Company Secretary Executive Entrance Test (CSEET)

Quantitative Aptitude (Maths)

- CS Vaibhav Chitlangia
 Number System

A number system is an arrangement of expressing the numbers in written form.

Digits and Symbols in a consistent manner are used in number system. All the
numbers are represented in the arithmetic and algebraic structure. The number
system inter alia facilitates addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

TYPES OF NUMBERS
The various types of numbers including the following:
1. Natural Numbers,
2. Whole Numbers,
3. Integers,
4. Rational Numbers,
5. Irrational Numbers,
6. Real Numbers and etc.
Let us discuss them in detail.

1. Natural Numbers
Natural numbers (N) are positive numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3 ….. and so one and so forth.
Hence counting numbers in natural process like 1, 2, 3, ... constitute the system of
natural numbers. These are the numbers which we use in our day-to-day life.

 It has to be noted there is no greatest natural number. For example, if 1 is added to any
natural number, we get the next higher natural number, called its successor.
 Four-fundamental operations on natural numbers again generate natural number.

Four-fundamental operations of Natural Numbers are:

 Addition (Finding the Sum; ‘+’) l

 Subtraction (Finding the difference; ‘-’) l
 Multiplication (Finding the product; ‘×’ ) l
 Division (Finding the quotient; ‘÷’)

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 Addition and multiplication of natural numbers again yield a natural number; but
 subtraction and division of two natural numbers may or may not yield a natural
number
 The natural numbers can be represented on a number line as shown below.
 Two natural numbers can be added and multiplied in any order and the result
obtained is always same. This does not hold for subtraction and division of natural
numbers.

2. Whole Numbers
When a natural number is subtracted from itself, and one cannot say what is the
left out number. To remove this difficulty, the natural numbers were extended by
the number zero (0), to get what is called the system of whole numbers.
 Whole numbers do not include any fractions, negative numbers or decimals.
 Again, like before, there is no greatest whole number.
 The number 0 has the following properties:
a + 0 = a = 0 +a
a – 0 = a but (0 – a) is not
defined in whole numbers a
× 0 = 0 =0 × a
 Division by zero (0) is not defined.
 Four fundamental operations can be performed on whole numbers also as in the case
of natural numbers (with restrictions for subtraction and division).
 Whole numbers can also be represented on the number line as follows:

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3. Integers
It is discovered that subtracting one number from another isn’t always possible
when working with natural numbers and whole numbers. For instance, in the system
of natural numbers and whole numbers, the numbers (5 - 7), (6 - 14), (18 - 38),
and so on are all impossible. As a result, it required an additional extension of
numbers that permit such subtractions. As a result, it is necessary to multiply whole
numbers by negative numbers like -1 (also known as negative 1), - 2 (also known as
negative 2), and so on. 5 + (–5) = 0, 10 + (–10) = 0, 15 + (–15) = 0..., 99 + (–
99) = 0, ..

As a result, we have expanded the whole number system to include another set of
numbers known as integers. Therefore, the integers are: ..., – 7, – 6, – 5, – 4, – 3,
– 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...
 It should be noted that although integers include negative numbers, they are
equivalent to whole numbers in every way.
 Examples: -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

Integers can be easily represented on the number line. For example, let us represent
– 5, 7, – 2, – 3, 4 on the number line. In the below mentioned figure, the points A,
B, C, D and E respectively represent – 5, 7, – 2, – 3 and 4.

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 Example 1: Classify natural numbers, whole numbers and integers among the following:

- 15, 22, – 6, 7, – 13, 0, 12, – 12, 13, – 31

Example 2: Simplify the following and indicate whether or not the outcome is an integer. 12
× 4, 7/3, 18/3, 36/7, 14 × 2, 18/36, 13 × (–3)

Example 3: Using number line, add the following integers: (i) 9 + (– 5) (ii) (– 3)
+ (– 7)

4. Rational Numbers
A number ‘r’ is called a rational number if it can be written in the form p/q, where
p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.

 When ‘a’ is a multiple of ‘b’

Suppose a = mb, where m is a natural number or integer, then a/b = m.

 When a is not a multiple of b

In this case a/b is not an integer, and hence is a new type of number. Such a
number is called rational number
Thus, a number which can be put in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and
p/q, is called a rational number.

Rational Numbers are of two types:

 Positive Rational Numbers
A rational number p/q is said to be a positive rational number is p and q both are
either positive integers or negative integers.

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 Thus 3/4; 5/6; -3/-2; -8/-6, -12/57 are all positive rational numbers.

 Negative Rational Number

If the integers p and q are of different signs, then p/q is said to be negative
rational number. For example, -1/2; 6/-5; -12/4 and 16/-3 are all negative rational
numbers.
Concluding Remark:

(i) Every natural number is a rational number but the vice-versa is not always true.

(ii) Every whole number and integer are a rational number but vice-versa is not always true.

 Irrational Numbers
From the previous discussion, we understand that there may be numbers on the
number line that are not rational numbers. Hence, any number that cannot be
expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is an irrational
number.
Examples: √2, 1.010024563… , e, π

We can also say that decimals numbers in any number line represent irrational
numbers. Thus, a decimal expansion which is neither terminating nor is repeating
represents an irrational number.

