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    Practice Work 2: Jet Impact Experiment

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    PhaNith Em
    1) This experiment measures the force generated on flat and hemispherical target plates by an impinging water jet to demonstrate conservation of linear momentum. 2) Theoretical calculations show the force should equal the change in momentum of the jet, which is proportional to the water density, flow rate, and jet velocity. 3) Experimental results for force are compared to theoretical calculations to test this relationship, with any differences possibly due to non-uniform velocity profiles in real jets.

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    Practice Work 2: Jet Impact Experiment

    Uploaded by

    PhaNith Em
    100 views5 pages
    1) This experiment measures the force generated on flat and hemispherical target plates by an impinging water jet to demonstrate conservation of linear momentum. 2) Theoretical calculations show the force should equal the change in momentum of the jet, which is proportional to the water density, flow rate, and jet velocity. 3) Experimental results for force are compared to theoretical calculations to test this relationship, with any differences possibly due to non-uniform velocity profiles in real jets.

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    TP 2

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    1) This experiment measures the force generated on flat and hemispherical target plates by an impinging water jet to demonstrate conservation of linear momentum. 2) Theoretical calculations show the force should equal the change in momentum of the jet, which is proportional to the water density, flow rate, and jet velocity. 3) Experimental results for force are compared to theoretical calculations to test this relationship, with any differences possibly due to non-uniform velocity profiles in real jets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views5 pages

    Practice Work 2: Jet Impact Experiment

    Uploaded by

    PhaNith Em
    1) This experiment measures the force generated on flat and hemispherical target plates by an impinging water jet to demonstrate conservation of linear momentum. 2) Theoretical calculations show the force should equal the change in momentum of the jet, which is proportional to the water density, flow rate, and jet velocity. 3) Experimental results for force are compared to theoretical calculations to test this relationship, with any differences possibly due to non-uniform velocity profiles in real jets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    PRACTICE WORK 2

    JET IMPACT EXPERIMENT


    Objective
    This experiment demonstrates the principle of conservation of linear momentum by measuring
    the force generated on a circular target plate by an impinging water jet, and comparing it with the
    theoretical value.

    Apparatus

    Symbols and Units

    SYMBOL QUANTITY UNIT


    Qf (Qh) Water flow rate through the calibrated flow meter L/h
    qf (qh) Water quantity through the nozzle m3/s
    d Nozzle diameter 0.01 m
    a Nozzle sectional area 7.85×10-5 m2
    vf (vh) Water velocity through the nozzle m/s
    g Acceleration due to gravity 9.8 m/s2
    Ff (Fh) Force exerted on the flat plate N
    (hemispherical plate)by jet water
    Yf (Yh) Height of the flat plate (hemispherical plate) 0.035(0.010) m
    above the nozzle exit

    Df (Dh) Diameter of the flat plate (hemispherical plate) 0.0605 (0.0605) m


    ρ Specific 1000 kg/m3
    m Weight, the jockey weight 0.395kg
    xf (xh) Balanced position on the weight beam scale m
    Lo Distance between the flat plate 0.15 m
    (hemispherical plate) and the supporting point
    Lf (Lh) Distance between the balance weight and the m
    supporting point
    LT Distance between the Tensioner and the supporting m
    point
    F'f (F'h) Calculated force N

    SUFFIXES
    f Experiment for the flat plate
    h Experiment for the hemispherical plate
    Schematic diagram

