An American National Standard

Designation: D 1223 – 93 (Reapproved 1998)

Standard Test Method for

Specular Gloss of Paper and Paperboard at 75°1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 3. Significance and Use

1.1 This test method is for measuring the specular gloss of 3.1 This test method is widely used as a partial measure of
paper at 75° (15° from the plane of paper). the surface quality and shiny appearance of coated paper.
1.2 Although its chief application is to coated papers (1),2
this test method may also be used for uncoated papers. 4. Apparatus
1.3 This test method is not a measure of image-reflecting 4.1 Gloss Meter—(see Fig. 1). It consists of a source of
quality and should not be used for cast-coated, lacquered, light, a lens giving a converging beam of rays incident on the
highly varnished (2, 3, 4) or waxed papers (5), and high-gloss test specimen, a suction plate to hold the specimen flat, and a
ink films (6). For these purposes, TAPPI T 653 “Specular Gloss light detector to receive and measure certain of the rays
of Paper and Paperboard at 20 Degrees” is preferred, although reflected by the test specimen. These components are com-
the present method has been shown to be suitable for gloss bined in a light tight housing that is matte black inside and is
measurements of most other ink films on paper or paperboard. structurally and optically stable during warming and at the
Here, differences in the color and the diffuse reflectances of operating temperature. Details of the geometric, spectral, and
these ink films have a negligible effect on measured gloss. For photometric characteristics of the instrument and of the speci-
example, on comparing white and black surfaces which are men holder are given in Annex A1.
otherwise identical, the white surface will measure less than 4.1.1 Area of Specimen Illuminated—The area illuminated
one gloss unit higher than the black. is controlled by the dimensions of the aperture stop A-A
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the specified in Fig. 1. If the outline of this spot is projected
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the sharply onto the specimen, the illuminated area will be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- rectangular, 0.10d 6 0.01d wide and 0.05 6 0.005d times
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 1/cos 75° long. When the value for d is 100 mm, the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. illuminated spot will have a width between 9.0 and 11.0 mm,
and length between 17.4 and 21.3 mm, resulting in an
2. Referenced Documents illuminated area between 156 and 234 mm2. On the assumption
2.1 ASTM Standards: that approximately 2000 mm2 of paper or board should be
D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of evaluated to obtain a representative gloss value for the sample,
Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, or Related Products3 10 separate sheets or 10 different areas on one sheet should be
D 685 Practice of Conditioning Paper and Paper Products measured and averaged.
for Testing3
NOTE 1—No minimum value for d is specified since none is required
2.2 TAPPI Standard: when a sufficient number of measurements is made so that the average
T 1200 Interlaboratory evaluation of test methods to deter- provides a gloss value representative of 2000 mm2 of sample.
mine TAPPI repeatability and reproducibility4
4.2 Gloss Standards—The theoretical specular-gloss stan-
dard is an ideal, completely reflecting, plane mirror having an
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-6 on Paper assigned value of 384.4 gloss units. A flat, clean, and polished
and Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on Test surface of black glass having a refractive index of 1.540 for the
Methods. Sodium D line may be shown by the Fresnel equation (7) to
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1993. Published December 1993. Originally
published as D 1223 – 55T. Last previous edition D 1223 – 92.
measure 100 gloss units on this scale.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of 4.2.1 High-Gloss Working Standard, a clean plaque of
this test method.
3
polished black glass for which the 75° specular reflectance has
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09. been computed from its refractive index as measured for the
4
Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Technology Park/Atlanta, P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348. sodium D line.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 1223 – 93 (1998)

NOTE 1—Dimensions are given in terms of d, the distance between center of test area and receptor window.
NOTE 2—The cross-hatched rectangle in the W-W circle represents the image of the source field stop in the receptor window.
FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Glossmeter