 Real Number
Any number which can be represented on the number line is a Real Number(R). It
includes both rational and irrational numbers. Every point on the number line
represents a unique real number.

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 TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Natural Numbers All counting numbers starting from
1,2,3,4,5…...till infinity. The sum and
multiplication product of two natural
numbers is always a natural number;
however, this doesn’t stand are concerning
subtraction and division.
Whole numbers All counting numbers, including 0 (zero).
These are also commonly called
positive/non-negative integers. Like
(0,1,2,3,4,5….)
Integers The set of real numbers that consist of
all-natural numbers, zero, and their
additive inverses. (.....-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5……)
Rational Numbers All numbers that can be expressed as a
ratio between two natural numbers in the
form of fractions are called rational
numbers. Like ½, ⅓, ¾, etc. All terminable
decimals are also rational numbers.
Irrational numbers Numbers can not be written as fractions,
decimals, or ratios. For e.g. Square roots,
unending decimals (0.33333333...etc.),
pie, etc.
Real numbers These are numbers that include all of the
above types of numbers. Rational,
irrational, natural numbers, whole numbers,
and so and so forth

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 COMPUTATION OF WHOLE NUMBER

Given any natural number, one can add 1 to that number and get the next number
i.e. one gets its successor. The successor of 16 is 16 + 1 = 17, that of 19 is 19 +1 =
20 and so on. The number 16 comes before 17, hence it is said that the predecessor
of 17 is 17–1=16, the predecessor of 20 is 20 – 1 = 19, and so on.

Facts to be known for Whole Number

a. All positive integers, including 0 are whole numbers.
b. Real numbers are all whole numbers. .
c. Whole numbers make up all of nature’s numbers. All natural numbers except 0 begin
with 1. .
d. The smallest whole number is zero..
e. Natural numbers are regarded whole numbers, although fractions, decimals, and
negative numbers are not. .
f. The number zero is the only one that has no sign..
g. Fractions are not included in whole numbers because, as the name suggests, a whole
number is neither a fraction nor a decimal. The full number is not a fraction as a
result, hence it cannot be negative.
h. Another name for counting numbers is whole numbers.
i. In mathematics, the numbers 0 through 1, 2, 3, and so forth stand in for the set of
Whole Numbers.
j. The aforementioned facts demonstrate that all whole numbers and natural numbers
are components of counting numbers. A whole number can also be obtained from
the union of all positive counting integers plus zero.
k. A smallest whole number is 0 as it starts with zero (0).
l. The difference between the positive integer number line and negative integer number
line is Zero.

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 Whole Number on Number line

Whole Number Calculation Techniques

5. Addition Property: 0 does not change the final result. For Example- 2+0 = 2.

 Closure Property: Two Whole Numbers always produce a Whole Number as their
product and their total. For example, 4 + 10 = 14 (A Whole Number), 4 * 10 = 40
(A Whole Number)

 Associative Property: The sum or product of the Whole Numbers remains the same
regardless of how the numbers are organised. For example, 2 X 10 = 20 and 10 X 2
= 20 , 2 + 10 = 12 and 10 + 2 = 12, etc.

 Multiplication Property: The outcome of multiplying 1 by a whole number is that

number itself. For example 7×1 = 7. If the whole number is multiplied by 0 then the
result is 0. For example - 7×0 = 0.

 Division Property: When a whole number is divided by 0, the outcome is ambiguous. .

For example- 7/0 = not defined.

 Distributive Property: This property is represented as P×(Q+R) = (P×Q) + (P×R). It

is applicable for both addition and subtraction. For example - let P=11, Q=12, R=14,
11×(12+14) = (11×12)+(11×14) = 286.

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  Commutative Property: P+Q = Q+P is a representation of this property. The property
also holds for multiplication, but not for division or subtraction. For example - P=11,
Q=12, 11+12 = 12+11 = 23.

Rounding of the Fractions

 Rounding off finds out the nearest whole number.
 For example: 7 is the closest whole number for 7.3.
 When the decimal number is less than .5, the whole number can be the number
below the output.
 When the decimal point is .5 and above than, the whole number would be next
whole number after rounding off.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS ON WHOLE NUMBERS

1. A number in which one-fifth part is increased by 20 is equal to one-tenth part is
increase by 30. Find the number.
a) 90
b) 100
c) 120
d) 150

2. The Product of two numbers is 150 and the sum of squares of numbers is 325. Find
the sum of both numbers.
a) 24
b) 25
c) 29
d) 30

3. Which is the largest four-digit number divisible by 91?

a) 9919

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 b) 9900
c) 9909
d) None of these

4. If the number 61xx4 is divisible by 6, then what will be the value of x?

a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7

5. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 13?

a) 1235
b) 1247
c) 1259
d) 1271

6. Write the smallest whole number.

7. What is the predecessor of whole number 0?

DECIMAL AND FRACTIONS

Key Points on Decimal and Fractions
 A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole.
 This whole may be a single object or a group of objects.
 A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction,
otherwise it is called an improper fraction.
 Numbers of the type 541 3 , 8 , 2 795 etc. are called mixed fractions (numbers)
 An improper fraction can be converted into a mixed fraction and vice versa.

