THE DANGER BEHIND SOCIAL MEDIA: RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL MEDIA

USE AND ANXIETY AMONG EMERGING ADULTS

A Practical Research 2 Paper Presented to Mountain View College Academy,

Mountain View College Academy, College Heights

Valencia City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Practical Research 2:

Quantitative Research in Daily Life

Researchers

Cagatan, Crestyl Faye R.

Defenio, Monica Claire D.

Molo, Clyde Heavender

Taripe, Danielle Grace B.

October 2020
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Research becomes a reality with the kind support and help of many

individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.

Foremost, we want to offer the success this endeavor to our God Almighty for

the wisdom He bestowed upon us, the strength, peace of our minds and good health

in order to finish this research. We would like to express our gratitude towards our

family, for the encouragement which helped us complete this research. Without you,

none of this would be possible. We are highly indebted to Mountain View College

Academy Faculty, for their guidance and constant supervision, as well as providing

information regarding this research.

In this limited space, it is naturally impossible to mention all the names of

friends who contributed to the compilation of this paper. Well wishers who

administered invaluable cooperation whose direct or indirect help assisted us in

carrying out this venture. We are personally obliged and profoundly grateful to all

those who guided us properly.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Social media (SM), also known as Social Networking Sites (SNS), have

increasingly become a source of discussion among researchers (Alt, 2017). Social

media has become an important part of the lives of emerging adults and, growth of

multi-platform use offers several opportunities for people to connect in an

interconnected environment. (The Nielsen Company, 2017). Over the last 12 years,

there has been a steady rise in the use of social media and the heaviest users are

young adults between ages 18-29 with a penetration rate of 90% (Moreno &

Whitehill, 2014) (Pew Research Center, 2015). Analysis on the effect on young

adults has begun to surface in light of the widespread use of social media. Social

networking can help promote the personality and interaction of a young child with

peers from a developmental perspective (MIchikyan & Suarez-Orozco, 2016). Henry

(2012) found that indicators of psychosocial well-being were favorable while social

media was used for affirmative social reasons, such as making new friends.

College students resorted to social media to deal with personal issues,

psychological stressors become more evident, indicating that they lacked the coping

skills to develop healthy interpersonal relationships. Twenge (2013) warned that

while social media which encourage more social relationships, they are not

inherently intimate ones. With respect to the type of interactions young people are

making online, the specific use of social media may be the mediating force.

Emerging adults that grew up online and experienced the emergence of the Internet
of social media, are now experiencing a number of detrimental effects from its use

(Liu et. al., 2011, p. 836).

Anxiety is a natural stress response and can be helpful in certain cases. It

relates to the anticipation of a potential problem and is more related to the action of

muscle tension and avoidance. It can alert us to dangers and help us to pay attention

and prepare. Anxiety disorders vary from normal nervous or anxious feelings, which

include extreme anxiety or fear. Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric

illness which affect about 30 percent of adults in their lives at some point. (Parekh,

2017). Anxiety is a disorder in which almost everyone has to deal on a regular basis

(Roach, 2017). A certain level of anxiety allows us to remain alert and conscious, but

it feels far from natural for those suffering from an anxiety disorder-it can be totally

crippling. (Jovanovic, 2020)

The use of social media is integral to our lives, but the psychological

adjustment consequences of social media use are not well understood (Vannucci et

al.,2017). Social media can act as a source of stress or reinforce negative self-

assessments when people receive unwelcome input from others or participate in

negative social comparisons. (Nesi and Prinstein, 2015). All sorts of technological

advances have direct or indirect effects on culture and, therefore, on human lives.

