DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES

EXAMPLS AS PER EBCS EN 3-2015 CODE

BY – BISRAT AYALEW (MSc in Structural Engineering)

E-mail- bisri2005@gmail.com

Phone: - +251-910-78-49-21

Kombolcha - Ethiopia

2013/2021
 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

CHAPTER TWO
TENSION MEMBERS

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

1. Calculate the net critical area for the bolt distribution shown below.

SOLUTION
Given that d0 = 1cm = 10mm plat thickness =5mm=0.5cm

no
For non-staggered failure path
Aeff  Ag  d
i 1
t
o ,i i

n0 np
 s2  For staggered failure path
A eff  Ag   d 0.i t i     t j
i 1 i 1  4 g  j

2
A g =0.5*15=7.5cm

Let us take paths or failure paths

Chain (1) – (Non-staggered failure)

no
Aeff  Ag  d
i 1
o ,i it

A net = 7.5 – 3(1*0.5)

A net = 6 cm2

Chain (2) – (Non-staggered failure)

no
Aeff  Ag  d
i 1
t
o ,i i

A net = 7.5 – 2(1*0.5)

A net = 6.5 cm2

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

Chain (3) – (Staggered failure)

n0 np
 s2 
A eff  Ag   d 0.i t i     t j
i 1 i 1  4 g  j

A net = 7.5 - 4(1*0.5) + [(0.5*32/4*3)*2]

A net = 6.25 cm2

Chain (4) – (Staggered failure)

n0 np
 s2 
A eff  Ag   d 0.i t i     t j
i 1 i 1  4 g  j

A net =7.5-5*(1*0.5)+(0.5*32/4*3)*2+(0.5*42/4*3)*2

= 7.5-2.5+0.75+1.33

= 7.08 cm2

Therefore, the governing net critical area is the minimum of the above net areas

A net = 6cm2

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

2. A tension member made of an angle L160x100x12mm is connected at end by two rows

of 12mm diameter bolts in the 160mm leg and one row of 12mm diameter bolts in the
100mm leg as shown below. Assume bolt holes are made by drilling.(  -Diameter)

2
1

100 mm
60 mm

108 mm
60 mm T T 248 mm
160 mm
70 mm 70 mm

2 s s? s s 1

a) Determine the pitch distance between the adjacent bolts ‘s’ for the same net-area of an
angle section .
 Diameter of bolt holes,
do  b  1.0mm  12  1.0  13.0mm
If the diameter of the bolt (d) < 14mm, the diameter of the hole (d0) = b+1
 Gross area of an angle section,
Ag  160  100  12  12  2976 mm2

 Net area of critical section through bolt holes is determined using

An  Ag   d t …..For non-staggered failure

si2
An  Ag   d t  t .  …..For staggered failure
4gi
Section 1-1: non-staggered failure
An1  2976  (2  13  12 )
Where- n-no of bolts = 2
d0 = 13mm
t = 12mm
 A n1  2664mm 2

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

Section 2-2: Staggered failure

s2 s2
An 2  2976  (3  13.0  12 )  (12  )  (12  )  2508  0.0706 s 2
4  70 4  108
An 2  2508  0.0706 s 2
By equating An1 with An 2 ,

2508  0.0706 s 2  2664

 s 2  2209.63mm 2
 s  47mm take s  50 mm

b) Determine the net area of an angle section if the pitch distance between the adjacent bolts ‘s’ is
40mm.
Section 1-1: An1  2976  ( 2  13.0  12)  2664 mm 2
40 2 40 2
Section 2-2: An 2  2976  (3  13.0  12)  (12  )  (12  )  2621.01mm 2
4  70 4  108

 A n  2621.01 mm 2 --take the smallest value

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

3. Check the section used as a main tie of the roof truss shown in the figure below. The
section is formed with 2 unequal leg angles 100x75x8 mm. steel S275 is used. The joint
was made with bolts diameter 20 mm as shown. The acting tensile force is 630 KN.