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 Fractions equivalent to a given fraction can be obtained by multiplying or dividing
its numerator and denominator by a nonzero number .
 A fraction in which there is no common factor, except 1, in its numerator and
denominator is called a fraction in the simplest or lowest form.
 Fractions with same denominators are called like fractions and if the denominators
are different, then they are called unlike fractions.
 Fractions can be compared by converting them into like fractions and then arranging
them in ascending or descending order.
 Addition (or subtraction) of like fractions can be done by adding (or subtracting)
their numerators.
 Addition (or subtraction) of unlike fractions can be done by converting them into
like fractions.
 Fractions with denominators 10,100, etc. can be written in a form, using a decimal
point, called decimal numbers or decimals.
 Place value of the place immediately after the decimal point (i.e., tenth place) is
1/10, that of next place (i.e., hundredths place) is 1/100 and so on.
 Fractions can be converted into decimals by writing them in the form with
denominators 10,100, and so on. Similarly, decimals can be converted into fractions
by removing their decimal points and writing 10,100, etc. in the denominators,
depending upon the number of decimal places in the decimals. Decimal numbers can
be compared using the idea of place value and then can be arranged in ascending or
descending order.
 Decimals can be added (or subtracted) by writing them with equal number of
decimal places.

Convert Decimal to Fraction

To convert a Decimal to a Fraction, follow these steps:
 Step 1: Convert 0.50/ 1
 Step 2: Multiply each by 100
50/100

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 Step 3: Simplify 50/100
=1/2

1. Karan purchased 50 computers from a local computer market, only to discover that
10 of them were defective. Can you calculate the Fraction and Decimals of the
defective computers in relation to the total computers purchased by Karan?

2. In an 100- office employees, 50 people chose burgers as a snack, while the other
employees preferred mango juice. Calculate the Percentage of employees that choose
a mango juice and give the result in Decimals.

3. Write 1/2th in Decimals.

4. If 3/2 of a number is 9, find the number.

5. Multiply 1.73 and 2.7.

6. Solve the following:

(a) 4 – 1/3
(b) 6 + 3/7

7. The product of two numbers is 1.178. If one of them is 049, find the other number.

8. 1/4 of a number equals 4/5 ÷ 1/10. What is the number? (NCERT Exemplar)

9. Simplify the following:

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 DECIMAL FRACTIONS
Decimal fractions can be understood by considering normal fractions. A fraction has
two parts numerator and denominator. It can be written as a/b.

Decimal fractions are those fraction in which denominator is 10, 100, 1000….. The
numerator can be any number. These fractions are expressed in decimal numbers
generally.

Examples of Decimal Fractions

 9/100 can be expressed as 0.09.
 180/100 can be expressed 1.80.
 55/1000 is a decimal fraction written as 0.055.

Non-Examples of Decimal Fractions

Other fractions with non-ten numbers in the denominator are not decimal fractions.
They are:
 25/9
 12/10125
 91/125

Conversion to Decimal Fractions

 Let us consider an example of a fraction, 9/2.
 The first step would be to consider the number that gives 10 or a multiple of 10
when multiplied by the denominator. In this case, 5 multiplied by 2 gives 10.
 Now multiply the numerator and denominator with the same number to get your
decimal fraction. Here, 9 × 5/ 2 × 5 gives 45/10.
 Thus, the decimal fraction of 9/2 is 45/10.

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 Conversion from decimal numbers to decimal fractions:
Write the original decimal number in the numerator and denominator form by placing
1 in the denominator: 9.5/1.
For every space that you move the decimal point, add a zero next to the 1 in the
denominator:
95/10
9.5/1
95.0/10
Once the number in the numerator is non-decimal, you have got your decimal
fraction: 9.5 = 95/10.

1. Convert 5x1/2 into a decimal fraction.

2. Convert 9.9 into a decimal fraction.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUMBERS

Cartesian Product of Sets

Suppose A is a set of 2 colours and B is a set of 3 objects, i.e.,
A = {red, blue}and B = {b, c, s},
where b, c and s represent a particular bag, coat and shirt, respectively. How many
pairs of coloured objects can be made from these two sets?
Proceeding in a very orderly manner, we can see that there will be 6 distinct pairs
as given below:
(red, b), (red, c), (red, s), (blue, b), (blue, c), (blue, s).
Thus, we get 6 distinct objects (Fig 2.1).

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From the illustration given above we note that
A × B = {(red, b), (red, c), (red, s), (blue, b), (blue, c), (blue, s)}.

Again, consider the two sets:

A = {DL, MP, KA}, where DL, MP, KA represent Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and
Karnataka, respectively and
B = {01, 02, 03} representing codes for the license plates of vehicles issued by DL,
MP and KA .

If the three states, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka were making codes for the
licence plates of vehicles, with the restriction that the code begins with an element
from set A, which are the pairs available from these sets and how many such pairs
will there be?

The available pairs are:(DL,01), (DL,02), (DL,03), (MP,01), (MP,02), (MP,03),

(KA,01), (KA,02), (KA,03) and the product of set A and set B is given by
A × B = {(DL,01), (DL,02), (DL,03), (MP,01), (MP,02), (MP,03), (KA,01),
(KA,02), (KA,03)}.

It can easily be seen that there will be 9 such pairs in the Cartesian product, since
there are 3 elements in each of the sets A and B. This gives us 9 possible codes.