4.2.2 Intermediate-Gloss Standards, having a reflected flux 7. Conditioning

distribution comparable with that of the paper to be tested. 7.1 Condition and test the specimens in an atmosphere in
Such standards may consist of ceramic tiles which are flat accordance with Practice D 685.
enough so that they do not rock when placed in the position of
the specimen and are uniform in gloss over their central area. NOTE 4—The exposure of paper to relative humidities of about 65 % or
Each of these tiles is calibrated against the black glass standard above progressively and irreversibly decreases the gloss (9).
on an instrument conforming with 4.1.
8. Procedure
NOTE 2—Store standards in a closed container when not in use. Keep
them clean and away from any dirt which might scratch or mar their
8.1 Cover the specimen aperture with an opaque material
surfaces. Never place standards face down on a surface which may be and, with the instrument turned off, check the mechanical zero
dirty or abrasive. Always hold standards at side edges to avoid getting oil of the meter and adjust to zero if necessary. Then turn on the
from one’s skin on the standard surface. Clean standards in warm water instrument and, after a 10-min warm-up period, insert the black
and a mild detergent solution, brushing gently with a soft nylon brush. Do glass standard and adjust the scale controls to give an instru-
not use soap solutions to clean standards because they can leave a film. ment reading equal to the value of gloss for the standard.
Rinse standards in hot running water (temperature near 150°F (65°C) to
8.2 Recheck the zero of the instrument with the specimen
remove detergent solution, followed by a final rinse in distilled water. Do
not wipe intermediate standards. The polished black glass high-gloss aperture covered with a black velvet-lined cavity to prevent
standard may be dabbed gently with a lint-free paper towel or other external light from entering the receptor window. With the
lint-free absorbent material. Place rinsed standards in a warm oven to dry. instrument turned on, the zero reading should agree with the
NOTE 3—Black glass standards may not be stable and may change a mechanical zero setting. (Disagreement in the zero readings
few percent over a period of several years (8). The refractive index or suggests that unwanted light rays are entering the receptor
gloss value should be verified from time to time against a stable standard. window.)
Major standardizing laboratories such as the National Institute of Science
and Technology (NIST), USA, or the National Research Council, Canada, 8.3 Reinsert the black glass standard and adjust the instru-
are able to verify the gloss values of such black glasses. ment as before, to give the correct value of gloss for the
standard. Insert the intermediate standard and see that the
5. Sampling instrument reads it correctly. (Correct readings on the black-
5.1 Select a sample to represent the shipment in accordance glass and intermediate standards suggest that an instrument is
with Practice D 585. in approximate, but not necessarily in exact, conformance with
the above apparatus specification (10).) When readings differ
6. Test Specimens by more than 1 gloss unit from assigned values, the instrument
6.1 From each test unit of the sample, cut at least ten test should be checked for conformance to the geometric, spectral,
specimens free of folds or wrinkles or other blemishes and of and photometric requirements.
sufficient size to cover completely the sample opening of the 8.4 Following this calibration check, insert each specimen
instrument with an adequate overlap. Keep the specimens clean one at a time and read the gloss value. Rotate each specimen
and do not touch the area to be tested. 180° and read the gloss value at the same point a second time.

