Types of Failures in Rigid Pavements: Presented By, Aglaia

TYPES OF FAILURES IN
RIGID PAVEMENTS
PRESENTED BY,
AGLAIA
1
FAILURES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
 Failure in rigid pavement (or cement concrete pavement) can
be identified by formation of cracks on the pavement surface.
 Factors affecting failure,
1. Use of poor quality material
2. Inadequate stability of the pavement structure
2 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

TYPES OF FAILURES
 Scaling of cement concrete  Punch out
 Shrinkage cracks  Linear Cracking
 Joint spalling  Durability Cracking
 Warping cracks  Corner Break
 Pumping
 Faulting
 Polished Aggregate

1. FAULTING
 The difference in elevation between the joints is called as

faulting.
CAUSES OF FAILURES
 Settlement of the pavement due to soft foundation
 Erosion of material under the pavement.
 Curling of the slab edges due to temperature and moisture

changes.

REMEDIES
 Diamond grinding is used to restore the pavement if
faulting reaches 4 mm.
 Dowel bar retrofitting is required if the faulting is between
4 and 12.5 mm
 if the faulting exceeds 12.5 mm complete reconstruction of
the slab is necessary.

Fig.1: Faulting with difference in elevations found between the joints
source:pavementinteractive

7
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
8
2. DURABILITY CRACKING
 They are Series of closely spaced, crescent-shaped ,dark coloured
cracks near a joint, corner or crack.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 freeze-thaw expansion of aggregate in the PCC slab.
 Some roughness leads to spalling and eventual slab disintegration.
REMEDIES
 The affected pavement can be refurnished by partial-depth or full
depth repair, depending on the severity of the damage.

Fig.9. Durability Cracking or ‘D’ Cracks Failure in Rigid Pavements
Source:civilblog.org
10 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

PAVEMENTS
3. PUNCH-OUT
 It is the broken pieces of the localized area of concrete slab.
 These are mainly defined by joints and cracks of 1.5m width.
CAUSES OF FAILURES
 Heavy repeated loads.
 Inadequacy in slab thickness
 The foundation support loss or the construction deficiency like
honeycombing.

REMEDIES
 Punch-out problems are addressed by full-depth patch
Fig.3.1. Punch-out Failures in Rigid Pavements

Source:civilblog.org.in
4. CORNER BREAKS
 These are the failures in rigid pavements that is caused due to
pumping in excessive rate.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 When the pumping remove the underlying support the corner
cracks are created.
REMEDIES
 Full slab replacement or the repair for the full depth must be
carried out.

Fig.4.1: Corner Break
Failures in Rigid Pavement
source:civilblog.org.in
Fig.4.2 Corner Break and joints in

Rigid Pavement
source:slideshare.in

PAVEMENTS
Fig 4.3 LOW SEVERITY
CORNER BREAK
Fig 4.4 HIGH SEVERITY

CORNER BREAK
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

16 PAVEMENTS
5. LINEAR CRACKING
 These types of failures in rigid pavements divides the slab into two or
three pieces.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Failures is traffic loads at repeated levels.
 The curling due to thermal gradient and moisture loading.
REMEDIES
 Crack sealant can be used to seal linear cracking.
 If linear cracking leads to panel cracking, then the pavement is

restored by full-depth repair.
Fig.5.1 : Linear Cracking in
various roads.
Source:google images

PAVEMENTS
6. SHRINKAGE CRACKING
 These are hairline shallow cracks that are less than 2m in
length.
 These cracks may form in longitudinal as well as in transverse
direction.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Improper setting and curing process of the concrete slab
 higher evaporation of water due to higher temperature cracks.

REMEDIES
 Shrinkage cracks can be treated by means of crack sealants if

they are of moderate size.
 Synthetic resin is generally used as crack sealant.
 Entire slab replacement (full-depth repair) is used in severe
situations.

Fig.6.1: Shrinkage Cracking in
Pavements

PAVEMENTS
7. POLISHED AGGREGATE
 Aggregates which protrude out of cement paste with less
angularity and roughness are said to be polished

aggregates.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Repeated traffic applications.
 The age of the pavement will influence polished aggregate..
 It will be quicker if the aggregate is susceptible to abrasion.

