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Fundamental Sampling Distributions and Data Descriptions

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Fatih İnal

This document discusses fundamental concepts in sampling distributions and statistical inference. It defines key terms like populations, samples, random sampling, sample statistics like the mean and variance. It explains that sampling distributions describe the probability distributions of sample statistics and how the central limit theorem states that sample means will follow a normal distribution even if the population is not normally distributed. It also discusses sampling distributions being used to make inferences about differences between population means.

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Fundamental Sampling Distributions and Data Descriptions

Uploaded by

Fatih İnal
40 views22 pages
This document discusses fundamental concepts in sampling distributions and statistical inference. It defines key terms like populations, samples, random sampling, sample statistics like the mean and variance. It explains that sampling distributions describe the probability distributions of sample statistics and how the central limit theorem states that sample means will follow a normal distribution even if the population is not normally distributed. It also discusses sampling distributions being used to make inferences about differences between population means.

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This document discusses fundamental concepts in sampling distributions and statistical inference. It defines key terms like populations, samples, random sampling, sample statistics like the mean and variance. It explains that sampling distributions describe the probability distributions of sample statistics and how the central limit theorem states that sample means will follow a normal distribution even if the population is not normally distributed. It also discusses sampling distributions being used to make inferences about differences between population means.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved
Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
40 views22 pages

Fundamental Sampling Distributions and Data Descriptions

Uploaded by

Fatih İnal
This document discusses fundamental concepts in sampling distributions and statistical inference. It defines key terms like populations, samples, random sampling, sample statistics like the mean and variance. It explains that sampling distributions describe the probability distributions of sample statistics and how the central limit theorem states that sample means will follow a normal distribution even if the population is not normally distributed. It also discusses sampling distributions being used to make inferences about differences between population means.

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Fundamental Sampling

Distributions and Data


Descriptions
Random Sampling
• The outcome of a statistical experiment:

• numerical value or as a descriptive representation.

• sampling from distributions or populations

• important quantities as the sample mean and sample variance

• statistical inference : a guide to decision-making.


Populations and Samples

• A population consists of:

• The totality of observations with which we are concerned,

• whether their number be finite or infinite,

• constitutes what we call a population.

• The number of observations in the population

• is defined to be the size of the population


Finite & Infinite
• the total number of observations is a finite number
• The numbers on the cards in a deck,
• the heights of residents in a certain city,
• the lengths of fish in a particular lake
examples of populations whose sizes are infinite
• measuring the atmospheric pressure every day,
• all measurements of the depth of a lake,
Some finite populations are so large that in theory we assume them to be
infinite.
Observation in the Population
• Each observation in a population is a value of a random variable X
having some probability distribution f(x).
• inspecting items coming off an assembly line for defects,
• each observation in the population
• might be a value 0 or 1 of the
• Bernoulli random variable X
• probability distribution
Sampling
• A sample is a subset of a population
• we are tempted to choose most convenient.
• Such a procedure may lead to erroneous inferences
• Any sampling procedure that produces inferences
• that consistently overestimate or consistently underestimate
• some characteristic of the population is said to be biased.
• To eliminate any possibility of bias in the sampling procedure,
• it is desirable to choose a random sample
• the observations are made independently and at random.
Joint Probability Distribution
Some Important Statistics
• Any function of the random variables constituting a random sample
is called a statistic.,
Variability Measures of a Sample

• The Sample Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range

• The variability in a sample displays how the observations

• spread out from the average.

• It is possible to have two sets of observations

• with the same mean or median

• that differ considerably in the variability about the average


Sample Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range
Sampling Distributions
• The field of statistical inference is basically concerned with
generalizations and predictions.
• The probability distribution of a statistic is called a sampling distribution.
• The probability distribution of 𝑋ത is the sampling distribution of the mean
The Central Limit Theorem
Sampling Distribution of the Difference
between Two Means
• A far more important application involves two populations.

• a comparative experiment

• two manufacturing methods, are to be compared.

• The basis for that comparison is μ1 − μ2,

• the difference in the population means.

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