1

SONAR GEAR
 
SONAR is the name applied to all underwater sound gear. Like radar, it is a coined
name, taken from the words SOund Navigation And Ranging.

When a submarine submerges, radar becomes useless and no lookouts remain on

deck. The periscope and the sonar gear are now the eyes and ears of the submarine.
But in the vicinity of enemy ships, it may by dangerous to use the periscope very
often. Then the submarine must depend chiefly on listening. The sonar operators
become the main channel of information about the maneuvers of the enemy.
 
Ships make sounds

Any ship moving through the water

makes a certain amount of sound. Most
important to the sonar operator is the
sound of enemy propellers as they
churn through the water.
 
Next in importance to the sonar  
operator are the noises from various
pieces of machinery within the ship.
These sounds go through the hull and
out into the water.
 
With the ship stopped dead in the  
water, propellers and machinery may
both be silent. But even then some
sound may come from the slapping of
the waves against the ship's hull.

The purpose of sonar gear is to detect these various sounds

 
1

Sonar listening gear has 5 essential parts

 
1. Hydrophones. On a modern  
submarine there are three hydrophones:
one topside and two just below the
level of the keel.

 
2. Cables. A cable runs from each  
hydrophone through the submarine's
hull.

 
3. Receiver-Amplifiers. The other end  
of each cable is connected to a receiver-
amplifier, which looks something like a
radio.

 
4. Headphones. A pair of head phones  
can be plugged into the phone jack of
each receiver-amplifier.

 
5. Training Mechanisms. Hand-  
operated and electrically controlled
mechanisms turn the hydrophones in
any desired direction.

 
2

The principles of sonar listening are simple

 
 
3

There are two main types

Sonic gear picks up sound you could hear with your own ears if you stuck your
head out into the water.
 
The Hydrophone in sonic gear
resembles a long bar and is mounted
topside, either port or starboard,
forward of the conning tower.
 

The Amplifier at the other end of the

connecting cable from the hydrophone  
is located in the forward torpedo room.

 
The Training Mechanism alongside
the amplifier consists of a handwheel
which turns the shaft on which the
hydrophone is mounted. There is also a
pointer and dial marked off in degrees.
 
JP is the Navy term for sonic listening
gear. The J means that it can be used
for listening only. The second letter P
merely indicates the model.
 
4

of sonar listening gear

Supersonic gear picks up sounds too high for the human ear to hear and changes
them into sounds which can be heard.

 
 The Two Hydrophones (Projectors) are
mounted at the bottom of shafts, which
extend through the hull under the forward
torpedo room. Lowering these shafts puts
  the two projectors below the keel.

The Receiver-Amplifiers, one for each

projector, are located in the conning
tower. They look alike and they both
operate in the same way.
 

The Remote-Control Units, one for

training each projector, are also in the
conning tower, on top of the receiver-
amplifiers. Actually the projector shafts
are turned in the forward torpedo room,
by training mechanisms run by electric
motors.

JK/QC is the Navy term for one type of

 
supersonic gear. The JK half of the
combination projector is for listening
only; the QC half can also be used for
sending out sounds into the water.

QB designates the other type. As

indicated by the letter Q, the QB
projector can send as well as receive
sounds.
 
5

Comparison of sonic and supersonic listening

Since enemy ships make sonic and supersonic sounds, both types of gear are
necessary for efficient listening. Each has its own particular advantages one is
incomplete without the other.

Sonic gear is useful for picking up targets at great distances because sonic sounds
travel farther. Also, on the JP gear sounds appear more natural and are more easily
recognized. Therefore, you can identify not only the machinery noises of enemy
ships, but also any telltale noises your own submarine is making.

Supersonic gear is useful for picking up the important supersonic noises that
sonic cannot get. Supersonic gear is especially superior for catching the bursts of
supersonic sound used by enemy escort vessels in searching for our submarines.
(In addition, QB and QC gear can be used to send out sounds into the water to
determine the range of an enemy ship.)

The WCA Installation

The WCA Installation on a submarine includes all the sonar gear that handles
supersonic sounds. Much of this equipment is grouped in the conning tower, where
it is known as the "WCA Stack." To locate all the various units, let us subdivide
WCA into its two main parts:

QB Gear has its receiver-amplifier and remote-control unit in the conning tower.
The projector is mounted on the starboard shaft and extends just below the keel
under the forward torpedo room. The electric training mechanism for turning the
projector is in the forward torpedo room.

JK/QC Gear also has its receiver-amplifier and remote-control unit in the conning
tower, and its training mechanism in the forward torpedo room. The double-faced
projector extends just below the keel on the port side, opposite the QB projector. A
range indicator, used with either QB or QC, is also part of the WCA stack in the
conning tower.

NOTE: The WCA Installation also includes NM gear (in the control room), which
is used for determining the depth of the water beneath the keel.
 
2
BEARINGS: RELATIVE AND TRUE
A bearing is a number which tells the direction of another ship or object. A lookout
gets bearings by sight, a conning officer by looking through the periscope, a sonar
operator by listening through his gear. After contact is made with a target, the
sonar operator keeps reporting bearings continually. Therefore, he has to know
what bearings are, and how to read and report them.

 
Relative Bearings

Usually a sonar operator reports

relative bearings because they tell
direction in relation to own ship.
Imagine two lines drawn from the
center of the submarine: the first
through the bow dead ahead, and the
second to the target. The angle between  
these two lines, measured clockwise
from the first line, is the relative
bearing. A target dead ahead is at 000
degrees relative. Since there are 360
degrees in a circle, dead astern is at
180 degrees relative. These three
diagrams show relative bearings of 50
degrees, 160 degrees, and 240 degrees.
 

 
7

True Bearings

The sonar operator may also be ordered to report a target's true bearing. Imagine
two lines drawn from the center of the submarine: the first to the North Pole, the
second to the target. The angle between them, measured clockwise from the first
line, is the true bearing. A target due North of the submarine is at 000 degrees true,
due East at 090 degrees true, due South at 180 degrees true, due West at 270
degrees true no matter where the submarine is heading. Only when own ship is
heading due North, will a target's relative bearing and its true bearing be the same.
Note how the true bearings are measured in the figures below.