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1. If (x + 1, y – 2) = (3,1), find the values of x and y

2. If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {r}, form the sets P × Q and Q × P.

Are these two products equal?
Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {3,4} and C = {4,5,6}. Find
(i) A × (B ∩ C)
(ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(iii) A × (B ∪ C)
(iv) (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

Order relations, including strict orders:

 Greater than
 Greater than or equal to
 Less than
 Less than or equal to
 Divides (evenly)
 Subset of

Equivalence relations:
 Equality
 Parallel with (for affine spaces)
 Is in bijection with
 Isomorphic

Tolerance relation, a reflexive and symmetric relation:

 Dependency relation, a finite tolerance relation
 Independency relation, the complement of some dependency relation
 Kinship relations

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1. If half of one-third of a number is 20, then half-tenth of that number will be:
1. 25
2. 50
3. 60
4. 80

2. The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by

interchanging the positions of its digits is 54. What is the difference between the
two digits of that number?
1. 2
2. 5
3. 6
4. None of these

3. The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by

interchanging the digits is 54. What is the difference between the sum and the
difference of the digits of the number if the ratio between the digits of the number
is 4:1 ?
1. 4
2. 8
3. 16
4. None of these

4. A two-digit number is such that the product of the digits is 18. When 63 is added
to the number, then the digits are reversed. The number is:
1. 19
2. 29
3. 39
4. 49

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5. The product of a two digit number is 14. When 18 is added to the number, then the
digits interchange their places.
The number is:
(a) 68
(b) 59
(c) 95
(d) 86

6. If two fifth of one-third of a number is 50, then one-third of that number is:
(a) 376
(b) 3750
(c) 379
(d) 1250

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 FUNDAMENTAL ARITHMETICAL OPERATIONS

INTRODUCTION
According to Britannica, Arithmetic (a term derived from the Greek word arithmos,
“number”) refers generally to the elementary aspects of the theory of numbers, arts
of mensuration (measurement), and numerical computation (that is, the processes
of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to powers, and extraction of
roots). The purpose of these operations is to simplify mathematical expressions.
Basic mathematical operations are plus, minus, multiply and divide. These operations
are helpful in daily life. It covers many a things touching every aspect including
calculating Income and Expenditure to preparation of Balance Sheets.

The BODMAS rule is one of the most important rule while doing arithmetical
operations. B stands for Bracket (), O stands for Order, D stands for divide (÷), M
stands for multiply (×), A stands for addition (+), S stands for subtract (-).

BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

Mathematical Operations

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 The four arithmetic operations make up the fundamental mathematical operations.
The inverse of addition is subtraction, and vice versa. This means that if two
numbers are joined together to get a third number. Than we can find the of the
number added by subtracting the other number from the total.

Types of Fundamental Arithmetical Operation

Almost all forms of numbers, including integers, fractions, decimals, etc., can be
subjected to arithmetic operations. Let’s thoroughly comprehend each of the
fundamental mathematical processes. The basic arithmetic operations in
Mathematics are:
1. Addition (Finding the Sum; ‘+’)
2. Subtraction (Finding the difference; ‘-’)
3. Multiplication (Finding the product; ‘×’ )
4. Division (Finding the quotient; ‘÷’)

Addition Rules
The following are the addition rules for integers:
 A positive integer is the result of adding two positive numbers.
 A negative integer is created by adding two negative integers.
 When subtracting positive and negative integers, utilize the sign of the biggest
integer value.

Subtraction Rules
The following are the subtraction rules for integers:
 Both the numbers are (+), the answer will also be positive
 Both the numbers are (-), the answer will also be negativeIf one number is positive
and other number is negative, the answer will be in sign which is largest

Multiplication Rules

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 The rules of multiplication are as follows:
 The product of two positive numbers is positive. In a multiplication if one number is
positive and other number is negative, the answer will be negative.
 In a multiplication if both the numbers are negative, the answer will be positive.

Division Rules
 A positive integer is obtained by dividing two positive integers.
 A positive integer is obtained by dividing two negative integers.
 The negative integer is produced when you divide two integers with different signs.

Basic Arithmetic Properties

The basic arithmetic properties for real numbers are:
1. Commutative property
2. Associative property
3. Distributive property

6. Commutative Property
This property is applicable only for two arithmetic operations, i.e., addition and
multiplication.
Suppose A and B are two numbers, then, according to commutative property –
A+B = B+A Example: 5 + 2 = 2 + 5
A x B = B x A Example: 1 x 5 = 5 x 1

Thus, the order of numbers in addition and multiplication does not change the result.

7. Associative Property
Like commutative property, the associative property is also applicable to addition and
multiplication.
A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C Example: 1 + (5+3) = (1+5) +3

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 Ax(BxC) = (AxB)xC Example: 1 x (5 x 3) = (1 x 5) x 3

Thus, if we change the grouping of numbers, the result does not change.