However, not only living habits, but also all other human and social fields, including

mentalities, are transformed through transformation of communication resources

(Aydogan, and Buyukyilmaz, 2017). There was a negative relationship between the

levels of social media addiction among students and their levels of happiness

(Baltaci, 2019).
 For a variety of causes, anxiety compels concern beyond the fact that it is

"shockingly widespread" (Barlow, 2000). First, during the growth years, it can have

debilitating effects, causing considerable anxiety and interfering with vital social and

academic learning (Manassis and Hood, 1998). Second, the development of

depressive disorders momentarily or perhaps casually precedes anxiety issues (Cole

et al., 1998; Pine et al., 2001; Schniering et al., 2000; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2000) and

therefore can introduce a more malignant depression course when the two co-occur

(Stein et al., 2001). Third, and by definition, early anxiety (Loeber et al., 2000) and

high automatic arousal (Raine et al., 1995) and defensive function can be played

against externalizing disorders, minimizing the likelihood of potential antisocial

behavior.

Significance of the Study

Considering the growing presence of social media in emerging adults’ lives,

the study must be conducted to examine the links between social media use and

anxiety to better understand its impacts that can help prevent larger mental health

related problems including suicidal ideation. The findings of this study are significant

to the teenagers, young adults, teachers, parents researchers and other interested

individuals because it can be a learning paradigm to enhance one’s knowledge and

can give scientific evidence as a basis for recommendations on avoiding the

negative outcomes of this phenomena.

Emerging adults. These are the people that ages ranges from 18-29 years old.

Since they are the main concern of this issue, the findings and recommendations of
this study will guide them to be responsible and in developing healthy habits while

using social media.

Parents. Data given will provide the parents information on how the time spent in

social media might result to their child developing anxiety. This will guide them on

monitoring their child and evaluating their behavior to give advice and better

understand them.

Teachers. The results will enable the teachers to gain insights as to what measures

are appropriate to help, assist, and advise their students regarding this matter.

For the future researchers, this study may be a useful reference that will help them

uncover critical areas in the cause and effects that many researchers were not able

to explore and to provide the required baseline data for future researchers and

related studies.

Statement of the Problem

This research investigation attempts to shed light to “The Dangers Behind

Social Media: The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Anxiety Among

Emerging Adults” The study is aimed to provide answers to the following questions:

1. What is the frequency of social media use of the respondents?

2. What is the level of anxiety among the emerging adults?

3. Is there a significant relationship between social media use and anxiety

among emerging adults?

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to detemine the dangers behind social

media and the Relationship between social media use and anxiety among emerging

adults. Specifically, it seeks to:

1. Determine the frequency of social media use of the respondents?

2. Determine the level of anxiety among the emerging adults?

3. Determine the significant relationship between social media use and

anxiety among emerging adults?

Scope and Delimitation

Thirty students were used as a sample in conducting the study. This study

limits its coverage on male and female emerging teenagers ages 18-29 of Mountain

View College. Its main purpose is to recognize the dangers behind social media:

relationship between social media use and anxiety among emerging teenagers.

This study considers every aspect of student's personal information that has impact

on their anxiety such as their name, gender, and age. Each of the respondents are

given the same questionnaire to answer.

Definition of Terms

Emerging Adults The distinct time between the ages of 18 and 25 is when

teenagers become more independent and seek different

possibilities for life.

Social Media Websites and applications that enable users to create and share

content or to participate in social networking.

Anxiety A feeling of unease, such as worry or fear, that can be mild or

severe.

Psychological Used to classify items that are mainly mental or emotional, but

when referring to the field of psychology it may also be used.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Social Media

Social media utilizes mobile and web-based technology to create highly

immersive channels in which user-generated content is shared, co-created,

discussed, and updated by individuals and communities (Kietzmann, et al., 2011). It

is where people with common interests will connect with friends, relatives,

colleagues, acquaintances and others (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

2017). Users are able to have discussions, exchange information and build content

on the site. There are several types of social networking, including blogs, micro-

blogs, wikis, websites for social networks, websites for photo sharing, instant

messaging, websites for video sharing, podcasts, widgets, virtual worlds, and more

(University of South Florida, n.d.). It would appear that we are in the midst of an

entirely new contact world, considering the immense visibility of social media in the

mainstream press today.