 
  

 
8

Reading a bearing indicator

Below is a picture of a bearing indicator. It has three parts:

1. The outer scale represents relative bearings. Zero always points to your own
submarine's bow.

2. The inner scale represents true bearings. Zero always points to true north, no
matter where your submarine is heading.

3. The diamond-shaped bug has two tips which point out on both scales the
direction in which the projector is facing.
This is how to read the bearings

1. Read the relative bearing at the outer tip of the bug.

2. Read the true bearing at the inner tip of the bug.

NOTE: You can also read your own submarine's course on the true (inner) scale by
noting the degrees directly below zero relative.
 
9

When own ship changes course

The diagrams below show that the relative bearing changes when own ship's
heading changes. But the true bearing, measured from the motionless North Pole,
is fixed. Therefore keeping the true bearing in mind helps the operator maintain
contact with a target, no matter where his submarine is heading.
    
Know these general terms

The direction of a target may also be

described in a more general way, as
shown in the diagram at the right.
Ahead, astern... port and
starboard...bow, beam, and
 
quarter...these are familiar words. But
you must learn to know these eight
combinations by heart, so that the
instant you hear any one of them, you
get a picture of the general direction of
the target in relation to your submarine.

 
10
3
SOUND IN WATER
Sound can travel through any medium, such as air or steel or water. As a
sonar operator, you are concerned with water as the medium.
 
  How sound waves get started

Imagine an object vibrating back and

forth in water. As it moves forward, the
particles of water directly in front of it
are pressed closer together. Each
particle then passes this pressure along
to the one ahead of it. Thus a state of
compression moves away from the
object in all directions.

But when the object moves backward,

this pressure is removed and the
particles are thinned out. Thus a state of
rarefaction follows after each
 compression.

The vibrating object continues to send

out compressions and rarefactions one
after the other. Each compression plus -
rarefaction is a sound wave.

Cycle. A single back-and-forth movement of the vibrating object is called a cycle.

A single sound wave (as shown in the drawing above) is also called a cycle.

Frequency. The number of cycles per second is the frequency. For convenience,
this is sometimes expressed in kilocycles (1000 cycles). A frequency of 16
kilocycles (16 kc), for example, means 16,000 cycles per second.
 
11

How we hear sounds

When sound waves reach us through the air, their alternate compressions and
rarefactions cause the eardrum to move in and out at the same frequency. By a
chain of tiny bones, this vibration is transferred to the inner ear. Here it is changed
into nerve impulses, which pass to the brain and produce the sensation of hearing.

But for the sonar operator, the process includes some additional steps. The sound
waves in the water must be picked up by some sort of hydrophone and changed
into electric currents. These electric currents are then strengthened and sometimes
changed, so that they can by heard through the headphones.
Sonic and supersonic frequencies

SONIC FREQUENCIES are those SUPERSONIC FREQUENCIES are

below 15,000 cycles per second. They those above 15,000 cycles per second -
can be heard by the normal human ear. beyond the range of normal human
hearing.

Supersonic frequencies must be changed to sonic frequencies before the operator

can hear them in his headphones or loudspeaker. Within the sonic range, the pitch
of a sound depends mainly upon its frequency. A high-frequency sound has a high
pitch; a low-frequency sound, a low pitch. The loudness of a sound depends mainly
upon the strength of the compressions. The more powerful they are, the louder the
sound. But loudness is also somewhat dependent upon frequency. The normal ear
hears best between 1000 and 2000 cycles, and sounds in this frequency range
generally seem louder than sounds of extremely high pitch.
 
12

How sound waves behave in water

The behavior of sound waves in water is a rather

complicated subject. Here are some of the most
important features to remember.

Velocity

Sound waves travel very rapidly in water-about 4800

feet per second, as compared with 1100 feet per second
in air. Weak sounds and strong sounds, high frequencies
and low frequencies, all travel at the same speed. But
their speed is affected by the temperature, pressure, and
salinity of the water, as shown at the right.
Refraction

The fact that the speed of sound varies, especially with temperature, explains why
sound waves are bent out of their normal paths. This bending is called refraction.
Usually water is warmer near its surface than at lower depths. As shown in the
diagram at the right, the upper part of a sound wave in the warmer water travels
faster than the lower part in the colder water. This makes the sound wave bend
downward.

Transmission loss

The sound that reaches the hydrophone is very much weaker than it was when it
left its source. Two main factors explain this loss during transmission.

1. Spreading. As a sound wave goes out from its source in all directions, it spreads
over a larger and larger area. Thus a given amount of sound has to cover an
increasingly large space, and it gets thinner and thinner.

2. Attenuation. This term covers the weakening of the sound from a number of
other causes. As the water particles move back and forth in the compressions and
rarefactions of sound waves, they rub against one another. Some of their original
strength is used up in friction. Also, during their travel, sound waves may hit air
bubbles, seaweed, fish, the ocean surface, or other obstacles. Some of the strength
of the sound waves is absorbed by these obstacles; some is scattered in other
directions so that it never reaches the hydrophone.

Most important to sonar is the fact that attenuation is greater with higher
frequencies. For this reason, supersonic sounds lose strength more quickly than
sonic sounds and therefore cannot travel as far.
 
13

Sonic and supersonic sounds from ships

It has already been mentioned that submarines are equipped with sonic and
supersonic listening gear. Both kinds are necessary to pick up all the sounds we are
interested in hearing.

Propellers generate a wide band of sonic and supersonic frequencies.

Consequently, they can be detected with either type of gear.

Ship machinery noises are mainly in the sonic range. Sonic listening is necessary,
not only to catch these sounds from enemy ships, but also to locate and identify
noises from your own submarine that might give you away to enemy escort
vessels.

Enemy echo-ranging, that is, sound signals sent out by enemy escort vessels in
searching for submarines, is supersonic, and can be heard clearly with supersonic
gear.

Slapping of waves and the sounds of surf pounding on a beach are largely in the
sonic range. This is also true of most sounds made by fish and marine animals.

Only with a combination of sonic and supersonic

listening can we be sure of hearing all of these sounds.
 