SOLUTION

Given;
 L 100*75*8 mm
 Steel grade S275, fy=275N/mm2 and fu=430N/mm2
 Hole diameter =d+2=20+2= 22mm (for 14mm<d<22mm,do = d+2)
 Nt,sd ≤ Nt,rd Where Nt,sd = 630KN
 Factors Ym0 =1.0 & Ym2 =1.25

Gross area of one angle (Ag)= (100mm+75mm-8mm)*8mm

2
Ag =1336mm for single section

Gross area double angle section

Ag = 2*1336mm2 = 2672mm2 double angle section

 Determine are of the section for failure points for single angle but the capacity is double.

An  Ag   d t …..For non-staggered failure

s i2
An  Ag   d t  t .  …..For staggered failure
4g i
Section 1-1:non-staggered failure

An  Ag   d t

An1 1336  ( 22 * 8)

 A n1 1160mm 2 …..for a single angle

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

Net area for the two angles =2*1160mm2 = 2320mm2

Section 2-2: Staggered failure
si2
An  Ag   d t  t . 
4gi
35 2
An 2 1336  (2 * 22 * 8)  [8  ]
4  41
An2= 1043.756mm2

Net area for the two angles =2*1043.756mm2 = 2087.512mm2

The governing net area is 2087.512mm2 (the smaller area governing the section).

Checking;

1 - Yielding failure (Design plastic Resistance)

Ag x f y
N Pi , RD 
 MO

∗
, = = 367.4KN
.

But the calculated value is for single angle section. So to gate the section capacities for double
angle section doubling the single section capacity.

, = 2*367.4kN = 734.8kN

2 – Ultimate (Fracture) failure at line of bolts

0.9 x Aeff x fU
NU , RD 
 M2

. ∗ . ∗
, = = 323.15
.

But the calculated value is for single angle section. So to gate the section capacities for double
angle section doubling the single section capacity.

N u, rd = 2* 323.15= 646.3KN > Nt,sd = 630kN…………….OK

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

Therefore, N = design tension resistance capacity of the cross-section, taken as a smaller of

t, Rd
either
 The design plastic resistance N = 734.8KN of the gross section
pl,RD
or
 The design ultimate resistance N = 646.3KN f the net section at the bolt hole
u,Rd

N = 646.3KN
t, Rd

Finally, N = 646.3KN > N = 630KN

t, Rd t, sd

The sections 100x75x8 mm is adequate to resist the acting tensile force

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

4. A tension member consists of a 150×75×10mm single unequal angle whose ends are
connected to gusset plates through the larger leg by a single row of four 22 mm bolts at
60 mm centers. Check the member for a design tension force of Nt,sd=340 kN, if the
angle is of S275 steel and has a gross area of 2150mm2.

Solution

Given

t =10 mm,

Nt,sd = 340KN

For S275, fy =275 N/mm2, fu=430N/mm2

Gross area of cross-section, A=2150 mm2

For a single angle in tension connected by a single row of bolts in one leg, the effective net
section Anet,eff to be used is dependent on the number of bolts and the pitch P, and is given by

For one bolt,

Anet,eff =2.0(e2−0.5d0)t,

For two bolts by

Anet,eff =β2Anet,

For three or more bolts by

Anet,eff =β3Anet.

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

a) Design plastic resistance Npl,RD of the gross section

Npl,Rd=Afy/γM0

Npl,Rd =2150×275/1.0

Npl,Rd =591.25 kN

b) The design ultimate resistance Nu,Rd of the net section at the bolt hole

Nu,Rd=β3Anetfu/γm2
Where

do= d+2=22+2=24mm, since d=22mm is 14mm<d< 22mm

Anet = Ag - ∑ = 2150− (24×10) =1900 mm2

β3=0.5(since the pitch P1 < 2.5d0=2.5*24 = 60mm)

Nu,Rd=β3Anetfu/γM2

Nu,Rd =0.5×2150×430/1.25

Nu,Rd = 369.80kN

Therefore, The design tension resistance capacity of the cross-section (Nt,Rd), taken as a smaller
of the above two values

Nt,Rd=369.80kN(the lesser of Npl,Rd and Nu,Rd) >340 kN=Nt,sd

So the member is satisfactory

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

5. Verify, according to the ES EN 2015 Code, the strength of a single equal leg angle
L 120 × 10mm in tension connected on one side via one line of two M16 (d=16mm)
bolts in standard holes ( =18mm) as shown in Figure, (dimensions in millimeters).
Bolts connect only one side of the angle to a gusset plate. The angle is subjected to a
design axial load ,sd of 350 KN.