    1) BALANCING ON NO-WATER-SUPPLY

    15 ｘf＝０（ｘh＝０）

    Lf LT 9

    10 2
    F’ｈ
    L0 F’f
    8
    7
    Dｆ Yｆ Dｈ Yh

    1
    4
    4

    (1) FLAT PLATE (2) HEMISPHERICAL PLATE

    2) BALANCING ON JET-WATER-SUPPLY

    ｘf（ｘh）

    10
    F’ｈ
    F’f
    2
    1

    Ff Fｈ

    4
    4

    (1) FLAT PLATE (2) HEMISPHERICAL PLATE


    OPERATIONS SYMBOL 1)-(1),1)-(2) 2)-(1),2)-(2）
    d,a 0.010 m, 7.854×10-5m2
    L0 0.15 m
    LT 0.090 m
    CONSTANTS
    Df (Dh) 0.059 m (0.059 m)
    Yf (Yh) 0.033 m (0.003 m)
    m 0.394 kg
    ADJUSTMENT Lf ADJUSTED DON’T TOUCH
    BALANCED
    MEASUREMETTS xf (xh) 0
    POSITION
    xfmg/L0
    F’f (F’h) 0
    (xhmg/L0)
    CALCULATIONS
    ∝ ρｑfＶf
    Ff (Fh) 0 (NONE)
    (∝ ρｑhＶh)

    Theory
    Using an appropriate control volume, you are asked to show that the force F exerted by the plate
    on the jet causes a change in the momentum of the jet given by:

    Fp    q Vp (1)

    where q is the volume flow rate and Vp is the velocity of the jet impacting the plate. (The minus
    sign indicates that the force is acting downwards). Obviously, an equal and opposite force Fj is
    exerted upward by the jet on the plate, i.e.,

    Fj   Fp   q Vp (2)

    Note that the velocity of the jet at the plate, Vp is somewhat smaller than the nozzle-exit velocity
    Vo due to the deceleration caused by gravity. Determine Vp, given Vo and the fact that the
    distance of the plate above the nozzle exit is 35 mm.

    Sliding the jockey weight along the lever by the correct distance, x (measured from the zero
    position) creates a clockwise moment about the pivot point that will exactly balance the counter
    –clockwise moment caused by the impact of the jet. Using the moment balance for the lever, and
    the quantities given in the list above, derive the following equation:

    x  mg
    F' (3)
    Lo

    where F is the force on the plate required to balance the lever. This measured value F determined
    from the moment balance should closely match the theoretical value Fj determined from
    Equation 2.

    Procedure
    1. Balance the lever with the jockey weight at the zero position and the jet turn off.
    2. Admit water into the nozzle by adjusting the flow control valve, Increase the flow rate to
    its maximum value; record the position of the jockey weight, and the corresponding flow
    rate.

    3. Record a total of five to ten different jockey positions (x) for gradually decreasing flow
    rates Q, such that the jockey weight is moved to the left in roughly equal steps.

    Data analysis and discussion


    1. Plot F’ ( y-axis) vs. Fj (x-axis). Fit a least-squares line to the data. What is the slope?
    What do you expect it to be? What is the correlation coefficient?

    2. If the slope of the above graph is different from what you expect, speculate on the
    possible causes.

    The theory leading to equation 2 assumes that the jet velocity profile is uniform across its
    cross section. However, a real jet has a velocity distribution which is zero at the edge and
    maximum at the center (though it is not exactly parabolic). Sketch what the real jet
    velocity profile might look like. What effect should a non-uniform velocity profile have
    on Fj? Will it increase or decrease Fj relative to qVp? Note that the average value of the
    velocity at the nozzle exit is still Vo = q/a where a is the nozzle-exit area.

    Hint: Read the section “Momentum-Flux Correction Factor” (page 155, Frank M.
    White).

    3. Does the linear fit to the data pass through the origin? If not, why not?

    4. How would Equation 2 change if the circular-plate target were replaced with a
    hemispherical cup with its mouth facing downwards? in this case, repeat the question 1
    to 3.
    EXPERIMENT RESULTS RECORD PAPER

    　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
    Jet
    　　　Im　
    pact
    　　　A　pparatus
    　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

    INSPECTOR: DATE:　

    Jockey weight:　 0.395 kg Nozzle diameter: 0.01m Nozzle sectional area:　7.85×10-5 m2

    Measure Calculate
    Experiment Position of Calculated force Calculated force
    Flow Flow Water velocity
    No. Plate Type weight (Ideal) (Actual)
    Q X q V F∝ρqV F’＝ｍｇX/L0
    3
    L/h ｍ m ／s m／s N N
    1

    10

    11

    12

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