14
4
SONIC LISTENING
The essential parts of JP gear

 
1. Hydrophone

When a sound wave hits the front of the

hydrophone, the long metal tube
changes slightly in size. This sets up an  
electric current in wires coiled around
its wooden core. Sound cannot hit the
back, of the tube very strongly because
it is protected by a rubber bale.
 
2. Training mechanism

The shaft on which the hydrophone is

mounted goes down through the
pressure hull into the forward torpedo
room. Inside the shaft a cable carries
the electric current to the amplifier.  
Geared to the shaft is a training
handwheel. One full turn of this wheel
turns the hydrophone about 33 degrees.
On the circular scale, the target's
relative bearing is read opposite the
pointer.
 
3. Amplifier
In the amplifier the electric current from the hydrophone is made stronger.

4. Headphones

By means of the headphones, or loudspeaker, the electric current from the

amplifier is changed back into sound. Thus the operator can hear and identify
sounds coming through the water.

Power supply. JP gets its power from the submarine's batteries. This has two
advantages: First, there is no generator to make noise during silent running of the
submarine. Second, even if depth-charge damage cuts off the submarine's main
power supply, the JP operator can still tell what is happening on the surface.
 
15

This is the way

 
 
16

the JP amplifier works

 
1st amplifier stage
receives the incoming
electric current from the
hydrophone and makes it
stronger.

2nd amplifier stage

makes this amplified
 current still stronger.

 
Bass-boost filter Flat filter passes all 500-cycle filter cuts out
weakens frequencies frequencies equally well. frequencies below 500 cycles
above 1500 cycles, it weakens frequencies from
making the low 500 to 2500 cycles, making
frequencies seem the higher frequencies seem
stronger. stronger.
3000-cycle filter 6000-cycle filter makes 6000
weakens frequencies cycles stand out by weakening
below 3000 cycles, frequencies lower and higher
making the higher than this.
frequencies seem
stronger.
3rd amplifier stage
makes the filtered current
stronger. How much
stronger is determined by
the volume-control setting.

4th amplifier stage makes

this amplified current still
stronger.
Prop-count detector
changes the current so
that the propeller beats
stand out.
Output amplifier stage
makes the current strong
enough for the
headphones.
Transformer changes Headphones change the Amplifier strengthens a small
the current so that the electrical current into portion of the current. How
loud speaker can handle sound. much it is strengthened is
it. determined by the indicator
control setting.
Loudspeaker changes
the electrical current into Filter cuts out all frequencies
sound. below 6000.

Rectifier changes the current

so that the indicator can
handle it.
 Magic eye indicator lets the
operator's eye see what his
ears hear. The eye closes
when current is strongest.
 
17

These are the steps to take

Power switch when ON, allows power to be supplied to Push-to-magnetize

the amplifier. button sends the
magnetizing power into
Input jacks. When the cable is connected to the the hydrophone.
hydrophone jack, the current from the hydrophone goes
into the amplifier. When the cable is connected to the Prop-count detector.
magnetizer jack, power from the amplifier can be sent Sometimes you can get a
into the hydrophone, magnetizing it to make it more   better turn count with
sensitive. this ON.

Magic eye indicator.

The eye closes when the
hydrophone is trained
exactly on the loudest
sound.
 
18
in starting JP sonic listening gear

Phones jack. Headphones are plugged in here for Volume control. As this
normal operation. is turned clockwise, the
sound is made louder.
Speaker jack. If speaker is used, it is plugged in here.
Filter control selects
Fuse. If a fuse burns out, your gear will go dead. Call whichever of the five
the radio technician.   filters you want to use.

Indicator control.
Turned clockwise, this
increases the strength of
the current going to the
magic eye.
 
19

JP Search Procedures
When you are on sonar watch, until you get a contact, your time will be spent in
routine searching. To get the proper rate of sweep, you will have to turn the
handwheel rapidly. When you take over the watch, you first carry out ...
 
Rapid search

1. From the bearing at which the hydrophone was left by

the previous watch, sweep through 000 degrees and
continue on to 180 degrees.  

2. Then, reversing direction, sweep back around the full

circle to 180 degrees. If no suspicious sounds are heard,
shift to ...

Progressive search

Sweep forward two full turns of the handwheel and then one turn back. Continue
up the same side, two turns forward and one turn back, until you have crossed the
bow. Then train rapidly down the opposite side to 180 degrees. Reverse direction
and train two turns forward, one back, two forward, one back, until you have
crossed the bow again. Then train rapidly down the other side ... and so on.
Continue this procedure for the duration of your watch, unless ordered to do
otherwise.

 
20

These are some of the sounds you are likely to hear

 
 Report these sounds

1. Enemy ships'
propellers have
rhythmic, swishing
beats. PT boats whine
and freighters chug.

2. Enemy ships'
machinery noise is not
rhythmic like propellers.
For example, generators
sound just as you would
  expect.

3. Enemy echo-ranging
(pinging) produces dull
thuds or sometimes shrill
peeps on JP.

4. On your own
submarine, electric
motors have a smooth
hum; bow planes grate;
the TDC whirrs; blowing
tanks make a roaring
sound.

  The only way to learn to know these sounds is to listen to them repeatedly on the
JP training records. Every submarine has these records.

Learn to recognize these other sounds

1. Own ship's screws are heard at 180 degrees, except during silent running.

2. Shrimp snap; porpoise bark and whistle; drumfish sound like a drum; croakers
croak.

3. The roaring pound of surf against a beach sounds quite natural.

 
21

Contact !

When your searching picks up a suspicious sound, your real job begins. The
conning officer needs all the information you can give him. Here is what you must
do - and do quickly.

1. Check the reciprocal bearing

Suppose you pick up a contact when the hydrophone is trained on 090 degrees.
Immediately train halfway around the bearing circle to 270 degrees. If the sound is
weaker here, then you know 090 degrees is the correct contact bearing. But if the
sound is stronger on 270 degrees, then 270 degrees is the right bearing to report,
because the sound you heard on 090 degrees came through the baffle at the back of
the hydrophone.

2. Report the contact

Immediately give the approximate bearing: "JP, contact, bearing ze-ro niner ze-ro."
If you are not sure it is a ship, report: "JP, doubtful contact, bearing ze-ro niner ze-
ro."