Social media introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication

between organizations, communities, and individuals. (Kietzmann, et al., 2011). In

the first decade of this century, the rapid increase in social media sites was part of a

more general networked culture in which web technologies such as browsers and

search engines increasingly characterized knowledge and communication. As well

as user-generated content sites and social networking sites became the center of a
host of web-based applications that together formed an expansive ecosystem of

connective media (Dijck, 2013). Social media's fast growth has impacted people's

interactions across social media channels (Colliander and Dahlén, 2011; Cho et al.,

2014).

"In the global social networking world, for example, one can exchange

information and expertise online, enter virtual communities, and" friend "or"

unfriend "arbitrarily (Curras-Perez et al., 2014). Newly invented tools and

technologies for social media allow people to read, extract and create universal

content in text, image, audio and video. (Akar and Topçu, 2011). With the rapid

spread of social media in all ages, what it does to us as individual users needs to be

given more consideration (King University Online, 2020). Individuals and

organizations must also be prepared to recognize the threats and opportunities that

social media brings.

Anxiety

Anxiety is a natural stress response and can be helpful in certain cases. It

relates to anticipation of a potential problem and is more related to the action of

muscle tension and avoidance. It can alert us to dangers and help us to pay attention

and prepare. Anxiety disorders vary from normal nervous or anxious feelings which

include extreme anxiety or fear.

All the meanings are quoted as reflecting a mixture of anxiety, confusion and

fear. Anxiety is typically referred to as an “emotion based or threat assessment, an

assessment involving symbolic, anticipatory, and unknown elements.” This

declaration involves the act of distinguishing between anxiety and fear, as these two

words seem interchangeable at times. This declaration involves the act of

distinguishing between anxiety and fear, as these two words seem interchangeable

at times. Fear is a response to current threats, while anxiety refers to fear states that

are aroused in response to expected threats to the individual’s physical safety.

Studies stated that people that have a low social support are more likely to

suffer from anxiety compared to those who has high social support from family,

friends and neighbors (Klineberg et al., 2006) (Maulik, Eaton, Bradshaw, 2011),

however there are some researchers that have indicated that the quality of social

support may be more important than the quantity (Keles, McCrae, & Grealish, 2019).

Anxiety is also a special feeling of depression (Selvaraju, R. 2011) which are

the most common psychiatric illness which affect about 30 percent of adults in their

lives at some point. (Parekh, 2017). For a variety of causes, anxiety compels

concern beyond the fact that it is “shockingly widespread” (Barlow, 2000). First,

during the growth years, it can have debilitating effects, causing considerable anxiety

and interfering with vital social and academic learning (Manassis and Hood, 1998).

Second, the development of depressive disorders momentarily or perhaps casually

precedes anxiety issues (Cole et al., 1998; Pine et al., 2001; Schniering et al., 2000;

Zahn-Waxler et al., 2000) and therefore can introduce a more malignant depression

course when the two co-occur (Stein et al., 2001). Third, and by definition, early

anxiety (Loeber et al., 2000) and high automatic arousal (Raine et al., 1995) and

defensive function can be played against externalizing disorders, minimizing the

likelihood of potential antisocial behavior.

Social Media and Its Association with Anxiety

Young adults do not avoid the potentially harmful consequences of social

media use due to their reduced capacity for self-regulation and their susceptibility to
peer pressure, and are thus at higher risk of developing mental illness (Keles et al.,

2019). Feelings of anxiety may emerge due to the negative feedback and

interactions that are closely related to online social life. The cause of using social

media platforms that can arise social anxiety is still understudied, but it is likely that it

affects types of online social interaction and communication, development of privacy

concerns, fear of being negatively evaluated by others, and it might even evoke

avoidance behavior on social networking sites (Alkis, Kadirhan, & Sat, 2017).