2
 D 1223 – 93 (1998)
Average the first and second readings for each specimen. In the 10.1.2 Six of the eight papers from the interlaboratory study
absence of other information associated with the sample, were also used in the CTS-TAPPI Collaborative Reference
perform the testing sequence in both the machine and cross Program, Reports 119 through 124. Ten test determinations
directions for both the wire and felt sides of the sample. Insert were made per sample and a minimum of 36 laboratories
the standards at frequent intervals to ensure that the instrument participated. The results were comparable to those obtained in
remains in adjustment throughout the period that the gloss the interlaboratory study and are as in Table 2.
measurements are being made and again at the end of the test. 10.1.2.1 The user of these precision data is advised that it is
8.5 Calculate for the ten specimens the four averages for the based on actual mill testing or laboratory testing, or both. There
machine and cross directions and the wire and felt sides of the is no knowledge of the exact degree to which personnel skills
sample unless otherwise instructed. or equipment were optimized during its generation. The
precision provides an estimate of typical variation in test
9. Report results which may be encountered when the test method is
9.1 Report the average, maximum, and minimum gloss routinely used by two or more parties.
readings to the nearest unit for the felt side and for the wire side 10.1.3 In both the interlaboratory study and the Collabora-
of the sample. tive Reference analyses, it appears that the major contributing
factor to the precision of the data is the material variability.
10. Precision and Bias 10.2 Bias—The procedure in this test method has no bias
10.1 Precision: because the value of gloss at 75° is dependent upon the test
10.1.1 The values in Table 1 are based on an interlaboratory conditions specified in terms of this test method.
study conducted in accordance with TAPPI T 1200. Eight
papers at various gloss levels (ranging from approximately 10 11. Keywords
to 80 gloss units) were tested by eleven laboratories. Twenty- 11.1 coated paper; gloss; paper; paperboard; specular gloss;
five sheets of each paper were measured. uncoated paper
TABLE 1 Interlaboratory Study of Eight Papers Tested by
Eleven Laboratories
TABLE 2 CTS-TAPPI Collaborative Reference Program
Grand Mean Repeatability Reproducibility
(Reports 119–124)
10.94 1.84 2.22
Grand Mean Repeatability Reproducibility
26.71 3.25 4.01
29.99 3.86 4.93 27.12 3.05 4.60
42.48 5.27 7.28 30.30 4.07 5.09
60.32 8.60 9.31 42.73 4.99 7.52
66.20 4.18 5.40 59.08 7.37 8.67
72.29 9.54 9.87 66.52 3.16 6.29
80.40 5.58 6.53 80.56 5.29 6.45

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT

A1.1 Optical System—Referring to Fig. 1, beginning at the position of the receptor window, and the diameter of the
lamp, the dashed line indicates the path of the ray of light receptor window (11, 12).
passing through the condenser lens and the geometric center of
a rectangular aperture which becomes the effective source of A1.2 To achieve uniform weighting of the rays taking
light: through the source objective lens, through the geometric different paths through the receptor window, a light mixer (10)
center of the rectangular aperture stop and to the specimen. is interposed between the receptor window and the photode-
This axial ray of light intersects the specimen plane at a point tector. The positive lens is located adjacent to the receptor
defined as the center of the test area. (This is not necessarily the window and is arranged to collect all rays of light passing
geometric center of the illuminated area of the specimen.) With through the window and to form an image of the illuminated
a plane front-surfaced mirror as the specimen, the axial ray is specimen surface on the photodetector sensitive surface, or on
specularly reflected and passes through the center of the a diffusing screen immediately in front of this surface. No rays
receptor window. The source objective lens makes an image of other than those reflected from the specimen surface are
the source aperture at the receptor window. The distance d, the permitted to enter the receptor window.
distance from the center of the test area to the receptor window,
is used as the basis from which to specify all other dimensions. A1.3 Angle of Incidence—The axial ray intersects the
The most critical dimensions are the angle of incidence, the specimen plane at an angle of 75.0 6 0.1°.

