ME 4061 Compressible Flow

Unsteady Wave Motion

Reference: Anderson, John D. Jr. Modern Compressible Flow
with Historical Perspective. McGraw-Hill
Moving Normal Shock Wave

●
Consider the following channel where the fluid is initially stationary
●
The piston on the left suddenly start moving with speed up.
●
The piston would push the fluid particles so that hey would start
moving with up. This would compress the fluid ahead of the piston.

up
Moving Normal Shock Wave

●
The effect of the piston would be transmitted to the fluid particles
away from the piston with a shock wave moving in the piston
direction with a speed W > up.

u=0
up up W
Moving Normal Shock Wave
Moving Normal Shock Wave

ρ1 u 1=ρ2 u 2
ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2
2 2
u1 u2
c p T 1 + =c p T 2 +
2 2

ρ1 W =ρ2 (W −u p )

ρ1 W 2 + p 1=ρ2 (W −u p )2 + p 2
2 2
W (W −u p )
c p T 1+ =c p T 2 +
2 2
Moving Normal Shock Wave

●
If conditions at 1 and W is given, then
W
M 1 =M s =
a1
●
Where the subscript s stands for shock. Then you can use normal
shock table to calculate the properties downstream of the shock.
Note that u 2=W −u p
●
If conditions at 1 and up is given, then
– Select a W and calculate M 1 =M s =W /a 1
– For that M1 read ρ2 / ρ1 from the normal shock table
– If ρ2 / ρ1≠W /(W −u p ) then update W and repeat.
Hugoniot Relation
ρ1
●
For a stationary normal shock u 2= ρ2 u1
●
Momentum equation:
2
ρ
ρ1 u 21 + p 1=ρ2 u 22 + p 2=ρ2 ρ1 u1 + p2
( ) 2
●
Solving for u1:
2 p 2− p 1 ρ2
( )
u1 = ρ − ρ ρ
2 1 1
●
Then,
2 p 2− p 1 ρ1
( )
u 2= ρ − ρ ρ
2 1 2
●
Energy equation
2 2
u1 p1 1 p 2 − p 1 ρ 2 u2 p2 1 p 2 − p 1 ρ 1
2 [ 1 ( )]
c p T 1 + =c v T 1 + ρ + ρ −ρ ρ =c p T 2 + =c v T 2 + ρ + ρ −ρ ρ
2 2 1 1 2 2 [
2 2 1 2 ( )]
( p1 + p2 ) 1 1
c v T 2−c v T 1=
2 ( ρ 1
−ρ
2 )
Moving Normal Shock Wave

●
Using Hugoniot relation and noting that
R p=ρ R T
c v=
γ −1

γ +1 p 2 γ +1 p 2

( )
+ 1+
T 2 p 2 γ −1 p 1 ρ2 γ −1 p 1
=
T 1 p1 γ +1 p 2 ρ1 = γ +1 p
2
1+ +
γ−1 p1 γ−1 p 1

●
For a normal shock
γ +1 p 2
p2
p1
=1+
2γ
γ +1
( 2
M s −1 ) M s=
√
2 γ p1 ( )
−1 +1

γ +1 p 2 ρ1
W =a1
√ ( )
2 γ p1
−1 +1 (
u p=W 1− ρ
2 )
Reflection from a Solid Wall

●
What if the moving shock wave meets a solid wall

ρ2 (W R +u p )=ρ5 (W R )

ρ2 (W R +u p )2 + p 1=ρ5 (W R )2 + p5
2 2
(W R +u p ) (W R )
c p T 2+ =c p T 5 +
2 2

One can find:

MR Ms 2( γ −1) 1
=
M R −1 M s−1
1+
√
( γ +1)
2

W R +u p
( M
2
s −1)

W
γ +
(Ms
2
)
where M s= You will apply normal shock relations
M R=
a2 a1 using M= MR.
Shock Trajectory

Slopes give 1/speed of

the shock or the particle
Shock Trajectory
Finite Waves

●
We have seen sound waves; which generate infinitesimally small
disturbances in the medium.
●
We have also seen shock waves which generate large and
discontinuous disturbances in the medium.
●
Finite waves are waves which generate finite (not infinitesimally
small) but continuous disturbances in the medium. (e.g. expansion
fan).
– Flow across these finite waves are still isentropic.
●
In 1-D such waves move with velocity u+a with respect o a fixed
position if the flow and wave directions are same, u-a if the flow and
wave directions are opposite.
Finite Waves

●
Consider the conservation of mass in differential form (For details
resort to a Fluid Mechanics book):
∂ρ
V )=0
+ ∇⋅( ρ ⃗
∂t
●
For 1-D flow
∂ ρ ∂ρu ∂ ρ ∂ρ ∂u
+ = +u +ρ =0
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂x
●
Momentum equation in differential form (inviscid flow)
∂V⃗ 1
V⋅∇ ) V
+( ⃗ ⃗ =− ρ ∇p
∂t
●
For 1-D flow
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
+u =− ρ
∂t ∂x ∂x
Finite Waves

●
For isentropic flow dp=a2 d ρ
●
Then,
∂ρ ∂ρ ∂u 1 ∂p ∂p ∂u
∂t
+u
∂x
+ρ
∂x
=0
a ∂t
2 (+u
∂x
+ ρ )
∂x
=0 (1)

∂u ∂u 1 ∂p
●
Recall, +u =− ρ (2)
∂t ∂x ∂x
●
Adding (1) and (2);
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂p
[∂t
+(u+a) ] [
+
∂ x ρa ∂t
+(u+ a) ]
∂x
=0

●
Subtracting (1) from (2);
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂p
[ ∂t
+(u−a) ] [
−
∂ x ρa ∂t
+(u−a)
∂x
=0 ]
 Finite Waves