8. Distributive Property
According to the distributive property, if A, B and C are any three real numbers,
then,
A x (B + C) = A x B + A x C

Example: 5 x (3 + 4) = (5 x 3) + (5 x 4)
5 x 7 = 15 + 20
35 = 35
Hence, proved.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS ON DMAS

1. Add 30 and 45 and then subtract 20 from the sum.

2. Solve: 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10.

3. Find the value of (6 x 4) ÷ 12 + 72 ÷ 8 – 9.

4. Simplify: 24 - 4 ÷ 2 x 3

5. Simplify: 24 ÷ 4 x 3 + 2

6. Simplify: (-20) + (-8) ÷ (-2) x 3

7. Simplify: (-5) - (-48) ÷ (-16) + (-2) x 6

8. Simplify: 52 - (2 x 6) + 17

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 PERCENTAGE
As per Britannica Dictionary, Percentage, is a relative value indicating hundredth
parts of any quantity. One percent (symbolized 1%) is a hundredth part; thus, 100
percent represents the entirety and 200 percent specifies twice the given quantity.
For example, 1 percent of 1,000 Books equals 1/100 of 1,000, or 10 Books; 20 percent
of the quantity is 20/100 1,000, or 200. These relationships may be generalized as x
= PT/100 where T is the total reference quantity chosen to indicate 100 percent, and
x is the quantity equivalent to a given percentage P of T. Thus, in the example for 1
percent of 1,000 Books, T is 1,000, P is 1, and x is found to be 10.

Percentage Formula

Percentage formula = (Value/Total value) × 100

Example: 3/5 × 100 = 0.6 × 100 = 60 per cent

Example: if only 10 of the 200 apples are bad, what percent is that?
As a fraction, 10/200 = 0.05
As a percentage it is:
10/200 x 100 = 5%

1. Calculate 20% of 80.

2. Calculate 25% of 100
3. 30% of 400 apples are bad. How many apples are bad?
4. A Mobile is reduced 25% in price. The old price was Rs. 120. Find the new price.

Variables of Percentage
Every percentage problem has three possible unknowns or variables :
 Percentage
 Part

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 Base
In order to solve any percentage problem, you must be able to identify these
variables.

Example: 80% of 20 is 16
 80 is the percentage.
 20 is the base.
 16 is the part.

Increase or Decrease Percent

We often come across such information in our daily life as.
(i) 25% off on MRP
(ii) 10% hike in the price of Diesel.

% increase = [(New number – Original number)/Original number] x 100;

where, increase in number = New number – original number

% decrease = [(Original number – New number)/Original number] x 100

Where decrease in number = Original number – New number

1. The price of a laptop was INR 40,000 last year. It has increased by 25%this year.
What is the price now?

Finding Discounts in Percentage

Discount is a reduction given on the Marked Price (MP) of the article.
So, Discount = Marked price – Sale price

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1. A toy marked at Rs. 1,000 is sold for Rs. 920. What is the discount and discount %?
2. The market price of a Key Board is Rs. 300. A discount of 15% is announced on
sales. What is the amount of discount on it and its sale price?

Percentage vis-à-vis Fraction and Decimals

Examples of percentages at par with fractions are:

1. 10% is equal to 1/10 fraction
2. 20% is equivalent to 1 /5 fraction
3. 25% is equivalent to ¼ fraction
4. 50% is equivalent to ½ fraction
5. 75% is equivalent to ¾ fraction
6. 90% is equivalent to 9/10 fraction

SAMPLE QUESTIONS ON PERCENTAGE

1. If 20% of 30% of a number is 8, then find the number.

2. Which number is 30% less than 75?

3. The sum of (12% of 28.6) and ( 5% of 1.75) is equal to what value?

4. A stationery seller had some registers. He sells 40% registers and still has 420
registers . Originally, he had how many registers ?

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CS VAIBHAV CHITLANGIA (7820905414)|YES ACADEMY for CS 1.01
RATIO AND PROPORTION

When two parameters are compared, a ratio is created by applying the division
operator to the first and second values. The quotient x/y is typically referred to as
the ratio between x and y when x and y are two parameters of the same type and
with similar units, such as y is not equivalent to 0. The colon (:) symbol is used to
denote ratios. It implies that the ratio x/y can be written as x: y and has no units.
To put it another way, the ratio is the number used to represent one quantity as a
fraction of the other item. Only if the two quantities in a ratio have the same unit
can they be compared.

A proportion is a mathematical phrase that indicates the two ratios are comparable
to one another. The similarity between the two fractional numbers or ratios is, to
put it simply, the proportion. The two ratios are intended to be directly proportionate
to one another when the two sets of specified quantities are changed in a similar
way. The symbol (::) represents proportions and aids in figuring out ambiguous
numbers.

Types of Proportion
There are two types of proportions as follows.

1. Direct Proportion
The term “direct proportion” describes the direct correlation of the two numbers.
When one number rises, the other rises as well, and vice versa. For instance, if a
vehicle’s speed is raised, its distance traveled will undoubtedly increase.

2. Inverse Proportion
The term “inverse proportion” describes how two numbers are related in such a way
that when one number rises, the other number falls, and vice versa. As a result, the

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 inverse ratio is written as a 1/b. For instance, if we drink more water from a bottle,
there will be less water left in the bottle overall.

Ratio and Proportion Formula

The Ratio Formula is written as x : y ⇒ x/y where
x = Antecedent or the first term
y = Consequent or the second term

For example, Ratio 8 : 4 is also written as 8/4, where 8 is called the antecedent and 4 is
called the consequent.