3
 D 1223 – 93 (1998)
A1.4 Receptor Window—The diameter of the receptor gular aperture stop is located 0.6d 6 0.1d from the center of the
window is expressed in terms of the distance d, from the center test area with its plane perpendicular to the axial ray. The size
of the test area to the entrance plane of the receptor window of the stop is 0.10d 6 0.01d by 0.050d 6 0.005d, the short
and is 0.2000d 6 0.0005d and the thickness of its edge is not dimension being in the plane of incidence. No other stops or
to exceed 0.005d. The axial ray, when reflected from a plane diaphragms are permitted to intercept the incident rays of light.
front-surface mirror in the specimen position, passes through
the center of the receptor window within 0.0004d and is A1.8 Uniformity of Light in the Aperture Stop—These
perpendicular to the plane of the receptor window. tolerances are required to be the same as for the source
aperture. Based on the coordinate system described, they are:
A1.5 Position and Size of Light Source Aperture—The ȳ 5 0 6 0.05y0 (A1.4)
position of the image of the light source aperture is in the plane 2
ȳ 5 0.33y02 6 0.04y02 (A1.5)
of the receptor window with a tolerance, along the direction of
2
the axial ray, of 60.04d. The size of the rectangular image is x̄ 5 0.33x02 6 0.03x02 (A1.6)
0.100d 6 0.005d by 0.050d 60.005d, the short dimension of With the specimen aperture open, and through the use of an
the rectangle lying in the plane of incidence (that is, containing auxiliary lens, an image of the aperture stop can be formed
the incident and the specularly reflected axial ray). outside the instrument. Scanning of this image with a photom-
eter, as described in Annex A2, yields the required information
A1.6 Uniformity of Light in Source Aperture—The distri- for determining the uniformity of light distribution in the
bution of light in the source aperture is required to be uniform aperture stop.
in accordance with the following: Let the direction of the axial
ray be the z axis, the x axis perpendicular to the plane of A1.9 Spectral Conditions—The incandescent source oper-
incidence, the y axis perpendicular to the z axis and parallel to ates at a color temperature of 2850 6 100 K. The photoreceptor
the plane of incidence. Let the coordinates of the sides of the is spectrally corrected by means of a filter so as to give the
rectangular source be 6x0 and 6y0. Then, the rectangle is 2x0 combination a spectral response duplicating the CIE luminous
long and 2y0 high. The distribution of light flux in the source efficiency function, (YA) which has an effective wavelength of
aperture in the y direction is required to be so arranged as to 572 nm.
satisfy the following equation:
A1.10 Light Detector—Any combination of photodetector
*
1 y0
F~y!ydy and indicating device may be used, provided it gives a
2 y0
ȳ /y0 5 5 0 6 0.05 (A1.1) numerical indication of the light flux passing through the
y*
1 y0
0 F~y!dy receptor window accurate over the entire scale to within
2 y0
60.2 % of full scale: that is, 60.2 scale division for a scale
where F (y) is the light flux per unit area expressed as a comprised of 100 divisions. The photometric linearity may be
function of y, and further, that, established by using the procedure described by Höfert and
*
1 y0
F~y!y 2dy Loof (13).
2 2 y0
ȳ /y02 5 5 0.33 6 0.04 (A1.2)
*
1 y0 A1.11 Specimen Holder—The suction plate for holding the
y02 F~y!dy
2 y0 specimens is firmly mounted and sufficiently flat so that the
It should be recognized that for a perfectly uniform distri- image in the receptor window of a thin, flexible plastic film of
bution of light, ȳ = 0 and ȳ2 = y02/3. The light distribution in uniform thickness (for example, 0.003-in. thick, optical grade
the x direction is required to satisfy the following equation: Mylar) held by this suction plate, will not be measureably
different in position and size from that of the image formed by
*
1x
F~x!x 2dx the black glass standard as described earlier. Suction plates
2 2x
x̄ /x02 5 5 0.33 6 0.03 (A1.3)
* may be made from a solid plate which contains two shallow
1x
x02 F~x!dx
2x grooves (or a single circular groove) on the side of the plate
The data for these equations may be obtained as described in against which the specimen is held. The connection for
Annex A2, and their application is discussed in Annex A3. supplying vacuum to the grooves may be made by drilling
holes through the plate into each groove. Solid flat plates of
A1.7 Position and Size of the Aperture Stop—The rectan- brass or steel are suitable for making this type of suction plate.

A2. MEASURING THE LIGHT UNIFORMITY OF THE SOURCE APERTURE

A2.1 With the specimen aperture open, the image of the aperture. By scanning this image of the source with a photom-
source aperture will be formed outside the instrument and can eter of adequate sensitivity and one which has an aperture as
be observed on a viewing screen such as a piece of white paper discussed below, the required data can be obtained for deter-
or ground glass. The image of the lamp filament should be mining the uniformity of light distribution in accordance with
centered in the image of the source aperture and should fill this Eq A1.1, Eq A1.2, and Eq A1.3.

