,000 11.1
Common stock 54,000 42,000 12,000 28.6
Additional paid-in-capital 5,000 5,000 0 0.0
Retained earnings 13,000 (12,000) 25,000 0.0
Total stockholders’ equity 82,000 44,000 38,000 86.4
Total liabilities and owners’
equity P 200,000 P 165,000 P 35,000 21.2

2. Twig Company
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Common-size Balance Sheet

December 31, 2006 and 2007

ASSETS

Cash 1.50 % 3.03%

Accounts Receivable 20.00 15.15
Inventory 13.50 18.18
Long-term investments 35.00 36.36
Land, building and 7.50 0.00
equipment (net) 50.00 45.46
Intangibles 5.00 6.06
Other assets 2.50 12.12
Total 100.00 100.00

LIABILITIES and STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities 15.00 28.48

Long-term liabilities 44.00 44.85
Total liabilities 59.00 73.33
8% Preferred stock 5.00 5.46
Common stock 27.00 25.45
Additional paid-in-capital 2.50 3.03
Retained earnings 6.50 (7.27)
Total stockholder's equity 41.00 26.67
Total liabilities and stockholders’
equity 100.00 % 100.00%

3. Comments
Based on the data as calculated, the following may be derived:
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a. The company’s financial position is becoming stronger and more

stable as its total revenues increase by 21.2% coupled with a decline
in liabilities of 25% with an overall impact in stockholder’s equity of
86.4% increase.
b. The increase in the overall net wealth of the company is engineered
by reducing investments of working capital assets to 35.0% from
36.36% and a decrease in the contra-working capital liabilities from
28.48% to 15.0%.
c. The company’s working capital strategy is to increase its accounts
receivable to customers while reducing inventory and accounts
payable at the same time. This strategy apparently pays off as the
net income increases to the benefit of stockholders and other
stakeholders.
d. The increase in non-current assets, particularly, land, buildings, and
equipment is financed by long-term creditors and sets the overall
tone of the firm’s financial structure.

[Problem 2]
1. Metro Company
Comparative Income Statement
For the years ended, December 31, 2006 and 2007
(in thousands)
Increase (Decrease)
2007 2006 Amount %
Sales P 45,000 P 50,000 P (5,000) (10.00)
Less: Sales returns 1,000 2,000 (1,000) (50.00)
Net sales 44,000 48,000 (4,000) (8.33)
Less: Cost of goods sold 24,000 35,000 (11,000) 31.43
Gross profit 20,000 13,000 7,000 53.85
Less: Selling and general expenses 12,000 10,000 2,000 20.00
Operating income 8,000 3,000 5,000 166.67
Less: Other expenses 3,000 3,500 (500) (14.29)
Income (loss) before income tax 5,000 (500) 4,500 -
Less: Income tax (refund) 2,000 (200) 2,200 -
Net Income (Loss) P 3,000 P (300 ) P 3,300 110.00

2. Metro Company
Common-size Income Statement
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For the years ended, December 31, 2006 and 2007

2007 2006
104.17
Sales 102.27% %
Less:Sales returns 2.27 4.17
Net sales 100.00 100.00
Less:Cost of goods sold 54.54 72.92
Gross Profit 45.46 27.08
Less: Selling and general expenses 27.27 20.83
Operating income 18.19 6.25
Less: Other expenses 6.82 7.29
Income (loss) before income tax 11.37 1.04
Less: Income tax (refund) 4.54 0.42
Net Income (Loss) 6.83% 0.62%

3. Comments
Based on the data as calculated, the following may be stated:
a. The significant improvement in the operating results of Metro
Company is primarily attributed to its ability to reduce its cost of
production by 18.38% (i.e., 72.92% - 54.54%).
b. The operating performance would have been better had the
operating expenses been contained instead of increasing it by 6.44%
(i.e., 27.27% - 20.83%).
c. The company’s operating strategy is working well and may be
applied once more in the following year to produce a better return on
sales and return on assets. Albeit, the generation of sales should be
intensified to forestall the downward trend in sales.