In order to write a proportion in mathematics for the two ratios, a:b and y:z then we
express it as a:b :: y:z ⟶ a/b = y/z

7. The two numbers namely b and y are called the mean terms.
8. The two numbers namely a and z are called the extreme terms.
9. In a : b = y : z, the numbers or parameters of a and b should be of the same type
with similar units, while y and z may be the separate ratios of parameters of the
same type with similar units. For example, 10 meter: 20 meter = 50 kg: 100 kg.
10. In the concept of proportion, the product of the mean terms is equivalent to the
product of the extreme terms. Hence, we get b × y = a × z.
For example, In the proportion of two ratios of 5 : 10 :: 10 : 20, we apply the
formula of The Product of Mean Terms = The Product of Extreme Terms
We get, 10 × 10 = 5 × 20 = 100
11. The proportion formula can be written in the form of a/b = c/d or a : b : : c : d.

Difference between Ratio and Proportion

Sr. No Ratio Proportion

(i) When comparing various quantities It is used to describe a relationship
with the same units, it is used. between two ratios, each of which

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 may have a different set of units.
It is used to describe a relationship
between two ratios, each of which
may have a different set of units.
(ii) To express a ratio, two symbols are It is possible to express a
used: a colon (:), and a slash (/). proportion using the double colon
(::) symbol.
(iii) It is defined as an expression. It is termed as an equation.

Key Notes on Ratio and Proportion

By employing the idea of ratio, any numbers or parameters with comparable units
can be compared. Only when two ratios are the same we can say that they are in a
proportional relationship. A ratio always produces equivalent outcomes when the
individual numbers are multiplied and divided by like numbers.

1. There are 63 students available in the 8th class. The number of students who want
to study Sanskrit and the number of students who want to study Mathematics is
expressed in the ratio 5:2. Calculate the number of students who want to study
Sanskrit and those who want to study Mathematics.

2. R and S started an Electronic shop and decided to divide the profit between them in
a ratio of 7:5. The total profit from that shop is Rs. 12,000 by the end of the
financial year 2022. What will be the individual profit share for both R and S?

3. If Abhishek travels a distance of 25 km in 5 hours. How much distance can he

travel in the time of 8 hours?

4. Calculate the numbers whose sum is 88 and they are written in the ratio of 4:4

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 SQUARE ROOTS

When an integer is multiplied by itself, the result is known as a square root. The
result of a number multiplying itself is referred to as the square number. The symbol
for a square root is a √ sign.

Square Root Definition

Any square root when multiplied by the same number, the result is the original
number. For a perfect square number, we obtain perfect square roots.

Methods to Find Square Root of Numbers

12. To determine whether a number is a perfect square or an imperfect square, one must
first determine the number’s square root. A perfect square is defined as a number
that can be expressed as the square of the number from the same number system.
13. Imperfect squares are those numbers whose square roots contain fractions or
decimals.

Some of the key methods to find out the square root of a number are as follows:
1. Repeated Subtraction Method
2. Prime Factorization
3. Estimation Method
4. Long Division Method

Repeated Subtraction Method

One of the methods frequently used to determine the square root of a number is
repeated subtraction. This approach involves repeatedly subtracting the perfect square
number from subsequent odd integers, such as 3, 5, 7, 9, etc., until the result is
zero. Starting with 1, the subtraction proceeds through 3, 5, 7, and so forth until 0
is reached. This approach counts how many times the value is deducted from one to
get to zero. This count indicates the required square root of the given numbers.

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 36 – 1 35
35-3 32
32-5 27
27-7 20
20-9 11
11-11 0

The sum of the six subtraction operations is 0, as can be seen in the table above.
Starting with 1, the subtraction continues until the odd number, 11, is reached. In
total, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 are deducted. This represents 6 occurrences. 6 is therefore
the square root of 36.

Prime Factorization Method

The prime factorization method is a simple way to get a number’s square root. By
dividing the perfect square progressively, this approach divides it into its prime
factors. The prime factor pairs are then paired. The square root of the perfect square
is obtained by multiplying one element from each pair. Let us find the square root of
196.

The prime factorization of 196 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7.

When we pair the prime factors and select one from each pair, we have 7 × 2 = 14.
Hence, the square root of 196 is 14.

Estimation Method
An approximation method is the square root by estimation method. By making
educated guesses about the values, this approach determines the square root of
numbers. Taking 4 as an example, the square root is 2, while 9 is the square root,
which is 3. Knowing that the square root of 5 will be between 2 and 3 is therefore
simple. However, we will still have to check the value of √6 is nearer to 2 or 3.

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 Let us try finding out the square of 2.4 and 2.9.

The square of 2.4 = 5.76

The square of 2.9 = 8.41

Since the square of 2.4 is 5.76, which is approximately 6, we can say that the square root
of 6 is approximately equal to 2.4.

Properties of Square Root

14. Only a perfect square number can have a perfect square root.
15. An even perfect square has an even square root.
16. The square root of an odd perfect square will be odd.
17. Because a perfect square cannot be negative, it is impossible to define the square
root of a negative number.
18. A square root can be found for any number that ends in the digit of the unit, such
as 1, 4, 5, 6, or 9.
19. It is impossible to obtain a perfect square root if the unit digit of an integer is 2, 3,
7, or 8.
20. A number cannot have a square root if it has an odd number of zeros at the
end. Only an even number of zeros allows for the calculation of a square root.