3. Adjust the amplifier controls

While you are reporting, set your amplifier controls to sharpen the target sound:

1. Set volume low enough to make the target distinct from the background noise.

2. Turn filter to the highest setting on which the target can still be heard.

3. As soon as you can hear on the 3000-cycle position, adjust the indicator control
so that the magic eye just closes as the hydrophone is swung across the target.

4. Keep reporting accurate bearings

Make your eyes and ears work together. Use both the magic eye and the sound
from your headphones to get the best bearings you can. Report every bearing you
read. Keep adjusting your volume and filter controls to narrow the arc of the target.

5. Identify the target

As soon as possible, decide the probable kind of target. If it is a ship, notice the
speed of the screws (slow, medium, or fast) and the weight of the sound (light or
heavy). Report the nature of the target: "JP, bearing two eight eight. Sounds like a
destroyer."

6. Keep information going to the conning tower

Get the turn count. Watch for any changes in the speed of the screws or in the
loudness of the sound. Report every fact right away.
 
22

How to get accurate bearings

Read when sweeping from target's bow through target's stern

To get good bearings and to avoid losing contact, keep crossing the target. Sweep
all the way through the screw noise. Then sweep back. Sweep all the way through
again and all the way back. Determine which way the target is heading as quickly
as possible. Then read the bearing only when sweeping in one direction: from the
target's bow through the target's stern. Continue to sweep and to report bearings
every time you cross the target in this one direction.

Read the bearing at maximum loudness

As you sweep across the target, the propeller noise increases to maximum
loudness, and then dies away. There is also a change in the nature of the sound.
Near the bearing of the propellers it has more of a hissing quality. With some
experience, you will learn to combine the change in loudness and the change in
quality to pick out the maximum point accurately.

If the sound is of equal loudness over a wide arc, proper use of the gain and filters
will nearly always narrow it enough to give you a distinct maximum. Also, the
more rapidly you sweep, the more noticeable the changes become - and the more
accurately you can determine the peak.
Use the magic eye

The eye can be brought into operation as soon as you are able to listen on the 3000-
cycle filter position. Adjust the indicator control until the eye just closes on each
sweep through the target. Read the bearing the instant the eye closes. This should
check with the bearing obtained by listening. When ever you change the volume
setting, you may have to reset the indicator control.
 
23

Use volume and filters wisely

Low volume narrows the target.

As soon as you get a contact, turn the volume control to the lowest setting at which
the target can be heard. By cutting down the background noise level, this makes the
propeller sounds stand out more clearly. With low volume, the arc of the target
noise narrows. This allows you to get more accurate bearings.

Filters can define and narrow the target

Propeller noise is made up of all frequencies. But background noise, from the
water and the submarine, is mostly low-frequency sounds. Therefore, by operating
with a high-frequency filter you can get rid of the background noise, yet still hear
the screws. Also at higher frequencies the target is heard over a narrower arc. So it
is wise to use the highest filter setting on which the target can be heard.
 
24

How to take a turn count

1. Train the hydrophone directly on the bearing where the prop beats are loudest.

2. Turn the prop-count detector ON. It may bring out the beats more clearly. (If it
does not, turn it OFF.)

3. Notice whether the beats are accented or unaccented. Accented beats go CHUG,
chug, chug (three-bladed propeller)-or CHUG, chug, chug, chug (four-bladed
propeller). Unaccented beats go chug, chug, chug, chug, chug.

4. Get in rhythm with the beats by pumping your arm up and down. If there is an
accented beat, let your hand come down with every accented CHUG -or if the
beats are all the same, on every chug.

5. Count the number of times you pump your hand down in 15 seconds.

6. Multiply this count by 4 to get the number of rpm (revolutions per minute).
Report the rpm immediately. For example, if your 15-second count is 24, the rpm
will be 96, and you will report: "JP, turn count is ze-ro nines six. Good count." If
the beats are so rapid that you are not sure of the accuracy of your count, report:
"Poor count."

7. After you have reported, make sure that the prop-count detector switch is OFF.

During approach and attack

Give the conning officer every scrap of information you can about the target. Be
alert to catch and report:

. . . if it changes its course, turn count, or pinging rate.

. . . if it crosses your own bow or stern.
. . . if another ship comes between you and the target.
. . . if you lose contact.

Listen carefully to all orders from the conning officer. He may direct you to track
the target. Or he may tell you to continue searching all around to keep in touch
with the escort vessels in the screen, while another sonar operator stays on the
target. If he fires torpedoes, he may order you to track them-to give bearings
continuously on their whining sound as they run, and to report the crash as they
explode.
 
25

During evasive maneuvers

In escaping from the enemy, the JP gear is frequently used to keep track of the
attacking ship. Because of its topside mounting it can be operated even when you
are lying on the bottom. It is also valuable for detecting telltale noises your own
machinery may be making, using the bass-boost filter to bring out the low
frequencies. If a doubtful sound remains on the same bearing when your own ship
changes course, it is almost certainly from your own machinery. You should study
our own ship's sounds so that you learn to recognize them quickly.

After depth charges - remagnetize

If depth charges are dropped near you, you probably will have to remagnetize the
hydrophone. Plug the cable into the magnetizer jack, and press the push-to-
magnetize button just once. Then plug the cable into the hydrophone jack and
listen. If you cannot hear anything, magnetize the hydrophone again. Continue this
procedure until the hydrophone is able to pick up sounds.

Securing JP gear
As soon as your submarine surfaces, secure the JP gear,

1. Turn the power switch off.

2.Train the hydrophone to 090 degrees if it is installed on the port side, or to 270
degrees if it is on the starboard side.

3. Hang up the headphones carefully. They are a special kind that cannot be
replaced while you are on patrol. Other headphones do not work as well on JP
gear.

Enemy echo-ranging

If in searching you hear the dull thuds or shrill peeps of enemy

pinging (echo-ranging), quickly check the reciprocal bearing, and
then report the approximate bearing of the pinging immediately.
Estimate the time between pings. If it is over 2 seconds, report
"long scale." If it is definitely less than this, report "short scale."
Be alert to catch and report any change in the pinging rate.
5
SUPERSONIC LISTENING

The WCA system of sonar gear is used for supersonic listening, and also for
echo-ranging and depth-sounding. It consists of three main divisions: QB,
JK/QC, and NM. In this chapter we shall be concerned with the use of QB and
JK/QC for supersonic listening. However, to keep things straight, we shall
start with a brief description of the whole WCA system.
 