Excessive use of social media has the potential to generate or increase social

anxiety (Schimmenti & Caretti, 2017) and in particular, young adults report severe

anxiety when their access to text-based communication is limited. (Skierkowski &

Wood, 2012)

A study conducted by Sean Hughes (2018) stated that there is a phenomena

called “Compare and Despair” is a source of self-consciousness that can quickly

develop to anxiety. For example you are comparing your clothes from your rich

neighbor’s clothes. FOMO or fear of missing out is another source of anxiety

generated by social media., this is when an individual feels that they are missing out

an event or any exciting occurrence because they did not logged in to their social

media accounts. It is this FOMO that make users continually check their account and

their friends profile. In fact, a research study that has been deemed very similar to

social anxiety concerning social media is related to “problematic social media use.”

With this term, we refer to difficulties to controlling our time spent on social media

usage and to withdraw responses when an individual cannot access social media

(High & Caplan, 2009; Prizant-Passal, Shechner, & Aderka, 2016). Adolescents who

are addicted to social media, creates anxious feelings because of the dopamine

discharges that occurred in their bodies that can cause to problems in social
behavior in schools, living quarters, peer social environments, and even trigger

criminal acts such as defamation, slander, kidnapping, and fraud (Amestiasih, 2018).

Finally, findings from Cleland and Scott (2016) study showed that emotional

investment in social media is strongly associated with anxiety. Some research

indicated that increased use of social media can lead to negative online encounters,

less social interactions in person, and decreased capacity to maintain focus (Baek et

al., 2013; Litsa, 2014). And that due to increased exposure to upward social

comparisons, more frequent Facebook use has been related to lower self-esteem in

adults (Vogel et al., 2014). Researchers found a correlation between "addiction" or

problematic use of social media, depression, and negative effects in a study

involving 374 university students. Non-problematic time spent using social media,

however, was not related to these symptoms (Jasso-Medrano & Lopez-Rosalez,

2018). While emotional factors have been shown to raise the risk of influencing

mental health, including depression, which in turn is often linked to anxiety,

desperation, and suicidal ideation, among others, in the study of risky behaviors

(González-González et al., 2012).

Given the well-known role of social media in modern daily communication, the

current data on anxiety and social media use offers a complicated picture due to

some contributing factors. So it is important for researchers to understand the

potential contribution of social media on users’ well-being. This research will

investigate whether social media use is correlated with anxiety in young adults

without predicting whether the correlation will be positive or negative. It aims to:

analyze the relationship between the use of social media and anxiety; and secondly,

propose recommendations to reduce the risk of the negative impacts and provide

information for future studies.

Conceptual Framework

As advocated by the forerunners, the researcher anchored the analysis on the

following hypotheses.

The Social Identification Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) by Reicher,

Spears, & Postmes (1995) explains the effects of anonymity and identifiability on group

behavior with reference to computer-mediated communication.

The Social Information Processing (SIP) by Joseph Walther (1992) This

explores how individuals get to know each other online, without nonverbal signs, and

how relationships in the computer-mediated world are formed and controlled.

The Adaptive Structuration Theory by DeSanctis and Poole (1994) Criticizes

the technocentric viewpoint on the use of technology and stresses the social

implications. For their work, groups and entities using information technology

dynamically build expectations about the function and usefulness of technology and

how it can be applied to their operations.

Research Paradigm

Social Media Use Anxiety

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the relationship of the variables under study.
Hypotheses of the Study

The following hypotheses are checked for guidance in the interpretation of

study results and for statistical testing purposes:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between social media and anxiety symptoms

in emerging adults.

H 1: There is a significant relationship between social media and anxiety symptom in

emerging adults.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research will use a descriptive correlational research design to assess

whether there is a positive association between the time spent using social media
between young adults and anxiety. This type of design is best fitted for our study
since it is a non-experimental study in which relationships are tested without
manipulating independent variables or randomly assigning participants to various
conditions. It will determine whether the increase in social media usage correlates
positively in anxiety.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted in a faith based institution. It is a private, co-

educational Seventh-Day Adventist college in Valencia, Bukidnon, Philippines which
was established in 1949.

Research Subjects

The participants will be thirty college students from Mountain View College
with age ranges from 18-29. The current study targeted a population that has been
able to use social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and etc.,
and we choose not to identify the participants to preserve their confidentiality.