●
Recall; “waves move with velocity u+a with respect o a fixed
position if the flow and wave directions are same, u-a if the flow and
wave directions are opposite”
●
For a wave moving with velocity u+a (right going wave)
dx
=u+ a dx=(u+a) dt Along the wave path
dt
●
Then along the path of a right going wave
∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂p ∂ u dx ∂u 1 ∂ p dx ∂ p
[ ∂t
+(u+a) + ] [
∂ x ρa ∂t
+(u+ a)
∂x ][
= + + ] [ +
∂ t dt ∂ x ρ a ∂ t dt ∂ x
=0 ]
●
Multiply by dt:
∂u 1 ∂p ∂p
[∂t
dt +
∂u
∂x ] [
dx +
ρa ∂t
dt +
∂x
dx =0]
1
du+ dp=0
ρa
Finite Waves
γp
●
From definition of speed of sound ρ= 2
a
●
Recall for isentropic flow
γ 2γ 2γ
2 γ γ −1 −1
p=C T γ −1
=C 1 a γ −1
dp=C 1 a da
γ −1
2γ
−2
●
Also ρ= γ C 1 a γ −1

●
Then, 2γ
2 γ γ −1 −1
C1 a da
dp γ −1 2
= = da
ρa 2γ γ −1
(γC a 1
γ −1
−2
)a
1 2 2 Along the
du+ dp=du+ da=0 u+ a=const path of a right
ρa γ −1 γ −1 going wave
Finite Waves

●
Similarly one can show that
2 Along the path of a left going
u− a=const wave (with speed u-a)
γ −1

●
The trajectories for dx =u+ a will be called right-going
characteristics (C+) dt
dx
●
The trajectories for =u−a will be called left-going
dt
characteristics (C-)
2
●
Along a C+ u+ a=const
γ −1

●
Along a C- u− 2 a=const
γ −1
Moving Expansion Waves

●
Consider the following channel where the fluid is initially stationary
●
The piston on the right suddenly start moving with speed up.
●
The piston would pull the fluid particles so that hey would start
moving with up. This would expand the fluid downstream of the
piston.

up
Moving Expansion Waves

●
This would cause expansion waves moving in the opposite direction
of the fluid.
●
Expansion of the fluid causes the speed of sound to drop. Therefore,
each expansion wave moves faster than the wave following it.

(4) (3)

u4=0 up
u3=up

Trajectories of these expansion waves are C- characteristics.

Moving Expansion Waves
Since C+ characteristics cross the
trajectories of the expansion
waves, across the expansion fan
2
u+ a=const
γ −1

2 2
u+ a=u 4 + a4
γ−1 γ−1

a γ −1 u
=1−
a4 2 a4
dx
=u−a x=(u−a) t
dt
γ −1
(
x=(u−a) t= u−a 4 +
2
u t )
2 x x
u=
γ +1 (
a4 +
t )
−a 4 ⩽ ⩽u 3−a 3
t
Moving Expansion Waves
2 x x
●
Recall: u=
γ +1 (
a4 +
t ) −a 4 ⩽ ⩽u 3−a 3
t
●
and
a γ −1 u
=1−
a4 2 a4

2 2γ 2
T γ −1 u p γ−1 u ρ γ−1 u
T4 [
= 1−
2 a4 ] p4 [
= 1−
2 a4 ] γ −1
[
ρ4 = 1− 2 a
4
] γ −1
Moving Expansion Waves

2 x
u=
γ +1 (
a4 +
t )
2
ρ γ −1 u
[
ρ4 = 1− 2 a
4
] γ −1

2
T γ −1 u
T4
= 1−
[ 2 a4 ]
2γ
p γ−1 u
p4
= 1−
[ 2 a4 ] γ −1
Shock Tube

●
Consider a very long tube separated into two by a membrane. We
have high pressure gas to the left of the membrane and low pressure
gas to the right of the membrane. Both gases are at rest.

(4) (1)

●
p4 > p1, u1 = u4 = 0
●
At t = 0, membrane is removed. Then the high pressure gases start
moving toward low pressure region. The gas in the low pressure
region will e compressed due to this movement.
●
The gas in the high pressure region will expand.
Shock Tube

●
At some time t;

(4) (3) (2) (1)

up W

Contact surface

●
u2 = u3=up and p2 = p3.
●
However, since shock wave increases entropy but expansion fan
does not; s2 ≠s3
Shock Tube

●
Recall for a moving shock wave
γ +1 p 2
1+
γ −1 p 1 W =a γ +1 p 2 −1 +1
ρ2
ρ1 = γ +1 p
+
γ−1 p 1
2
1
√ 2 γ p1 ( ) (
ρ1
u p=W 1− ρ
2 )
●
Then,
γ +1 p 2

]( )
+

[√
u p=u2 = a 1
γ +1 p 2
( )
2 γ p1
−1 +1 1−
γ −1 p 1

1+
γ +1 p2
γ −1 p1
Shock Tube

●
Recall for a moving expansion wave
2γ
p3 γ −1 u 3
p4 [
= 1−
2 a4 ] γ −1

●
Since u2 = u3 and p2 = p3:
γ +1 p 2

( )
+

[ ( ) ][√ ( ) ]
γ −1
2 a4 p2 2γ γ +1 p 2 γ −1 p 1
1− = a1 −1 +1 1−
γ−1 p4 2 γ p1 γ +1 p2
1+
γ −1 p1
−2 γ
a1 p2

[ ( )( )
]
●
This can be rearranged into ( γ −1) −1
γ −1

p 4 p2 a4 p1
= 1−
p1 p1

√ ( ( ))
2 2 +( +1)
γ γ γ
p2
p1
−1
 This work is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
It makes use of the works of
Kelly Loves Whales and Nick Merritt.