Projectors  

The QB projector is a spherical hydrophone mounted on

the lower end of the starboard training shaft. One face
contains rochelle salt crystals, which change shape when
a sound wave strikes this face of the projector. The other
side is empty.

The JK/QC combination projector is mounted portside.

The JK face is just like QB. The QC face contains small
nickel tubes, which change size when a sound wave
strikes this face. (The NM projector, mounted on the hull
centerline in the forward trim tank, is used only for echo Hoist-lower-train
sounding.) mechanisms

Change in shape of the salt crystals (QB, JK) or in the Both shafts are equipped
size of the metal tubes (QC, NM) generates a small with hydraulic
electric current in connecting cables. mechanisms for raising
and lowering the
Receiver-amplifiers projectors. Training
motors and reduction
In the receiver-amplifier, the small electric current is gears turn the shafts and
strengthened and changed so that it is heard as sound in projectors. Power is
the phones or speaker. Two receiver-amplifiers, QB and supplied by two motor
JK/QC, are in the conning tower. There is also a generators. All of these
receiver-amplifier in the forward torpedo room for units are in the forward
emergency use with either system. torpedo room.

Remote-control units Other parts

In the conning tower are two remote control units, one The remaining parts of
for the QB, the other for the JK/QC projector. These the WCA are concerned
operate the training motors, and also show the direction with echo-ranging or
in which each projector is trained. depth sounding. For
echo-ranging there is a
QB driver and a QC
driver in the forward
torpedo room, and a
range indicator in the
conning tower. For echo-
sounding, there is a
depth indicator in the
control room. (The QC
driver is also used for
NM in depth sounding.)
 
27

In the conning tower

The photograph below shows a WCA stack, in which five units are grouped for
efficient supersonic operation. There are separate remote-control units for the
starboard (QB) and port (JK/QC) projectors, each with its receiver-amplifier.
During routine search only one type of supersonic gear is manned. But when a
contact is reported, QB is taken over by the sonar operator whose battle station is at
the stack, and a second operator mans JK/QC. Normally during an attack, QB
tracks the target, while JK searches for other ships. The range indicator is not used
for listening.
 
28

In the forward torpedo room

The photographs above give a general picture of the WCA gear in the forward
torpedo room, looking aft, with projectors raised. These are lowered by a
torpedoman, operating the hoist-lower mechanisms. If for any reason, the conning
tower has to be abandoned, supersonic listening can still be carried on from the
spare units in this room. These include a receiver-amplifier, which can be
connected to either JK or QB, and a training control for turning either shaft.
Relative bearings can be read directly from the scale and pointer on each hoist-
train shaft. True bearings cannot be read.

Limit switches prevent training either shaft more than 2 1/4 turns, as a protection to
the cables. If you train far enough to hit one of these switches, the training motor
automatically stops. You must then train back one full turn. Where slip rings have
been installed, the training shaft can be turned continuously in either direction
without damage to the cables - eliminating the need for limit switches.
 
29

This is how the

 
30

receiver-amplifier works
First oscillator produces a current whose frequency is   Radio-frequency-
60 kc higher than that of the incoming current. For amplifier stage
example, with an incoming current mainly of 17 kc, this increases the strength of
oscillator would develop 77 kc (17 plus 60). the current coming from
the projector.

First mixer combines

these two currents to get
a frequency that is
 mainly 60 kc (77 minus
17). The frequency
obtained by mixing is
always equal to the
difference between the
frequencies that are
mixed.
 
BROAD Intermediate-frequency-amplifier stage   SHARP lntermediate-
strengthens a broad band of frequencies centered around frequency-amplifier
60 kc. stage strengthens a
narrow band of
frequencies centered
around 60 kc.
 
Second oscillator, as normally set, produces a current   Second mixer combines
whose frequency is 60,800 cycles. this 60,800-cycle current
with the amplified
60,000-cycle (60 kc)
current to get a
frequency that is mainly
800 cycles (60,800
minus 60,000).

Audio frequency
amplifier stage makes
the current from the
second mixer stronger.
 
Flat filter passes frequencies from 200 to 3000 cycles.   Band filter passes
frequencies from 600 to
Audio-frequency-amplifier stage makes the filtered 1000 cycles.
current still stronger.
Peak filter passes
Output - amplifier stage makes this current strong practically only 800
enough to operate the red light on the range indicator. cycles.

Transformer changes the amplified current so that the Output-amplifier stage

range indicator can handle it. makes the filtered
current strong enough
Range indicator. Here the current makes a red neon for the head phones or
light flash. This indicator is not used for listening. loudspeaker.

Transformer changes
this amplified current so
 that the headphones or
loudspeaker can handle
it. Loudspeaker changes
the electrical current into
sound.

Headphones change the

electrical current into
sound.
 
31

These are the steps to take

Heterodyne switch. When this switch is off, the second   Output limiter cuts off
oscillator does not work. Some times propeller beats can part of the sound. Once
be heard with it off. But almost always you should in a while, when
operate with it ON. background noise is very
high, you may use it. But
to avoid losing the
target, you will almost
always keep it OFF.
 
32

in starting WCA listening gear

Audio-output-level meter shows the strength of the   radioman uses the echo-
electric current going to the head phones or loudspeaker. ranging gear to send
underwater signals in
Add-decibels switch protects this meter from breaking. code to another vessel.
Always keep it set at 30, except when determining the
proper setting for the gain control. Gain control, when
turned clockwise,
Beat-frequency control. The radio technician uses this increases the volume of
control when he adjusts the gear. But for listening, it sound. There is an other
must always be set at the red 800. Otherwise the target gain control on the
may be lost when the PEAK filter is being used. remote-control unit,
labeled "Sensitivity." If
Driver-power switch should be left on HIGH. It is set at you wish to regulate gain
LOW only when the from the remote-control
unit, move the sensitivity
switch to REMOTE
CONTROL.

