CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Basics of Maths
For CA Foundation Students

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

TYPES OF NUMBERS
Topic 1

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Natural Numbers
› These are counting numbers starting from 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on.
› They are also called as Positive Integers.
› Set of Natural Numbers is shown as N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Whole Numbers
› These consist of all-natural numbers along with 0 (Zero).
› It is also called as Non-Negative Integers
› It is shown as W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Integers: Z
› These consist of all the counting numbers including their negative and
zero also.
› Set of Integers is shown as Z = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
› Z comes from a German Word Zahlen (meaning Number)

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Rational Numbers: Q
p
› A number in the form of where, p and q both are integers and q≠0
q
› In other words, fractions having both numerator and denominator as
integers
› Set of Rational Numbers is denoted by Q
› Q is used because rational numbers are Quotient

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Irrational Numbers: R-Q

› An irrational number is a real number that cannot be expressed as a
ratio of integers
› It is neither terminating nor recurring
› Set of Irrational Numbers is denoted by R-Q as it contains those real
numbers which are not rational.
› Example:
› 2 = 1.41421356237
› Pi: π = 3.14159265358979323846264…

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Real Numbers: R
› All the numbers that can be defined or measured are real numbers.
› It consists of all numbers like natural, rational, integer, irrational etc.
› It only excludes unreal/ imaginary numbers.

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Unreal Numbers:
› The numbers which cannot be measured or defined are called as Unreal
Numbers or Imaginary Numbers
› Examples
› Sq root of any negative number
› Fraction with denominator as zero

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

The Mind Map of Types of Numbers

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Practice Time:
Number Natural Integer Rational Irrational Real Unreal
-3

4
3
12
3
5
0
16
−4
13.21

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Some Important Conclusions

› All-natural numbers are integers but not all integers are natural
numbers.
› All integers are rational number but not all rational numbers are
integers.
› All rational numbers are real numbers but not all real numbers are
rational numbers

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Real
Rational
Integer

Natural

Whole

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

BODMAS
Topic 2

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Mathematical Operator
› Add (+), Subtract (-), Multiply (×), Divide (÷), Squaring, Roots, etc.
› Example

3+5=
5× 4=
7-6=
10 ÷ 2 =
8 + (6 × 4 + 3) =

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Order of Operations
› When we came across operations like: 8 + (6 × 4 + 3),
› the question arises – which operation should be done first?
› “+” or “×”.
› It means there is a need of rule which decides order of operations.

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

BODMAS Rule
› BODMAS is used for helping us remember the order for dealing with mathematical operator

› B – Brackets, in Brackets, we follow Bar → ( ) → { } → [ ]

› O – Order (Powers),

› D – Division,

› M – Multiplication,

› A – Addition,

› S – Subtraction.

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Quiz Time

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Practice Time

6+7x8

102 - 16 ÷ 8

(25 + 11) x 2

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Practice Time

3 + 6 x (5 + 4) ÷ 3 – 7

36 - 2(20 + 12 ÷ 4 x 3 - 2 x 2) + 10

10 + 10 × 10 ÷ 10

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Practice Time

(96 ÷ 12) + 14 x (12 + 8) ÷ 2

8 + 8 of 8 ÷ 8 – 16

(93 + 15) ÷ (3 x 4) - 24 + 8

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

General Maths
Topic 3

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Prime vs Composite Numbers

› Prime Number: Number which can be divided by itself and 1 only
› Composite: A number which is neither Prime Number nor One
› One is neither Prime nor Composite

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Prime vs Composite Numbers

Number can
be either

Prime Composite One

2, 3, 5… 4, 6, 8, 9… 1

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Prime Factorization
› The list of all the prime factors of a given number
› It can be obtained by upside down method.

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

LCM – Least Common Multiple

› Multiple
› Common Multiple
› Least Common Multiple
› LCM of two or more prime numbers is direct multiplication of them

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Basic Algebra Formulas

𝒂+𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝒂−𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐− 𝒂−𝒃 𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝒃
𝒂+𝒃 𝟑 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃)
𝒂−𝒃 𝟑 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃(𝒂 − 𝒃)
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃)
𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )
CA. PRANAV POPAT
 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Basic Algebra Formulas

Practice
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝟐
1 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃
𝒂−𝒃 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝟐
2 𝒑 − 𝟑𝒒
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝒃 3 𝒂−𝟐 𝟑
− 𝒂−𝒃 𝟐
4 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟑
𝒂+𝒃 𝟑 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃)
𝟑 5 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒂−𝒃 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝒃(𝒂 − 𝒃)
𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃) 𝟐 𝟐
6 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚
𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 )

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Basic Algebra Formulas

1 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 𝟐

2 𝒑 − 𝟑𝒒 𝟐

3 𝒂−𝟐 𝟑

4 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟑

5 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟗
𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑

6 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 𝟐

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Percentages
› PERCENT = PER + CENT
› PER = Division CENT = 100,
› So Percent means division by 100.
› Example: 2% = 2 100 = 0.02

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Basic Geometry
Topic 4

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Points and Line

› A point is a location in space. It is represented by a dot.
› A line is a collection of points that extend forever. Line has no end
points Example: See figure below, A, B are points and “m” is a straight
line with arrows on both side.

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Types of lines
› Parallel Lines: Two or more lines having same slope are called as Parallel
Lines.

› Perpendicular Lines: Two lines are perpendicular if the angle between

them is exact 90 degree.

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Types of Angles
› Acute Angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90 degree
› Obtuse Angle: An angle whose measure is more than 90 degree and less
than 180 degree
› Right Angle: An angle whose measure is 90 degree

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Polygon
› Polygon is a closed plane figure made of three or more sides

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Types of Polygon
No. of Sides 3 4 5 6
Polygon Name Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon

No. of Sides 7 8 9 10
Polygon Name Heptagon Octagon Nanogon Decagon

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Types of Triangles
Scalene Triangle A scalene triangle is a triangle that has no equal sides
Isosceles Triangle An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two equal sides
Equilateral Triangle An equilateral triangle is a triangle that has three equal sides
Right Angled Triangle Triangle having one of the sides as 90 degree

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Types of Quadrilateral
› Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a four-sided polygon with two pairs of
parallel and equal sides.
› Rectangle: A four-sided polygon with all right angles. Length of parallel
sides are equal
› Square: A four-sided polygon with all right angles. Length of all sides are
equal

CA. PRANAV POPAT

 CA FOUNDATION – BASICS OF MATHEMATICS

Pythagoras Theorem
› In a right angled triangle, 𝑯𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 where, H = length of
Hypotenuse, A and B are other length of other two sides of triangle

CA. PRANAV POPAT