[Problem 3]
1.
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South Corporation and North Corporation

Comparative Common-size Balance Sheet
December 31, 2007
South North
ASSETS

Current assets 44 % 20%

Long-term investments 4 23
Land, building and equipment (net) 42 44
Intangibles 5 8
Other assets 5 5
Total assets 100% 100%

LIABILITIES and STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities 13% 15%

Long-term liabilities 22 25
Deferred revenues 4 6
Total liabilities 39 46
Preferred stock 4 8
Common stock 26 17
Additional paid-in-capital 22 15
Retained earnings 9 14
Total stockholders’ equity 61 54
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 100 % 100%

2. Comments
Based on the prepared common-size balance sheet, South
Corporation presents a better financial position picture in terms of
reasonable distribution of assets (investments) and the relationship of
debt and equity. The current ratio of South Corporation also shows a
comfortable allowance to meet currently maturing obligations.
These observations, however, should be validated with profitability
and growth measure of the corporation which are not given in the
problem.
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[Problem 4] Financial mix ratios

1. Current assets P585,000
Current liabilities (200,000)
Net working capital P385,000
2. Current ratio = (P585,000/ P200,000) = 2.925
3. Acid-test ratio = [(P 85,000 + P 25,000 + P 245,000)
/P200,000] = 1.775
4. A/Rec turnover = (P 1,000,000/P245,000) = 4.08
Collection period = (360 days/4.08) = 8 days
5. Invty. turnover = (P 750,000/P220,000) = 3.41
Inventory days = (360 days/3.41) = 106 days
6. Gross profit rate = (P250,000P1,000,000) = 25%
7. BV per common share = (P600,000/3,000 shares) = P 200
8. Return on sales = (P90,000/P1,000,000) = 9%
9. Earnings per share = (P90,000/3,000 shares) = P 30
10. Return on invested capital = (P90,000/P920,000) = 9.8%
11. Debt-to-equity ratio = (P320,000/P600,000) = 0.53
12. Debt ratio = (P320,000/P920,000) = 35%

[Problem 5]
Old Management New Management
1. Return on sales 1 ROS = P 87,000 = 5.41% 1 ROS = P 483,000 = 8.59%
P 1,610,000 P5,620,000

2. Return on assets 2 ROA = P 87,000 = 8.92% 2 ROA = P 483,000 = 16.83%

P 715,000 P 2,870,000

3. Return on stockholders’ 3 ROE = P 87,000 = 12.17% 3 ROE = P 483,000 = 48.47%

equity P 715,000 P 996500

4. Debt-to-equity 4 D/E Ratio = P 260,000 4 D/E Ratio = P 1,873,500

P 715,000 P 996,500
= 36.36% = 188%

[Problem 6] 2002 = base year

20 20 2 200
2007 06 05 004 3
Sales 1.35 1.20 1.15 1.08 100.00
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Current assets
Cash 0.80 0.90 1.10 1.15 100.00
Accounts Receivable 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.95 100.00
Inventory 1.22 1.66 1.10 1.05 100.00
Total current assets
Current liabilities 1.90 1.80 1.00 1.01 100.00

[Problem 7] Financing ratios

East Company West Company

a. Debt ratio = P 200,000 = 40% P 300,000 = 60%

P 500,000 P 500,000

b. Equity ratio = P 300,000 = 60% P 200,000 = 40%

P 500,000 P 500,000

c. Debt-equity ratio = P 200,000 = 66.67% P 300,000 = 133.33%

P 300,000 P 200,000

d. Equity multiplier = P 500,000 = 166.67%P 500,000 = 250%

P 300,000 P 200,000
e. Times interest earned = P 10,000 = 5x P 12,000 = 2x
P 2,000 P 6,000

f. Financial leverage = P 10.000 P 12,000

[P10,000 - P2000 - P 1000/60%] [P 12,000 - P6,000 - P 3,000/60

= 1.58 = 12

[Problem 8] Profitability ratios

1. a. ROS = P 7,000 = 2%
P 350,000

b. ROA = P 7,000 = 35%

P 120,000

c. ROE = P 7,000 = 83.33%

P 8,400

d. Return on common equity = P 7,000 – P 120 = 101.18%

[P 8,400 – (20 x80)]
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e. Times preferred dividends earned = P 7,000 = 58.33

P 120

f. Earnings per share = P 6,880,000 = P 34.40

200,000 shares

g. Degree of operating leverage = P 40,000 = 3.33

P 12,000

2. ROA = 35% x 2 = 70%

70% = 5% x Asset turnover
AT = 70%/5% = 14

3. ROE = 833.33% x 2 = 166.67%

ROE = ROS x Asset turnover x Equity multiplier
166.67 = 6% x 20 x EM
EM = 166.67% = 1.3889
120%
Debt ratio = 1 - _1_
EM
= 1 - __1__
1.3889
= 28%