Tuning dial tunes the

receiver to whatever
frequency is desired. At
the same time it
automatically adjusts the
first oscillator to send
whatever frequency is
needed to produce 60 kc
in the first mixer.
 
33

WCA search procedures

When you take over the watch on the WCA stack, check all controls. If necessary,
retune to 17 kc. Start with...

 
Rapid search

Swing the remote-control lever so that the bug passes

through 000 degrees and continues down the other side
to 180 degrees. Then reverse the lever until the bug
makes a complete circle to 180 degrees. If you hear no  
suspicious sounds, shift to

Progressive search

Reversing direction, sweep 60 degrees forward, then 30 degrees back, 60 degrees

forward, 30 degrees back - until you have crossed the bow. Then train quickly
down the opposite side to 180 degrees. Again reverse direction and sweep 60
degrees forward, 30 degrees back, 60 degrees forward, 30 degrees back - until you
have crossed the bow. Then train quickly down the opposite side to 180 degrees.
This completes one full double-cycle (720 degrees).
 
34

Frequency search

Every fifteen minutes during a sonar watch, you make a frequency search to try to
pick up enemy pinging. This is the sequence for a frequency search:

20 kc - one complete double cycle of progressive search.

23 kc - one complete double cycle of progressive search.
26 kc - one complete double cycle of progressive search.
29 kc - one complete double cycle of progressive search.
32 kc - one complete double cycle of progressive search.
14 kc - one complete double cycle of progressive search.

Then return to 17 kc and continue with the normal search plan.

Rate of sweep

In searching, the proper rate of sweep is somewhat less than the maximum
obtained when the remote-control lever is swung all the way over. The position of
the lever to get the proper rate has to be determined by experience, since the speed
steps vary on different remote-control units.

Reporting enemy echo-ranging

Sometimes a ship's pinging can be picked up before you can hear

its screws. Any ship that is pinging is out searching for
submarines. Merchant vessels are not equipped for echo-ranging.

So-if you hear pinging report it at once. For example "QB,

contact, echo-ranging bearing one one ze-ro." Set your tuning dial
to make the pinging come in loud and clear. Estimate the time
 between pings and report whether the ship is using long scale or
short-scale pinging.

Also notice carefully whether you hear the pinging without

interruption. If it comes in for a few pings and disappears for a
minute or more, comes in again and disappears - the ship is
probably still searching. But if it comes in continuously or with
only brief interruptions, the ship has probably picked you up as a
contact and is likely to attack. This is important information and
should be reported immediately.
 
35

Contact !

Maybe your whole watch will be spent in just routine searching. But at any
moment you may pick up enemy propellers. Then you must quickly do six things:

1. Immediately report the approximate relative bearing of the contact: "QB,

contact, bearing thuh-ree ze-ro ze-ro." Even if this bearing is incorrect by 20
degrees or 30 degrees, it lets the conning officer know the general direction of the
target. If you are not sure your contact is a ship, report it anyway: "QB, doubtful
contact, bearing thuh-ree ze-ro ze-ro."

2. Reset your amplifier controls to get better bearings. Turn the gain down to the
lowest possible setting on which the target can be clearly heard.

Turn the tuning control to the highest frequency on which the target can be clearly
heard.

Shift the audio switch to BAND. If you cannot hear the target, return the switch to
FLAT.

3. Keep sweeping across the targetall the time you are making these adjustments.
Keep reading accurate bearings and reporting them. Report relative bearings, but
note the true bearing at the same time. If your submarine changes course, you can
maintain contact with the target by following its true bearing during the turn. Get
in the habit of noticing the true bearing every time you read and report a relative
bearing.

4. Identify the target. Describe its screws as heavy or light, slow or medium or
fast. Tell what type of ship it is. "QB, bearing thuh-ree thuh-ree fo-wer. Heavy,
slow screws. Sounds like a tanker."

5. Take a turn count and report the number of rpm. Whenever the target's speed
changes, report that fact at once: "QB, bearing thuh-ree fo-wer niner. Heavy screws
speeding up." Then get the new turn count and report the rpm.

6. Try new filter settings from time to time. If you are on BROAD-BAND, shift
to BROAD-PEAK and then to SHARP-PEAK. Be ready to shift back instantly if
on the new setting you lose the target. When you change filters, you may have to
change your gain setting. But keep the gain as low as possible at all times.
 
36

Using tuning, gain, and filters to narrow the target

These three controls must work as a team. They must be handled with skill and
with a complete understanding of the way they work together.

Tuning high. As the frequency of a sound increases, a hydrophone becomes more

and more directional. That is, it picks up sounds over a narrower arc. So it is good
practice to take the bearings of a target with the tuning dial set high. Remember,
however, that the attenuation is greater at higher frequencies. So if you turn the
tuning knob too far, you may not be able to hear the target at all. But always track a
target at the highest frequency on which it can be heard.

Gain low. After contact, keep your gain as low as possible. This will make the
target's screws stand out from the background noise. Also, because low gain
narrows the arc over which you hear the target sounds, you will get better bearings.

Filters help by cutting out most of the background noise, allowing mainly the
screw sounds to come through. Sweeping a narrower arc of noise gives more
accurate bearings. Below is the order in which you are most likely to use these
filters.
Because this
combination gives a
wide listening arc, it is
 
good for searching, but
poor for getting
bearings.
Shift to BAND as soon
as you can after contact.
  It gives better bearings.

PEAK narrows the arc

considerably. It gives
  even better bearings.
 This is the best
combination of all.
 
Reach it, if possible,
during an approach.
 
 
37

Accurate and continuous bearings

Accurate bearings must be continuously supplied to the conning officer. With some
experience, you will learn to get accurate bearings if you follow the proper
procedure.

Keep crossing the target completely. Sweep all the way through the arc of
propeller noise. Continue until it dies out completely. Then reverse direction and
sweep through until it dies out on the other side.

Read when sweeping from bow through stern. As quickly as possible determine
which way the target is moving. Then read the bearing on the sweep that goes from
the target's bow to the target's stern.

Read the bearing at maximum loudness. Usually you can determine easily a
point of maximum loudness. This is the bearing. If the sound is of equal loudness
over a wide are, adjust tuning, gain, and filters to narrow it enough to give a
distinct maximum.