Square Root
Formula
To determine the square root of a number, use the square root formula. The square
root formula is y= √ x to make things easier. It is important to note that y x y=x.
Here x is the square of a number y.
For e.g., 2 = √4, where y = 2 and √x = 4, thus y x y= x, i.e. 2×2 = 4.

The square root of a perfect square integer like 16 is taken into account. Let’s think
about the square root of -16 now. The integer -16 has no true square root. √(-16)=
√16 × √(-1) = 4i (as, √(-1)= i)

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 Here, “i” is represented as the square root of -1. Hence, 4i is the square root of the
number 16.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS ON SQUARE ROOT

1. Which of the following figures is a square in all its parts?
a) 111
b) 225
c) 142
d) 156

2. A perfect square number can never have the digit ….. at the units place.
a) 1
b) 4
c) 8
d) 9

3. 3. Evaluate √ 6241
a) 72
b) 75
c) 78
d) 79

4. Find the square root of 6724.

a) 79
b) 76
c) 82
d) 87

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CS VAIBHAV CHITLANGIA (7820905414)|YES ACADEMY for CS 1.01
 AVERAGE

In plain English, an average is a single number chosen to represent a group of

numbers. This average is typically the arithmetic mean, which is the total of the
numbers divided by the number of numbers in the group. The average of the
numbers 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 (which add up to 25) is, for instance, 5. An average could
be another statistic like the median or mode depending on the situation. In
mathematics, the central value of a set of data is expressed as the average of a list
of data. It is defined mathematically as the ratio of the total number of data points
to the number of units in the list.

Average = Sum of Values/ Number of values

Formula to Calculate Average

For a given set of variables, we can quickly calculate the average. Simply add up all
the values, then divide the result by the total number of values. Average can be
calculated using three simple steps. They are:
21. Step 1: Sum of Numbers:
Finding the sum of all the given numbers is the first step in calculating the average
of a set of numbers.
22. Step 2: Number of Observations:
The next step is to determine how many numbers are there in the dataset.
23. Step 3: Average Calculation:
In order to arrive at the average, divide the total by the number of observations.
Now, let us consider an example to calculate the average.

Arithmetic Mean
The most typical kind of average is called the arithmetic mean. The arithmetic mean
is the sum of the as divided by n where n is a number. If n numbers are supplied,
each number denoted by ai (where i = 1, 2,..., n), then:

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 Where,
24. n is the number of observations
25. i represent the index of summation l
26. and ai = data value for the given index

Geometric Mean
27. By determining the nth root of the product of n numbers, the geometric
mean is a technique for determining the central tendency of a set of numbers. In
contrast to the arithmetic mean, which is calculated by adding the observations and
then dividing the total by the number of observations, it is fundamentally different.
However, in the case of the geometric mean, we first calculate the product of all
observations before calculating the nth root of the product, assuming that n is the
number of observations. The formula is given by - Geometric Mean,
28. x1, x2, x3,…, xn are the individual items up to n terms

Harmonic Mean
The reciprocal of the average of the reciprocals of the given data values is referred
to as the harmonic mean. The formula to find the harmonic mean is given by:
Harmonic Mean, HM = n / [(1/x1) + (1/x2) + (1/x3) +…+(1/xn)]
Where x1, x2, x3,…, xn are the individual items up to n terms.

Average of Negative Numbers

The procedure or formula to calculate the average is the same if the list contains
any negative integers. Let’s use an example to better grasp this. Example:
Find the average of 3, −7, 8, 12, −2.
Solution: The sum of these numbers
= 3 + (-7) + 8 + 12 + (-2)
= 3 – 7 + 8 + 12 – 2
= 14
Total Units = 5

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 Hence, average = 12/5 = 2.8

Questions on Averages
1. Find the average of 7, 3, 8, 9, 8
2. Find the average of 11,13, 19, 22, 10
3. If the age of 9 boys in a team is 12, 13, 11, 12, 13, 12, 11, 12, 12. Then find the
average age of boys in the team.
4. If the heights of females in a group are 5.1, 5.2, 5.6, 5.4, 5.9, 5.8, 5.10, 5.5, 6, 5.3.
Then find the average height.

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CS VAIBHAV CHITLANGIA (7820905414)|YES ACADEMY for CS 1.01
 INTEREST (SIMPLE AND COMPOUND)

Interest is the extra sum that a borrower pays to a lender in addition to repaying
the amount borrowed. For instance, a borrower might take out a loan for Rs. 10,000
and agree to pay an additional Rs. 100 as interest. The sum of interest received or
paid over a predetermined period is known as an interest rate. The interest rate, for
instance, would be 10% if the prior borrower agreed to pay the debt in full within a
year.

Amount of interest you pay or earn depends on the following factors:

1. The rate of interest.
2. The amount of loan.
3. How long does it take to repay loans?

If you use a basic interest formula to determine your interest amount, an interest
charge of Rs. 500 will be applied to a loan of Rs. 5000 with an annual interest rate
of 10%.

Formula to Calculate Interest

Interest can be calculated using two methods. These two methods are:
1. Simple Interest
2. Compound Interest

 Simple Interest
Simple Interest (SI) = P(Principal) × R(Rate of Interest) × T(Interest Period) / 100

Here, P stands for the principal sum, R for the rate of interest, and T for the period
of interest.

