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    Elliptical Orbits

    Uploaded by

    Doaa Khaled
    This document summarizes key concepts about elliptical orbits, including: - Elliptical orbits are followed by planets in the solar system and satellites around Earth. Objects travel the same path repeatedly in an elliptical orbit. - The geometry of an ellipse can be constructed using two pins and a loop of thread. The sum of distances from any point on the ellipse to the two foci is a constant. - The period of an elliptical orbit can be determined from the satellite's specific angular momentum, which remains constant along the orbit. Setting the angular momentum equal to the product of the orbital radius and velocity yields an expression for the orbital period in terms of the semi-

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Elliptical Orbits

    Uploaded by

    Doaa Khaled
    37 views18 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts about elliptical orbits, including: - Elliptical orbits are followed by planets in the solar system and satellites around Earth. Objects travel the same path repeatedly in an elliptical orbit. - The geometry of an ellipse can be constructed using two pins and a loop of thread. The sum of distances from any point on the ellipse to the two foci is a constant. - The period of an elliptical orbit can be determined from the satellite's specific angular momentum, which remains constant along the orbit. Setting the angular momentum equal to the product of the orbital radius and velocity yields an expression for the orbital period in terms of the semi-

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document summarizes key concepts about elliptical orbits, including: - Elliptical orbits are followed by planets in the solar system and satellites around Earth. Objects travel the same path repeatedly in an elliptical orbit. - The geometry of an ellipse can be constructed using two pins and a loop of thread. The sum of distances from any point on the ellipse to the two foci is a constant. - The period of an elliptical orbit can be determined from the satellite's specific angular momentum, which remains constant along the orbit. Setting the angular momentum equal to the product of the orbital radius and velocity yields an expression for the orbital period in terms of the semi-

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views18 pages

    Elliptical Orbits

    Uploaded by

    Doaa Khaled
    This document summarizes key concepts about elliptical orbits, including: - Elliptical orbits are followed by planets in the solar system and satellites around Earth. Objects travel the same path repeatedly in an elliptical orbit. - The geometry of an ellipse can be constructed using two pins and a loop of thread. The sum of distances from any point on the ellipse to the two foci is a constant. - The period of an elliptical orbit can be determined from the satellite's specific angular momentum, which remains constant along the orbit. Setting the angular momentum equal to the product of the orbital radius and velocity yields an expression for the orbital period in terms of the semi-

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Prepared by

    Ahmed Badawy Yassen


    Lecture Contents


     Elliptical Orbits.

     Circular Orbits.

     Parabolic Trajectories.

    Hyperbolic Trajectories.
    Trajectory Equation


     In this equation, which is mathematically identical in form to the
    trajectory equation, p is a geometrical constant of the conic called the
    "parameter" or "semi-latus rectum." The constant e is called the
    "eccentricity" and it determines the type of conic section represented.
    Conic Sections


    Elliptical Orbits

     The orbits of all the planets in the solar system as well as the orbits of all
    earth satellites are ellipses.

     Since an ellipse is a closed curve an object in an elliptical orbit travels the


    same path over and over.

     The time for the satellite to go once around its orbit is called the period.

     From elliptical orbits we can determined some geometrical results which


    apply only to the ellipse and derive an expression for the period of an
    elliptical orbit.
    Geometry of the Ellipse

     An ellipse can b e constructed using two pins and a loop of thread, Each pin
    marks the location of a focus and since the length of the thread is
    constant.
    Geometry of the Ellipse

     From this figure the sum of the distances from any point on an ellipse
    to each focus (r + r') is a constant.
    Geometry of the Ellipse

    Period of an Elliptical Orbit

     that the - horizontal component of velocity of a satellite is
    simply 𝑽𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ which can also be expressed as 𝒓 𝝂ሶ

     we can express the specific angular


    momentum of the satellite as:
    𝑟 2 𝑑𝜈
    ℎ=
    𝑑𝑡
    which, when rearranged , becomes

    𝑟2
    𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝜈 (6)
    ℎ
    Period of an Elliptical Orbit
     specific angular momentum, h, of a satellite remains
    constant along its orbit

     h is the vector cross product o f r and v
    it must always be perpendicular to the
    plane containing r and v.

     We can now define the direction of the


    velocity vector, v, by specifying the
    angle it makes with the local vertical
    as (gamma), the zenith angle.
    Period of an Elliptical Orbit
     From the definition of the cross product the magnitude of h
    is

     The angle between the velocity vector
    and the local horizontal plane is called
    (phi), the flightpath elevation angle or
    simply "flightpath angle . "

     h is the vector cross product o f r and v


    it must always be perpendicular to the
    plane containing r and v.
    Period of an Elliptical Orbit


    Period of an Elliptical Orbit

     that the - horizontal component of velocity of a satellite is
    simply 𝑉cos ∅ which can also be expressed as 𝑟 𝜈ሶ
    𝐴.𝐵 𝑟𝑑𝜈
    v= =
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    Since angular momentum equal
    𝑟𝑑𝜈
    ℎ = 𝑟( )
    𝑑𝑡
    2
    𝑑𝜈
    ℎ=𝑟
    𝑑𝑡
    𝑟2
    ∴ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝜈
    ℎ
    Period of an Elliptical Orbit

     So, we can rewrite equation (6) as :


    𝑟2
    ∴ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝐴 (7)
    ℎ

     Equation (7) proves Kepler's second law that "equal areas are
    swept out by the radius vector in equal time intervals" since
    h is a constant for an orbit.
    Period of an Elliptical Orbit


    Period of an Elliptical Orbit


    (8)

    𝑐
    2 2
    𝑎 = 𝑏 +𝑐 2 𝑒=
    𝑎 𝑃 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑒 2 )

    3
    𝑎
    𝑎3 𝑇 2 = 4𝜋 2
    𝑇𝑃 = 2𝜋 𝐺𝑀⨁
    𝜇
    Period of an Elliptical Orbit

    1
    2 2 3
    3
    𝑇 𝜇 𝑇 𝜇
    𝑎 = 𝑎=
    2𝜋 2𝜋
    Ahmed Badawy Yassen
    E- mail: Ahmed_Badawy1511@yahoo.com

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