Securing WCA gear

When your submarine surfaces, you will continue searching. While it is running at
a slow speed, you will be able to listen efficiently. But at higher speeds the noise
becomes so great that you will have to report to the conning officer: "QB, listening
conditions poor." Probably you will then be ordered to secure the gear. Here is the
way to secure:

1. Bring the bug either to 000 degrees or 180 degrees, whichever is required by the
cable arrangement on your ship. (Ask the radio technician.)

2. Unplug the headphones and hang them up carefully.

3. Push the STOP button on the remote-control unit; the training-motor generator
light will go out.

4. Turn the line switch on the receiver-amplifier OFF.

5. The conning officer will order a torpedoman in the forward torpedo room to
raise the projectors. Watch the green light in the upper right-hand corner of the
remote-control unit. When it glows, you know that the projector has been raised.
6
SINGLE-PING ECHO-RANGING
If the conning officer requires a range more accurate than his periscope can
give, he may order, "QB, get a single-ping range." The sonar operator then
aims his projector at the target and shoots out a single burst of supersonic
sound called a ping. The time until the echo returns gives a measure of the
target's range. There will be a series of small echoes, called reverberations,
but the clear note of the main echo from the target can generally be
distinguished.
 

This requires two additional units of equipment,

different from those which have been discussed so far.

The Driver sends a pulse of current of supersonic

frequency to the projector, which projects a ping into the
water. There are two drivers, both located in the forward
torpedo room. One is connected to the QB projector; the
other is used with either the QC projector (echo-ranging)
or the NM projector (echo-sounding to get the depth of  
water beneath the keel).

The Range Indicator is a giant electric stop-watch which

measures the time between the ping and the return of the
echo. Its dial is marked off in yards so that the range can
be read directly.

 
39

WCA, WCA-1, and WCA-2 Range Indicators

 
  
WCA and WCA-1 WCA-2

The black panel containing four screw driver In WCA-2 the

adjustments appears only on WCA and WCA-1 range screwdriver adjustments
indicators. Power can be obtained from a generator or have been replaced by
from the ship's AC. hand switches. There are
no generator buttons
because this model
operates entirely on
ship's AC.

Advantages of QB for single-ping echo-ranging

Although either QB or QC can be used to get a single-ping range, QB is better for

several reasons:

1. You are more certain of getting a good range on a single ping. Although both
send out about the same strength of sound, QB can pick up a weaker echo.

2. You do not have to be so exact in setting the tuning dial when using QB. With
QC, it is necessary to tune to an exact frequency.

3. If you have been using JK for listening, before you can use QC, it is necessary to
turn the input switch to QC and train the QC bug halfway around the bearing
circle. With QB you are ready to ping instantly.

QC must be used when the target bears between 250 degrees and 290 degrees
relative. At these bearings the QB projector is blanked out by the JK/QC projector,
which is then between it and the target.
 
40

How to set the controls for a single-ping range on QB

On the QB receiver-amplifier

1. Use the frequency on which you have been listening, which should be about 28
kc, because you have raised the tuning to narrow the target.

2. Be sure filters are on BROAD-FLAT.

3. Be sure the driver-power switch is on HIGH.

 
41

How to set the controls for a single-ping range on QC

On the QC receiver-amplifier

1. Turn input switch to QC. Train the projector through half a circle so that the QC
bug is on the bearing of the target.

2. Tune exactly to the frequency written above the tuning dial. Very accurate
tuning is extremely important.

3. Be sure filters are on BROAD-FLAT.

 
42

How to get a single-ping range

by the audible method
1. Train the bug 2
degrees toward, the
target's bow from the
  bearing where the sound
is loudest. Turn the gain
down to protect your
ears.
 
2. Just before the white
light slit reaches zero,
  move the switch to
AUDIBLE, keeping one
hand on this switch.
 
3. When the slit has
passed 300 yards, return
  the gain to its former
level in order to get a
louder echo.
 
4. Keep your eyes on the
revolving slit and listen
intently for the echo.
Disregard the rolling
reverberations, and
concentrate on catching
 
the clear note of the
returning echo from the
target. At the instant it
comes, note the reading
on the scale. This is the
range.
 

5. When the slit reaches

4000 yards, return the
 
switch to MANUAL
KEYING.

 
41

When and how to use the visual method

Sometimes when your submarine is within 1500 yards of the target, the visual
method may be used instead of the audible method. This requires two changes:

1. Instead of setting the switch at AUDIBLE, above it to VISUAL.

2. When the light slit arrives at zero, an arc of red light will flash, indicating that
the ping is going out. Following this there will usually be a series of little red
flashes caused by the reverberations. Then a good solid red flash will come at the
same time that you hear the target echo. Read the range at the trailing edge of this
flash.

This visual method involves two serious dangers. First, if the gain on the receiver-
amplifier is set too high, you will get a confusing series of red flashes all over the
dial from the reverberations. Second, to flash the red light requires more current
than to produce an echo in the headphones; so you are likely to get no flash at all
from a weak echo.

Why submarines do not echo-range continuously

Since the speed of surface escort ships produces a noise level too high for efficient
listening, they depend heavily on echo-ranging to detect submarines. In fact,
surface escorts echo-range continuously. But submarines hardly ever echo-range,
because a submarine has to keep its location secret from the enemy. Continuous
pinging would be a dead giveaway.

When the submarine conning officer needs a sonar range, he allows the operator
only a single ping. For the submarine's purpose a successful single ping range is
sufficient -- and it's fairly safe.
 
44
7
STANDING A SONAR WATCH

When a submarine is running submerged, normally two men are on sonar

watch. One is on the JP in the forward torpedo room. The other is at the
 WCA stack in the conning tower. The conning officer is at the periscope.
Before taking over, get information
When you are about to go on watch, it is important for you to have a clear
picture of all essential conditions. Take the time necessary to find out all the
things you should know.
 
About sound conditions. The communication officer your submarine, the
can tell you about sound conditions. He gets the depth of the water, and
information from the bathythermograph, an instrument the bearing of the nearest
which tells how water temperature varies with depth. land.
Particularly you will want to know what maximum echo-
range can be expected, if you are ordered to get a single About the previous
ping echo-range. watch. From the sonar
operator you relieve,
About your submarine. From your quartermaster you obtain a concise account
can learn the speed, course, position, and depth of   of everything that
occurred while he was
on duty. This includes:
any targets picked up
and their bearings, the
bearings of any other
noises (fish, surf, etc.),
and any telltale noises
from aboard your own
submarine.
 
