University of Okara
University of Okara
DEPARTMENT: CHEMISTRY
Assignment
Part(a)
How Chi squared test is used in Analytical chemistry to
accept or reject the results?
Answer:
“A chi-square (χ2) statistic is a test that measures how a model compares to actual observed data.
The data used in calculating a chi-square statistic must be random, raw, mutually exclusive,
drawn from independent variables, and drawn from a large enough sample.”
For example, the results of tossing a fair coin meet these criteria.
where:
c=Degrees of freedom
O=Observed value(s)
E=Expected value(s)
Example:
A random sample of 395 people were surveyed and each person was asked to report the highest
education level they obtained. The data that resulted from the survey is summarized in the
following table:
High School Bachelors Masters Ph.d.
Female 60 54 46 41
Male 40 44 53 57
Total 100 98 99 98
Question: Are gender and education level dependent or independent at 5% level of significance?
Solution:
Here's the table of expected counts:
x 2c =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
χ2 = (60−50.886)250.886+⋯+(57−48.132)248.132
X2 = 8.006
Hence, the Chi square test rejects the result because the critical value of χ2 with 3 degree of
freedom is 7.815 and 8.006 > 7.815, and conclude that the education level depends on gender at
a 5% level of significance.
Part(b)
How T-test is used in Analytical chemistry to accept or reject
the results?
Answer:
Definition:
“A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features. “
To determine whether to reject the null hypothesis using the t-value, compare the t-value
to the critical value. The critical value is tα/2, n–p-1, where α is the significance level, n is the
number of observations in your sample, and p is the number of predictors.
If the absolute value of the t-value is greater than the critical value, you reject the null
hypothesis. If the absolute value of the t-value is less than the critical value, you fail to
reject the null hypothesis.
One-sample t-test:
To test the hypothesis that eating fish makes one smarter, a random sample of 12 persons
take a fish oil supplement for one year and then are given an IQ test. Here are the results:
Test using the following hypotheses, report the test statistic with the P-value, then
summarize your conclusion.
H0: μ = 100
Answer:
Hypotheses:
H0: μ = 100 (no effect -- eating fish does not help increase the mean IQ)
Ha: μ > 100 (effect -- eating fish helps increase the mean IQ)
X́−µ°
t=
Sx
√n
106−100 6
t= = =2.35
8.83 2.55
√12
P-value:
According to Table D, for t = 2.35 for df = 11, the probability is between 0.01 and 0.02.
Since this is a one-sided (upper-tail) test, P-value is between 0.01 and 0.02.
Conclusion: Since values between 0.01 and 0.02 are < 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis
at the significance level 0.05, and conclude that the fish oil supplement did make a
significant increase in the IQ mean.
The t-test is one of many tests used for the purpose of hypothesis testing in statistics.
Calculating a t-test requires three key data values. They include the difference between
the mean values from each data set (called the mean difference), the standard deviation of
each group, and the number of data values of each group.
There are several different types of t-test that can be performed depending on the data
and type of analysis required.