4
 D 1223 – 93 (1998)
A2.2 The photometer scanning aperture may be circular or should be of a size (that is, diameter or width of slit) equal to
in the form of a long, narrow slit; its size, however, as about 1⁄8 to 1⁄6 of the dimension of the rectangular source
discussed below, should be appropriately related to the size of aperture image being scanned. For scanning the image, pho-
the image of the source aperture and to the spacing of the lamp tometer readings should be obtained for at least six equally
filament windings. The use of too small a scanning aperture spaced positions for both the short and the long dimensions of
introduces an undesirably high variation in the photometer the image. The integrations indicated in Eq A1.1, Eq A1.2, and
readings, inasmuch as the photometer in this case will respond Eq A1.3 should be performed on intensity data read from a
to the local changes in light intensity caused by the windings of smoothed curve of the plot of the photometric data. The
the lamp filament. The use of too large an aperture, on the other procedure for obtaining a numerical approximation for the
hand, leads to an averaging of the intensity rather than to the integrals in Eq A1.1, Eq A1.2, and Eq A1.3 is given in Annex
measurement of its distribution. For example, in scanning an A3.
image showing eight filament windings, the scanning aperture

A3. LIGHT UNIFORMITY IN THE SOURCE APERTURE AND IN THE APERTURE STOP

A3.1 In Fig. 1, the light source is shown to be formed by A3.3 Symmetric distributions of this sort, of course, exactly
the image of a lamp filament inside a rectangular aperture. This satisfy the requirements of Eq A1.1. Sample calculations for
arrangement is not mandatory, but it is probably the easiest the approximate solutions of Eq A1.1 and Eq A1.3 are shown
way to make a light source with a precisely defined boundary. subsequently. For this illustration, the flux distribution for the
When this method is used, the light source will have point-to- ydimension of the image for either the source aperture or the
point variations in intensity because of the filament shape. aperture stop is shown in Fig. A3.1 and that for the xdimension
Such a source is certainly not uniform, although it will be in Fig. A3.2.
photometrically equivalent if the flux distribution satisfies
closely Eq A1.1, Eq A1.2, and Eq A1.3 given under geometric A3.4 Using data obtained from Fig. A3.1, Table A3.1 shows
specifications. It is, of course, possible to defocus the lamp the steps in the calculation of the summations involved in the
filament to improve the flux uniformity. Doing so, however, equation:
involves a possible risk of making the light flux nonuniform y/y0 5 @ ( F~y!~y/y0!# / @ ( R~y!# (A3.1)
over the aperture stop. If the image of the filament is focused
at or near the source aperture, however, the requirement for A3.5 Dividing the sum of the values in Column 3 by the
light uniformity at the aperture stop will likely be satisfied sum of the values in Column 2 yields y/y0 = 0.015. For this
without further effort. illustration of light distribution, the value of 0.015 meets the
specification which states that y/y0 is to lie within the range 0.0
A3.2 The requirements in Eq A1.1, Eq A1.2, and Eq A1.3 6 0.05.
can be better understood if a few typical flux distributions are
considered. First, consider Eq A1.1 for the centroid of flux
distribution with respect to the variable y. Suppose the flux per
unit area is 1 unit at y = 0 and varies linearly from about 5⁄6
unit at y = −y0 to 7⁄6unit at y = + y0. This distribution will
meet the requirements of Eq A1.1 with a little margin and will
be in perfect agreement with the requirements of Eq A1.2.
Second, consider Eq A1.2 and Eq A1.3 for the average values
of y2 and x2. These quantities are analogous to the square of the
radius of gyration of a rotating body, and the flux distribution
is analogous to the mass distribution. For this problem,
consider a flux distribution that has its maximum at the center
(x or y = 0) and tapers off linearly to a smaller value at the two
ends (x = 6x0 and y = 6y0). If the flux density at the ends
(y = 6y0) is 5⁄8 or greater, compared with its value at the center FIG. A3.1 Illustrative Data Showing Light Flux Distribution for
Short Dimension of an Image of the Source Aperture or Aperture
(y = 0), Eq A1.2 will be satisfied, and if its value at the ends Stop, or Both. Positions of Plotted Points on y/y0 Axis
(x = 6x 0) is 7⁄10 or greater of its value at the center, Eq A1.3 Correspond to the Use of a Scanning Slit Having a Width Equal
will be satisfied. to 2y0/7, or One-seventh of the Dimension Being Scanned.