REMEDIES
 It can repaired by Apply a skid-resistant slurry seal, BST or
non-structural overlay.
 Diamond grinding can also be used to treat the problem of
polished aggregates in rigid pavements

7.1(a) 7.1 (b)
Fig.7.1: Polished Aggregates (a) long shot (b) close enough shot
Source : pavementinteractiv.in

PAVEMENTS
8. SCALING
 It is the peeling off or flaking off of the top layer or skin of the
concrete surface.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Improper mix design.
 Excessive vibration during compaction of concrete.
 Laitance of concrete.
 Performing finishing operation while bleed water is on surface.

Fig 8.1 images of scaling
Source :civilblog.org

9. JOINT SPALLING
 It is the breakdown of the slab near edge of the joint due to
excess compressive stresses.
 Normally it occurs within 0.5 m of the joints.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Faulty alignment of incompressible material below concrete
slab.
 Freeze-thaw cycle.
 Excessive stress at joint due to wheel load.

 Joint that is accumulated with water that results in rapid
freezing and thawing
REMEDIES
 Partial-depth and full-depth repairs are the remedies for
shallow and deep spalling.

Fig 9.1 images of joint spalling
Source: Google images
31
10. WARPING CRACKS
 Excessive stress due to expansion of concrete slab results in the
formation of warping cracks near the joint edge.
REMEDIES
 proper reinforcement at the longitudinal and transverse joints.
 Hinge joints are used to relieve the stress due to warping

Fig 10.1 images of warping cracks
Source : pavementinteractive.in

11. PUMPING
 When material present below the road slab ejects out through the
joints or cracks, it is called pumping.
 When soil slurry comes out it is called mud pumping.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
 Infiltration of water through the joints, cracks or edge of the
pavement forms soil slurry.
 Poor joint sealer allowing infiltration of water.
 Repeated wheel loading causing erosion of underlying material.

 When there is void space between slab and the underlying base of
sub-grade layer.
REMEDIES
 Sub grade drainage should be improved.
 Fog seal or slurry seal may be applied to limit water infiltration.

Fig11.1 Enlarge Similar conditions. Picture taken in Washington State.

PAVEMENTS
Fig11.2 Water bleeding through a
pavement surface.
source:civilblog.org

PAVEMENTS
Fig.11.3: Pumping Effect
Source: pavementinteractive

PAVEMENTS
THANK YOU
For more…. Mail to aglaiaconnect2018@gma
TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

40 PAVEMENTS

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TYPES OF FAILURES IN

 Failure in rigid pavement (or cement concrete pavement) can

be identified by formation of cracks on the pavement surface.

 Factors affecting failure,

1. Use of poor quality material

2. Inadequate stability of the pavement structure

2 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 Shrinkage cracks  Linear Cracking

 Joint spalling  Durability Cracking

 Warping cracks  Corner Break

3 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 The difference in elevation between the joints is called as

 Erosion of material under the pavement.

 Curling of the slab edges due to temperature and moisture

4 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 Diamond grinding is used to restore the pavement if

faulting reaches 4 mm.

 Dowel bar retrofitting is required if the faulting is between

 if the faulting exceeds 12.5 mm complete reconstruction of

the slab is necessary.

5 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

6 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

cracks near a joint, corner or crack.

 freeze-thaw expansion of aggregate in the PCC slab.

 Some roughness leads to spalling and eventual slab disintegration.

 The affected pavement can be refurnished by partial-depth or full

depth repair, depending on the severity of the damage.

10 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

 These are mainly defined by joints and cracks of 1.5m width.

 Heavy repeated loads.

 Inadequacy in slab thickness

 The foundation support loss or the construction deficiency like

12 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 Punch-out problems are addressed by full-depth patch

Fig.3.1. Punch-out Failures in Rigid Pavements

14 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

Fig.4.2 Corner Break and joints in

15 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

Fig 4.4 HIGH SEVERITY

TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

 The curling due to thermal gradient and moisture loading.

 If linear cracking leads to panel cracking, then the pavement is

18 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

 These are hairline shallow cracks that are less than 2m in

 These cracks may form in longitudinal as well as in transverse

 Improper setting and curing process of the concrete slab

 higher evaporation of water due to higher temperature cracks.

19 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 Shrinkage cracks can be treated by means of crack sealants if

 Synthetic resin is generally used as crack sealant.

 Entire slab replacement (full-depth repair) is used in severe

20 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

21 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID

angularity and roughness are said to be polished

 Repeated traffic applications.

 The age of the pavement will influence polished aggregate..

 It will be quicker if the aggregate is susceptible to abrasion.

23 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

 It can repaired by Apply a skid-resistant slurry seal, BST or