D 2482 - 97 R02 Rdi0odi - PDF

An American National Standard
Designation: D 2482 – 97 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for

Surface Strength of Paper (Wax Pick Method)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Significance and Use

1.1 This test method covers uncoated and coated papers. It 5.1 Many printing and converting operations require the
is designed to measure the surface strength of paper or its surfaces of the paper to have sufficient transverse strength to
resistance to picking. It is not applicable to loosely felted give satisfactory results. Since no absolute values are obtained
papers such as blotters or roofing felts, nor to some coated with this test method, test results should be correlated with
papers containing thermoplastic resins in the coating adhesive. actual performance of the material during the subsequent
1.2 This test method is technically similar to TAPPI T 459. coating, converting, printing, or packaging operation.4
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 5.2 For coated paper, where a significant portion of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the casein or starch coating adhesive has been replaced with a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- thermoplastic resin, there is very little, if any, correlation
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- between printing press performance and wax test results. The
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. molten wax forms a stronger bond with the coating containing
thermoplastic resin and the resulting pick causes the paper to
2. Referenced Documents appear weak, when in fact it is not.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.2.1 For those sheets containing latex and similar sub-
D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of stances, a more direct method employing the actual medium to
Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Products2 be applied is recommended.
D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products
for Testing2 6. Apparatus
D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products2 6.1 Heating Device, such as a bunsen burner, alcohol lamp,
2.2 TAPPI Documents: propane torch, or electric heat element.
T 459 Surface Strength of Paper (Wax Pick Test)3 6.2 Wooden Block, approximately 90 by 40 by 10 mm
Collaborative Reference Program for Paper3 (31⁄2 by 11⁄2 by 3⁄8 in.) having a 30-mm (11⁄4-in.) diameter hole
with an edge approximately 3 mm (1⁄8 in.) from one end.
3. Terminology 6.3 Work Surface, smooth, hard, and a poor conductor of
3.1 Definitions—Definitions shall be in accordance with heat, such as wood. (Glass, metal, or artificially cooled surfaces
Terminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.3 are unsuitable.)
4. Summary of Test Method 7. Materials
4.1 In this test method, calibrated sealing waxes with 7.1 Waxes—A series of hard-resin, non-oily waxes num-
increasing adhesive power are pulled from the surface of the bered respectively from 2A to 26A. Each wax is made up in
specimens. The highest number of the wax in the series that accordance with a specific formula and molded in stick form
does not disturb the surface of the paper is the numerical rating with a cross-sectional area of 18 by 18 mm (11⁄16 by 11⁄16 in.).
of the pick. Each higher numbered wax in the series is more adhesive than
the previous one.
8. Sampling and Test Specimens
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paper 8.1 Select a number of specimens, usually 10, each 100 by
and Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on Test
Methods. 100 mm (4 by 4 in.) or larger, from each test unit of a sample
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published November 1998. Originally
published as D 2482 – 66 T. Last previous edition D 2482 – 93 (1997).
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09. Kirkpatrick, W. A., “The Use of Waxes and Case Testing Ink In Testing Printing
3
Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, P.O. Papers,” Paper Trade Journal. PTJOA, Vol 109, No. 12, pp 36–38; Technical
Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348. Association Papers, Vol 22, pp 322–324.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
D 2482 – 97 (2002)
of paper obtained in accordance with Practice D 585, so that the surface of the paper specimen blisters, breaks, picks, or
five replicate critical waxes may be determined for each tested lifts. Test a minimum of five specimens on their wire side and
surface (wire and felt). five other specimens on their top side, or if not identifiable as
such, five each from the two different sides of the paper.
9. Calibration 10.8 Record the highest numerical designation of the wax
9.1 The sealing wax sticks used in this method are cali- that does not disturb the surface of the paper and average the
brated by the manufacturer against retained wax sticks and results on each side to the nearest wax number.
paper standards. Not only does each wax stick equal the 11. Report
corresponding standard stick but will effectively distinguish the
surface strength when compared with adjacent wax numbered 11.1 Report the following information:
sticks. The tester can calibrate any series of wax sticks by 11.1.1 Average highest numerical designation of the wax
noting whether the surface is progressively more ruptured with that does not disturb the surface of the paper as the Critical
ascending wax stick numbers and by checking new boxes of Wax Strength Number (CWSN),
waxes against retained wax sticks or paper standards, or both. 11.1.2 Number of tests made on each side as well as the
range of highest numerical designation of the wax for the
10. Procedure specimens on each side of the paper, and
11.1.3 With coated papers, state whether the picking of
10.1 Precondition, condition, and test the specimens in an lifting occurred on the coating or on the bodystock, or both. If
atmosphere in accordance with Practice D 685. desired, also include the degree of surface disturbance with
10.2 Place a test specimen on the work surface. Select a wax waxes more adhesive than for the critical strength. For ex-
stick estimated to have less adhesiveness than will disturb the ample, a paper may have a CWSN of 14A, a blister at 16A, a
surface of the specimen. Clean the end with a sharp blade or if partial fiber pick at 18A, and complete rupture at 20A.
necessary by melting off any paper or coating residue.
10.3 Heat the end in a low flame, or by electrical heat 12. Precision and Bias
element, rotating the stick slowly between the thumb and finger 12.1 Precision:
until several drops of melted wax have fallen, but do not let the 12.1.1 Repeatability—0.56. This is 4.0 % of an average pick
stick catch fire. The entire surface should be molten wax. of 14.
10.4 Quickly place the melted end of the wax stick on the 12.1.2 Comparability—Not known.
surface of the paper specimen with firm, but not undue, 12.1.3 Reproducibility—2.85.
pressure so that the end spreads out to an approximate 20-mm 12.1.4 These estimates of precision were obtained in the
diameter, and withdraw the fingers immediately, allowing the TAPPI Collaborative Reference Program for Paper, on eight
wax stick to stand vertically on the paper. types of paper, with pick values ranging from 6.6 to 18.1.
10.5 Allow the wax to cool for at least 15 min and not more 12.1.5 The user of this precision data is advised that it is
than 30 min. Place the wooden block with the hole over the based on actual mill testing or laboratory testing, or both. There
vertical stick of wax so that the stick protrudes through the is no knowledge of the exact degree to which personnel skills
hole; firmly press the block down with one hand to prevent the or equipment were optimized during its generation. The
paper from wrinkling or tearing, and with the other, pull the precision provides an estimate of typical variation in test
wax from the sheet with a quick jerk at right angles to the paper results that may be encountered when this test method is
surface. routinely used by two or more parties.
10.6 Examine both the tip of the wax and the paper 12.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material for
specimen under normal reading illumination and with no determining bias for the procedure in this test method, bias has
magnification. There must be a definite indication of fibers or not been determined.
coating disturbed to be called a pick or surface rupture.
10.7 If the surface is not ruptured, repeat the test, using the 13. Keywords
same specimen with waxes of ascending numerical order until 13.1 printability; surface strength; wax pick
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).

D 2482 - 97 R02 Rdi0odi - PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

D 2482 - 97 R02 Rdi0odi - PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

D 2482 - 97 R02 Rdi0odi - PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

An American National Standard

Designation: D 2482 – 97 (Reapproved 2002)

Standard Test Method for

1. Scope 5. Significance and Use

You might also like