5
 D 1223 – 93 (1998)
TABLE A3.1 Steps in the Calculation of the Summations of
Eq A3.1
y/y0 F(y) F(y) (y/y0)
0.1 86.0 8.6
−0.1 86.0 −8.6
0.3 84.0 25.2
−0.3 83.0 −24.9
0.5 79.0 39.5
−0.5 77.0 −38.5
0.7 73.0 51.1
−0.7 68.0 −47.6
0.9 65.0 58.5
−0.9 58.0 −52.2
( = 759.0 ( = 11.1

FIG. A3.2 Illustrative Data Showing the Light Flux Distribution for
Long Dimension of an Image of the Source Aperture or Aperture
Stop, or Both. Positions of the Plotted Points on x/x0 Axis TABLE A3.2 Steps in the Calculation of the Summations in
Correspond to the Use of a Scanning Slit Having a Width Equal Eq A3.2
to 2x0/8 or One-eighth of the Total Length. x/x0 (x/x0)2 F(x) F(x) (x/x0)2
0.1 0.01 84.0 0.84
−0.1 0.01 87.0 0.87
A3.6 Using data obtained from Fig. A3.2, Table A3.2 shows 0.3 0.09 78.0 7.02
the steps in the calculation of the summation involved in the −0.3 0.09 86.0 7.74
equation: 0.5 0.25 69.0 17.25
−0.5 0.25 84.0 21.00
x 2/x02 5 @ ( F~x!~x/x0! 2# / @ ( F~x!# (A3.2) 0.7 0.49 57.0 27.93
−0.7 0.49 80.0 39.20
0.9 0.81 43.0 34.83
A3.7 Dividing the sum of the values in Column 4 by the −0.9 0.81 74.0 59.94
sum of the values in Column 3 yields x2/x02 = 0.292. For this ( = 742.0 ( = 216.62
illustration of light distribution the value of 0.292 does not
meet the specification which requires x2/x02 to lie within the
range of 0.33 6 0.03. Consequently, the uniformity of light distribution would have to be improved.

REFERENCES

(1) The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Instrumentation Studies V, “Report (8) Budde, W., and Dodd, C. X., “Stability Problems in Gloss Measure-
on Gloss,” Paper Trade J. 104(1): 42 (Jan. 7, 1937); Instrumentation ments,” J. Coatings Technology 52: 44 (1980).
Studies VI. Paper Trade J.104(2): 42 (Jan. 14, 1937). (9) The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Instrumentation Studies XII,
(2) Hunter, R. S., “Method of Determining Gloss,” J. Research Natl. “Effect of Relative Humidity on Physical Properties with Respect to
Bureau of Standards, 1937; 18, 19 (R.P. 958). the Hysteresis Effect in Changes from One Humidity to Another,”
(3) Harrison, V. G. W., “The Definition and Measurement of Gloss,” Paper Trade J. 104(15): 45 (April 15, 1937).
Cambridge, England, W. Heffer and Sons, Ltd., 145 pages. (10) Hunter, R. S., “Standardization of Test for Specular Gloss of Paper,”
(4) Wink, W. A., Delevanti, C. H., Jr., and Van den Akker, J. A., Tappi 41(8): 385 (1958).
Instrumentation Studies, LXXVII, “Goniophotometric Study of High- (11) Zabel, L. W., and Wink, W. A., “A Study of the Effects of
Gloss Papers,” Tappi 36(12): 163A (1953). Instrumental Variables on 75° Specular Gloss,” Tappi 37(10): 474
(5) Hunter, R. S., and Lofland, C. A., “Gloss Test for Waxed Paper,” (1954).
Tappi 39(12): 833 (1956). (12) Hammond, H. K. III, and Hsia, J. J., “Evaluation of Instrument
(6) Hunter, R. S., “Method of Evaluating the Gloss of Ink Films,” Tappi Tolerances for 75° Gloss,” Tappi 58(11): 143 (1975).
46(7): 162A (1963). (13) Höfert, H., and Loof, H., “Calibration of the Photometric Scale of a
(7) Budde, W., “The Calibration of Gloss Reference Standards,” Metro- Reflectance Photometer,” Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde 72(5):
logia 16: 89 (1980). (1964) (in German).

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