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

6. Design unequal angle connected from the long leg loaded with an axial factored tensile
force 580 KN using steel grade S355 connected using:
(a) Welded (b) Two bolts ( = 15 )

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

7. A plate of size 160mm*12mm with steel grade S355 is connected to another plate by a
lap joint by five 20mm diameter bolts as shown in the figure below.
i. Determine the net area of the cross section and
ii. Check the section adequacy
iii. The maximum stress in the plate.
 Axial force = T=450KN
 S1 = 30mm and S2 = 40mm
 P1 = 50mm and P2 = 30mm
 Edge distance= e =30mm

Figure 1

SOLUTION
Given that, d=20mm and d0 = 20mm+2=22mm, plat thickness =12mm

no
For non-staggered failure path
Aeff  Ag  d
i 1
t
o ,i i

n0 np
 s2  For staggered failure path
A eff  Ag   d 0.i t i     t j
i 1 i 1  4 g  j

2
A g =160*12=1920m

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

Let us take paths or failure paths

Chain (1) – (Non-staggered failure)

no
Aeff  Ag  d
i 1
o ,i ti

A net = 1920 – 2(22*12)

A net = 1392mm2

Chain (2) – (Staggered failure)

n0 np
 s2 
A eff  Ag   d 0.i t i    4 g  tj
i 1 i 1  j

A net = 1920- 3(22*12) + [(12*302/4*50)*1] + [(12*302/4*30)*1]

= 1920-792+54+90
A net = 1272 mm2

Chain (3) – (Staggered failure)

n0 np
 s2 
A eff  Ag   d 0.i t i     t j
i 1 i 1  4 g  j

A net = 1920- 3(22*12) + [(12*302/4*30)*1] + [(12*402/4*50)*1]

= 1920-792+90+96

= 1314 cm2

Therefore, the governing net critical area is the minimum of the above net areas

A net = 1272mm2

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

B). Checking Adequacy;

1 - Yielding failure (Design plastic Resistance)

Ag x f y
N Pi , RD 
 MO

∗
, = = 681.6KN
.

, = 681.6kN

2 - Fracture failure at line of bolts

0.9 x Aeff x fU
NU , RD 
 M2

. ∗ ∗
, = = 448.76
.

N u, rd = 448.76 KN

N t, rd = 448.76KN (the smaller of , and N u, rd ) > Nt,sd = 450kN…NOT OK

 Therefor the sections is Inadequate to resist the acting tensile force

How to revise the design??

1. Increase the grade of structural steel grade

2. Chang the section of the structural steel grade
3. Try if any other???

Solution 1

1. Increase the grade of structural steel grade

Use structural steel grade S450, fy = 440KN/mm2 and fu = 550KN/mm2

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 Design of Steel and Timber Structure Worked Examples

1 – Plastic Resistance Npl,Rd

Ag x f y
N Pi , RD 
 MO

∗
, = = 681.6KN
.

, = 844.80kN

2 – Design ultimate resistance Nu,Rd

0.9 x Aeff x fU
NU , RD 
 M2

. ∗ ∗
, = = 503.71
.

N u, rd = 503.74 KN

N t, rd = 503.74KN (the smaller of , and N u, rd ) > Nt,sd = 450kN…… OK

 Therefor the sections is adequate to resist the acting tensile force

C). Maximum stress

The maximum stress can be the maximum of ,

a). At gross cross sectional area

= = = .

b). At the net cross sectional area

= = = .

The maximum stress is the maximum of the above two values = .

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