Research Instruments
 The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale (MTUAS) (Rosen et
al., 2013) is a sixty-six items inventory concerning technology and media usage,
along with 18 additional items assessing attitudes toward technology, that is
designed to measure frequency of technology use and attitudes, encompassing a
broad range of technologies and platforms that include SNS. The current measure
was created with several precepts: “(1) it must measure self-reported frequency of
use rather than self-reported time of use; (2) it must include activities performed on
computers as well as those on mobile phones and those on dedicated devices such
as televisions, music players, and video game players; (3) it must include attitudinal
scales to capture beliefs about the use of technology and (4) it must be validated by
traditional measures such as self-reported time of use and Internet addiction” (Rosen
et al., 2013)

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was created to provide an accurate,

relatively short, scaled-up self-report for the evaluation of state and trait anxiety in
research and clinical practice (Spielberger, 1983). It consists of two 20-item scales to
asses anxiety severity as an emotional condition (S-Anxiety) and individual variations
in anxiety proneness as a personality trait (T-Anxiety).
APPENDIX A
 APPENDIX B

STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRE

Please take a few moments to complete this survey. Read each statement
and select the appropriate response to indicate how you feel right now, that is, at this
very moment There are no right or wrong answers. Do not spend too much time on
any one statement but give the answers which seems to describe your present
feeling.
NOT AT A SOMEWHAT VERY

ALL LITTLE MUCH

SO
I feel calm
I feel secure
I am tense
I am strained
I feel at ease
I feel upset
I am presently worrying over

possible misfortunes
I feel satisfied
I feel frightened
I feel uncomfortable
I feel self-confident
I feel nervous
I feel jittery
I feel indecisive
I am relaxed
I feel content
I am worried
I feel confused
I feel steady
I feel pleasant
I tire nervous and restless
 NOT AT A SOMEWHAT VERY

ALL LITTLE MUCH

SO
I feel satisfied with myself
I wish I could be as happy as

others seem
I feel like a failure
I feel rested
I am calm, cool, and collected
I feel that difficulties are piling…
I worry too much over something…
I am happy
I am inclined to take things hard
I lack self-confidence
I have disturbing thoughts
I make decisions easily
I feel inadequate
I am content
Some unimportant thought runs…
I take disappointments keenly
I am a steady person
I got in a state of tension or

turmoil…
I feel pleasant
 APPENDIX C
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

Dear Respondent,

For Academic and Research purposes, we ought to conduct a survey to be used as

an information or data for our said Research "The Danger behind Social Media:
Relationship of Social Media use and Anxiety among emerging adults". You will
answer two survey questionnaires. The first is a 40-item questionnaire in a 10-point
frequency scale which will measure the Media Technology Usage and Attitudes, te
second is a 16-item questionnaire in a 5-point Likert scale which will measure
anxiety.

This research aims to examine the impacts and evidences of time spent using Social
Media in emerging adults and its association with Anxiety. We demand full
commitment and honesty in answering this questionnaire to make the study reliable
and beneficial.

You are advised to not write your name anywhere on the questionnaire to ensure
confidentiality. In your hand lies the success of this study. Before answering the
questions, kindly read the directions. We will ensure utmost confidentiality in treating
your data.

Respectfully,

Researchers
 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter involves the discussion of results using the data gathered. There
two tables which contain the gathered data, recorded from the questionnaires to
further expand the research of the danger behind social media and the relationship
of social media use and anxiety among emerging adults.

A total of thirty adults completed questionnaires between 1 January 2021

and 31 January 2021. The data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed
by a statistician. The SPSS version 27 program was used for data analysis.

