Chapter Six: Dampness Prevention

KIOT
W0ll0 University
Department of Civil Engineering
Chapter Six
Dampness Prevention
Damp Prevention
• Dampness: is the presence of hygroscopic
moisture.
• It is the major cause for damage finishing and
content.
• One of the basic requirements of a building is
that it should be free from moisture
passing walls, roofs or floors.
Cause of dampness
• Rain travel from wall tops.
• Rain beating against external walls.
• Condensation.
• Water introduced during
construction.
• Leaks in plumbing system.
Effects of Dampness
• Moisture travel may cause softening and
crumbling of plaster of building and damaging
of wall decoration.
• It may cause wall efflorescence resulting in
disintegration of bricks, stones, tiles etc and
consequence reduction in strength.
• Flooring gets loosed because of reduction in
adhesion and floor coverings are damaged.
• Timber fitting such as doors, windows coming in
contact with damp wall, damp floors etc, get
deteriorated & goes to warping, buckling etc
Cont’d…
• Electrical fitting get deteriorate and
cause danger of short-circuit.
• Moisture cause rusting (corrosion) of
metal fittings attached to walls, floors
and ceilings.
• Dampness gives rise to breeding
mosquitoes and germs of dangerous
diseases that occupants may be
affected.
Prevention of Dampness
1) Integral treatment (use of water proofing)
• This consists of adding certain water proof
compounds of material to the concrete mix So that
it becomes impermeable.
2) Surface treatment
• External surface treatment like, pointing or
jointing, plastering and applying thin film of
water proofing material to surface of concrete.
• Internal surface treatment includes plastering and
painting.
Cont’d…
3) Use water proof membrane
• This is introducing of a water repellent
membrane or damp proof course (DPC)
between the source of dampness and part of
building adjacent to it.
Damp proof course are of the following:
• Flexible materials like bituminous sheet
• Plastic sheets, semi rigid material such as
mastic asphalt.
• Rigid material like, stones, dense cement
concrete etc.
Cont’d…
• Damp proofing may be provided either
horizontally or vertically in floors,
walls, roofs, basements, parapets etc.
4) Cavity wall construction
• This is shielding of main walls of a building
by outer skin wall with a cavity in between
and connected together by metal ties.
• This is done by providing a cavity of
uniform width, normally 5cm but not
exceeding 7.5cm.
Cavity wall
5) Guniting
• This is depositing under pressure of an
impervious layer of rich cement mortar
over the exposed surface for water
proofing or over pipes, cisterns etc for
resisting the water pressure.
• Cement mortar consists of 1:2 cement sand
mix, which is shot on the cleaned surface
with the help of cement gun under a
pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2
6) Pressure grouting
• This is a system of forcing cement
grout, under pressure in to cracks,
voids, fissures etc, present in the
structural components of the building
or in the floor.
• This method is quite effective in
checking the seepage of raised
ground water through foundations
and sub structure of building.
Chapter Seven
Formwork & Scaffolding
Formwork:
• Concrete when first mixed is a fluid and
therefore to form any concrete member the
wet concrete must be placed in a suitable
mould to retain its shape, size and position
as it sets.
• It is possible with some forms of concrete
foundations to use the sides of the
excavation as the mould but in most cases
when casting concrete members a mould
will have to be constructed on site.
Cont’d…
• These moulds usually are called formwork.
• Formwork is a kind of temporary structure its
purpose is to support its own weight and that of
freshly placed concrete as well as construction
live and dead loads.
• It is a temporary structure desired to safely
support concrete until it reaches adequate
strength.
• It is important to appreciate that the actual
formwork is the reverse shape of the concrete
member which is to be cast.
Terminologies
Terms Definition
Formwork  Complete system of temporary structure built to contain fresh
concrete so as to form it to the required shape & dimension and to
support it until it hardens sufficiently to become self-supporting.
 form work includes the surface in contact with concrete and all
necessary supporting structures.
Mould  A frame for casting , precast concrete units.