[Problem 9] Growth ratios

Assume that the number of common shares outstanding is equal to that
of the preferred stock.
Mindoro Corporation Tarlac
Corporation

1. Price earnings ratio = P 200 = 4:1 P90 = 3:1

P 50 P30

2. Payout ratio = P 20 = 40% P25 = 833.33%

P 50 30

3. Yield ratio = P 20 = 10% P25 = 27.78%

200 P90

4. BV per preferred stock = 40,000 sh x P 120 40,000 sh x P 150

40,000 sh 40,000 sh
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= P120 P150

5. BV per common stock = P 10,000,000 – P 4,800,000 P 12,000,000 – P 6,000,000

40,000 sh 40,000 sh
= P 130 = P 150

[Problem 10] Growth ratios

1. MPS = EPS x P/E ratio
MPS = P 50 x 4 = P 200

2. DPS = EPS x P/O ratio

= P 50 x 40% = P 20

3. Yield ratio = P20/P200 = 10%

[Problem 11] Liquidity ratios

JS Corporation DV Corporation
1.
a. Inventory turnover = P110,000 = 40 P180,000 = 25
2,750 7,200

Inventory days = 360 days = 9 days 360days=14.4 days

40 25

b. Receivable turnover = P190,000 = 20 P240,000 = 15

P 9,500 P 16,000

Collection period = 360 days = 18 days 360 days = 24 days

20 15
c. Payables turnover = P96,000 = 40 P112,000 = 32
P 2,400 P 3,500

Payment period = 360 days = 9 days 360 days =11.25 days

40 32
d. Operating cycle = 9 days+18 days = 24 days 14.4days+24 days=38 days

e. Net working capital CA P 12,850 CA P 24,000

Cliab (2,400) Cliab (3,500)
Net WC P 10,450 Net WC P 20,500
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g. WC turnover = P200,000 = 19.14 P285,000 = 13.90

P 10,450 P 20,500

h. Cash turnover = P18,000 = 30 P17,600 = 22

P 600 P 800

Day’s in operating = 360 days = 12 days 360 days = 16.36 days

expenses 30 22

i. Asset turnover = P200,000 = 2.5 P285,000 = 3

P 80,000 P 95,000

[Problem 12] Liquidity ratios (in thousands)

2006_______ 2007

1. Materials inventory = P 10,000 = 10x P 10,800 = 9x

turnover P 1,000 P 1,200

Materials invty. days = 360 days = 36 days 360 days = 40 days

10 9

2. WIP Inventory turnover= P 26,000 = 32.5x P 42,000 = 30x

P 800 P 1,400

WIP Invty days = 360 days = 11 days 360 days = 12 days

32.5 30

3. FG Invty turnover = P 30,800 = 14x P 40,000 = 16x

P 2,200 P 2,500

FG Invty days = 360 days = 26 days 360 days = 23 days

14 16

4. Cash turnover = P 4,320 = 8.64x P 3,240 = 8x

P 500 P 400

Days’ in cash = 360 days = 42 days 360 days = 45 days

operating expenses 8.64 8

5. Current asset = P 56,400 = 6.13 P 53,720 = 5.32

turnover P 9,200 P 10,100

6. Quick assets ratio = P 5,100 = 2.43 P 4,800 = 1.90

P 2,100 P 2,525
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7. Defensive-interval = P 5,100 = 425 P 4,800 = 533

ratio (P4,320/360) (P3,240/360)

[Problem 13] Effects of leverage on return on common equity

Financing Mix
Straight Leverage
Stockholders'
Common Equity Mix and Equity
Equity Mix
EBIT P 600,000 P 600,000 P 600,000
Less: Interest expense 0 0 300,000
Income before income tax 600,000 600,000 300,000
Less: Income tax (30%) 180,000 180,000 180,000
Net Income 420,000 420,000 120,000
Less: Preferred dividend
(P 1.5 million x 10%) 0 150,000 0
Earnings available to common
stockholders 420,000 270,000 120,000
÷ Common stockholders' equity 4,000,000 2,500,000 1,500,000

Return on common equity 10.50% 10.80 % 8.00%