Frequencies
  Mean
SMU1 4.7333 Once a week

SMU2 5.1333 Several times a week

SMU3 5.3000 Several times a week

SMU4 5.2667 Several times a week
SMU5 6.0333 Once a day
SMU6 5.8000 Several times a week
SMU7 6.1667 Once a day
SMU8 4.4333 Once a week
SMU9 5.7000 Several times a week
SMU10 3.6667 Several times a month
SMU11 7.9667 Several times a day
SMU12 7.6667 Several times a day
SMU13 7.2000 Several times a day
SMU14 5.4333 Several times a week
 SMU15 6.6000 Once a day
SMU16 9.0667 Several times an hour
SMU17 9.0333 Several times an hour
SMU18 7.3000 Several times a day
SMU19 3.5000 Several times a month
SMU20 3.5517 Several times a month
SMU21 5.8000 Several times a week
SMU22 5.5333 Several times a week
SMU23 5.2333 Several times a week
SMU24 5.0333 Several times a week
SMU25 5.8667 Several times a week
SMU26 7.4667 Several times a day
SMU27 7.6333 Several times a day
SMU28 7.3333 Several times a day
SMU29 5.3000 Several times a week
SMU30 3.8667 Several times a month
SMU31 5.2000 Several times a week
SMU32 7.8000 Several times a day
SMU33 8.0333 Once an hour
SMU34 7.2667 Several times a day
SMU35 4.6897 Once a week
SMU36 4.2667 Once a week
SMU37 6.4333 Once a day
SMU38 7.6000 Several times a day
SMU39 6.2667 Once a day
SMU40 7.8966 Several times a day
SMUAVE 6.1037 Once a day
SMU41 8.3667 Once an hour
SMU42 6.7000 Once a day
SMU43 4.2333 Once a week
SMU44 2.9000 Once a month
SMUAVE2 5.5500 Several times a week
Table 1. Frequency table of Media and Technology Usage and Attitude Scale
Questionnaire

Descriptive Statistics
Mean
STA1 3.1000 Somewhat
STA2 2.9667 A little
STA3 2.0000 A little
STA4 2.2333 A little
STA5 2.8333 A little
STA6 1.7667 Not at all
 STA7 2.4000 A little
STA8 3.0333 Somewhat
STA9 1.9333 Not at all
STA10 1.9000 Not at all
STA11 2.9333 A little
STA12 2.1000 A little
STA13 1.9667 Not at all
STA14 2.3667 A little
STA15 3.1667 Somewhat
STA16 3.2667 Somewhat
STA17 2.3000 A little
STA18 2.0333 A little
STA19 2.9000 A little
STA20 3.0000 Somewhat
STA21 2.1667 A little
STA22 2.8667 A little
STA23 2.7333 A little
STA24 2.0000 A little
STA25 2.7333 A little
STA26 3.1333 Somewhat
STA27 2.4138 A little
STA28 2.4333 A little
STA29 3.3448 Somewhat
STA30 2.3333 A little
STA31 2.5333 A little
STA32 2.2667 A little
STA33 2.4000 A little
STA34 2.1000 A little
STA35 3.0667 Somewhat
STA36 2.6000 A little
STA37 2.5333 A little
STA38 2.7000 A little
STA39 1.9000 Not at all
STA40 2.9000 A little
STAVE 2.5350 A little
Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of State Trait Anxiety Inventory Questionnaire

On the basis of the quantitative findings expounded in the preceding table, it can be
observed that:
 Item (STA1): Majority of adults feel calm once a week

Correlations
  SMUAVE STAVE
SMUAVE Pearson Correlation 1 -0.049
 Sig. (2-tailed)   0.798
N 30 30
STAVE Pearson Correlation -0.049 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.798  
N 30 30
Table 3. Correlations of model variables

Table 3 shows that the level of significance for the correlation of SMUAVE is significant.
Because the coefficient value lies above 0.50. In words, that means that adults did
significantly have relationship between social media and anxiety symptoms.

Correlations
  STAVE SMUAVE2
STAVE Pearson Correlation 1 0.041
Sig. (2-tailed)   0.829
N 30 30
SMUAVE2 Pearson Correlation 0.041 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.829  
N 30 30
Table 4. Correlations of model variables

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