45

Upon taking over the watch

1. Report. As soon as you take over, report: "JK (or JP or QB) operator relieved.
Smith has the watch."

2. Check settings. Take nothing for granted. Check every setting on the gear. If
you are operating JP, be sure to magnetize the hydrophone.

3. Start the search. Unless you receive specific orders to search a particular area,
go through the routine search plan for the gear you are working on.

If the submarine surfaces

When the submarine is preparing to surface, you will have to search carefully all
the way around to make sure everything is clear. After surfacing, you may be
ordered to secure your gear.
 BE ALERT!

Standing a routine sonar watch is a most difficult job. Most of the time nothing
happens. You search and search, but hear nothing except sounds from your own
ship or possibly from fish. You get weary. The temptation is to go through the
motions and let your mind wander off to other things. But you must keep your
mind on the job. You must be alert. You are the ears of the ship. Your skipper and
your shipmates depend on you to do the listening for all of them when you are on
sonar watch.
 
46
8
CORRECT REPORTING
Importance
The sonar operator gets a lot of important information from his gear, but it is
useless unless he reports it properly. In fact, experience proves that attacks
have been hindered by the inability of sonar operators to report clearly. Every
bit of information should be reported at once. If you are not sure of your data,
report anyway and say that you are uncertain. The conning officer needs
correct data, it is true. But he must have all information as soon as sonar gets
it.
Need for standard forms
As soon as a contact is made and battle stations sounded, the captain himself
becomes the conning officer. During the exciting minutes that follow, the
captain will be giving orders to many different stations on the submarine. He
will also be receiving reports from various sources - coming in one after
another.
During an attack communication lines become heavily
burdened. The conning officer cannot afford to waste
precious seconds trying to figure out the meaning of
your own particular brand of wording. Therefore, to
save his time and to prevent tragic mistakes, you must
learn to use simple, standard forms of phraseology for
all reports.
Pronunciation of numerals
Since your reports will usually include numbers, it is
extremely important that you learn a standard
pronunciation for the numerals. At first, the
exaggerated pronunciations shown in the box at the
right may seem strange, but there is a logical reason
for every one of them. For instance, the usual "nine"
may be confused with "five," but "niner" doesn't
sound at all like "fi-yiv." Drill yourself in these
pronunciations until you use them automatically.
 
 47

Call letters in orders and reports

In giving orders, the conning officer avoids confusion by addressing each sonar
operator according to the gear he is on. For example, if you happen to be stationed
at the QB gear he will call you "QB." The same goes for JP. However, if you are
on the JK/QC gear, he will call you simply "JK" -even if you happen to be using
the QC side at the moment. In acknowledging orders and in giving reports, you
always start with your call letters. Then the conning officer will know instantly
what gear the information is coming from.

Bearings and turn counts

Always report a bearing or turn count as three separate numerals. If necessary, add
zeroes at the beginning. For example:

"QB, bearing ze-ro ze-ro six."

"JP, turn count is ze-ro eight fo-wer."

Unless specifically ordered to do otherwise, you will always report relative

bearings. Therefore you leave out the word "relative" from such bearing reports.
But if you are instructed to give true bearings, you must add the word "true" after
the numerals. For example: "JK, bearing one two nines, TRUE."

Ranges

In reporting a range, use "oh" and "double oh", instead of zero and zero zero. For
example:

"QB, range one thuh-see double oh."

"QB, range two oh double oh."

Brevity

In giving reports, you will leave out the usual courtesies such as "sir," "please,"
"thank you," etc. These expressions are good manners, but they are pure waste
when every word should give information. Stick to the simple, standard forms-
using the fewest words possible.
 
48

Insuring accuracy
If the conning officer cannot understand you, or if you misunderstand him, the
consequences may be serious. Therefore, it is important for you know by heart, and
practice constantly, the following standard procedure

1. Repeat every order word-for-word as soon as you receive it.

For example:

Order: "JP, make a rapid search."

You say: "JP, make a rapid search."

2. If you do not understand every word of an order, say "Repeat." For example:

Order: "JP, pick up target bearing ugg ugg ugg"

You say; "Repeat."
Repeated order: "JP, pick up target bearing two thuh-ree ze-ro."

3. If you make a mistake in your report, say "Belay that," and then give the
corrected message. For example:

"JP, bearing one two niner. Belay that. JP, bearing one one niner."

4. Listen while the man at the other end repeats your report. If he makes a mistake,
say "Belay that" then repeat the correct information. For example:

Your report: "JK, bearing thuh-ree fo-wer fi-yiv."

Repeated as "JK, bearing, two fo-wer fi-yiv."
You say: "Belay that. JK, bearing thuh-ree fo-wer fi-yiv."

Typical orders

The examples below are typical of the kind of orders you are likely to receive:

"JP, monitor ship's noise."

"JK, pick up target bearing one two ze-ro."
"QB, report bearings every two degrees."
"JP, give me a mark on bearing two one fo-wer."
"QB, shift to fast screws, bearing ze-ro eight one."
 
49

Typical reports

Study the examples of reports given below. Model your reports after these:
"JP, sound conditions poor."
"QB, contact echo-ranging. Long scale."
"JP, target bearing one six ze-ro going down starboard side."
"JP, lost contact. Last bearing was two thuh-ree fi-yiv."
"QB, fast screws crossing target."
"QB, torpedoes running at thuh-ree fo-wer fi-yiv."
"JP, high noise level, bearing ze-ro eight fi-yiv. Sounds like generator."

Of course, a sample of every possible report cannot be given here, but you can get
the general idea. Every report is given in the minimum of necessary words, using
standard forms whenever possible.

Reports must be understood

Finally, you must learn to speak clearly enough and slowly enough to be easily
understood. Also, make your voice loud enough to be heard-with out unnecessary
shouting.

Keep this in mind: All the finest information your sonar gear can give will do no
good unless you report it in a clear and understandable manner.