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 The total amount due in the end is made up of the principal plus the simple
interest, or P + SI. For example,

1. An invested sum fetched a total interest of INR 10000 at the rate of 10% in one
year. What was the original principal amount?

Simple Interest Formula for Months

The above formula can be used to determine simple interest on an annual basis. If P
is the initial investment, R is the annual interest rate, and n is the duration (in
months), then the following formula can be written:
Simple Interest for 9 months = (P × 9 × R)/ (12 ×100)

 Compound Interest

The formula for calculating the amount received when interest is compounded
annually:
Amount = Principal (1 + Rate/100)
The total compounded interest over the term is calculated as
Compound Interest = Amount – Principal

Example
1. In how many years will an amount of Rs. 4000 will be doubled, if the interest rate
is 10% per annum?

Difference between Simple Interest and Compound Interest

Compound interest is a different kind of interest. Simple interest is based on the
principal amount, but compound interest is based on the principal amount along with
interest over time. This is the main distinction between simple and compound
interest. To further comprehend the idea of simple interest, let’s look at a
straightforward example.

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 SAMPLE QUESTIONS ON INTEREST
1. Arpit takes an Education loan of Rs 15000 from a bank for a period of 1 year. The
rate of interest is 10% per annum. Find the interest and the amount he has to pay
at the end of a year.

2. Ankur borrowed Rs 100,000 for 3 years at the rate of 4.5% per annum. Find the
interest accumulated at the end of 3 years.

3. Find out the difference between the compound interests on Rs. 5 Lakh for 1 years
at 9% per annum compounded quarterly and half-yearly?

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CS VAIBHAV CHITLANGIA (7820905414)|YES ACADEMY for CS 1.01
 PROFIT AND LOSS

Profit relates to gain; and Loss is the opposite of profit.

1. Profit (P): A product is sold at a profit if the price is higher than the cost price.
For instance, if a piece of land was bought for Rs. 1,20,000 and sold for Rs. 2,20,000
four years later, there would be a profit of Rs 1 lakh.
2. Loss (L): When a product is sold for less than what it costs to produce, the seller
suffers a loss. For instance, if a Laptop was purchased for Rs. 50,000 and sold for
Rs. 35,000 a year later, the seller would have suffered a Rs 15,000 loss.
3. Cost Price (CP): It refers to the price at which a product is made or purchased. It
can occasionally additionally cover overhead costs, transportation costs, etc. Shiva, for
instance, paid Rs. 20,000 for an Air Conditioner and added Rs. 1500 for shipping and
Rs. 2000 for installation. Therefore, the final cost price equals the amount of all
completed expenditures, or Rs. 23,500. This cost price is divided into two more
categories:
a. Fixed Cost: Fixed cost is constant as it does not vary with situations.
b. Variable Cost: It could vary depending on the situation.
4. Selling Price (SP): It’s the price at which a product is offered for sale. It could be
greater than, equal to, or lower than the item’s cost price. For instance, if a store
owner purchased a table for Rs. 800 and sold it for Rs 1000, the furniture’s cost
price is Rs 800 and its selling price is Rs 1000.
5. Marked Price (MP): Shop owners essentially label this to provide a discount to the
customers in such a way that.,
a. Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
b. Discount Percentage = (Discount/Marked price) x 100
6. Profit Percent (P%): It is the percentage of profit on the price on which the
product was purchased or manufactured.
7. Loss Percent (L%): It is the percentage of profit on the price on which the product
was purchased or manufactured..

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 Profit and Loss: Formulae
The profit or gain is equal to the selling price(SP) (-) cost price(CP).
Loss is equal to the cost price (CP)(-) selling price(SP). The formula for the profit
and loss percentage is:
Profit percentage (P%) = (Profit /Cost Price) x 100
Loss percentage (L%) = (Loss / Cost price) x 100

Profit Loss
Cost Price (CP) < Selling Price (SP) Cost Price (CP) > Selling Price (SP)
Profit= S.P.-C.P. Loss= C.P.-S.P.
S.P. = C.P. + Profit C.P. = S.P. + Loss
C.P. = S.P. - Profit S.P. = C.P. – Loss
Profit % = Profit\C.P × 100 Loss % = Loss/C.P × 100

QUESTIONS ON PROFIT AND LOSS

1. Suppose a shopkeeper has bought 1 kg of Mangoes for Rs. 120. And sold it for Rs.
150 per kg. How much is the profit earned by him?
2. Calculate the percentage of the profit gained by the shopkeeper in above situation.
3. A man buys a Cooler for Rs. 2000 and sold it at a loss of 15%. What is the selling
price of the Cooler ?
4. A Computer is sold at Rs. 12,050 with 15% profit. What would be the gain or loss
percentage if it had been sold at Rs. 10,980?
5. Suppose the CP of 25 pencils is the same as the SP of some pencils . If the profit
is 20%, then what is the number of pens sold?
6. A dealer sells goods at a 9% loss on cost price but uses 20% less weight. Compute
profit or loss percentage.

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CS VAIBHAV CHITLANGIA (7820905414)|YES ACADEMY for CS 1.01
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