Permanent form  Forms permanently left in place to provide facing to the concrete.
sheeting  That part of the form, which is in contact with the concrete.
Slip form  A form which moves continuously during placing of the concrete .
Movement may be either horizontal or vertical.
Centering It is a temporary supporting structure to a soffit.
False work  That part of formwork (like bracing) which support the form.
Shutter  That part of a formwork which consists of the sheeting and its
immediate supporting or stiffening members.
Basic requirements of Formwork
• A good formwork should satisfy the following
requirements:
1) The form work should be strong enough to
carry safely the dead weight together with the
live loading and the impact loading.
2) It should be practically water proof Also, its
shrinkage and swelling should be minimum.
3) There should have sufficient rigidity.
4) jointing between sections of formwork should
be sufficiently tight as to prevent the loss of
water or grout from the contained concrete.
Cont’d…
5) The joints between forms should be smooth, so
that no unwanted surface irrigation is
apparent on the finished unit.
6) It should be easy for handling and durable.
7) Formwork must be able to be stuck without
damage to the concrete or to the form it self.
8) A form work should be re-used as many times
as possible.
General fulfillments of Formwork
• QUALITY . ECONOMY
• SAFETY
1) QUALITY
Form work needs to be designed & built accurately so
that the desired size, shape position, correct location,
quality & finish of acceptable quality of the cast
concrete are attained.
• COMMON DEFECTS : Due to poor Form work
quality
1. Honey comb
2. Bug Holes
Cont’d…
Honey comb Bug holes

SAFETY
In Building Construction:
 60% Failure due to Formwork Collapse,
Shoring Collapse, Inadequate Shoring & Lateral
Bracing.
 8% due to premature removal of shore.
 18% Failure is due to faulty materials.
Thus, Formwork needs to be built adequately so
that it is capable of supporting all dead & live
loads without danger to workmen and to the
concrete surface.
ECONOMY
FORMWORK COST
Is the Sum of:
 cost of form materials.
 cost of labor for making, fixing & removing.
 cost of equipment required to handle the form.
 cost of consumables.
Formwork may cost up to 60% of the total
cost of concrete work.
Measures to achieve quality objective
Formwork:
• Should suit the architectural & structural
requirement.
• Should be able to be detailed well to avoid
damage to concrete while deshuttering.
• Joints should tight enough to prevent slurry
leakage.
• Should be constructed within tolerable limits.
Illustration of proper detailing
Cont’d…
Measures to achieve economy objective
1.Choosing suitable materials.
• The material should be locally available.
• It should be low-cost material not only in terms
of investment cost but in terms of recurring cost.
• The selected material should have long service
live.
2.Choosing proper size of members.
• Selecting size of members at design stage.
Cont’d…
3.Enhancing number of repetitions of members.
• Avoid unnecessary introduction of many size of
members
• Avoid unnecessary reduction in size of members
as we go on top of buildings.
4.Reducing size of members
• Pre-stressing
• Increase the grade of concrete
• Increase the reinforcement
• Improving construction practice on site.
Cont’d…
5. Matching the edge of beams and columns
• Orientation- use same orientation for as many
rectangular columns and beams as possible.
• Shape – use same shape as often as possible
throughout the floor at all the floors
• Size- use same size as far as possible .
6.Avoiding projections.
Avoiding projection
Some guidelines for removal of formwork
for different concrete elements
Element description Time
Vertical formwork to Columns, walls, and beams 16-24 hrs
Soffit formwork to slabs 21 days
Soffit formwork to beams 21 days
Props to slab 14 days
Props to beams and arches of spans up to 6 m 14days
Props to beams and arches of spans over 6m 21 days

Material Used for Form Work
• There are several materials to be used for the
form work some of these are given below:
 Lumber (wood/timber):
 Plywood
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Plaster of Paris Forms
 Fiber glass
 Reinforced plastic
Form Materials and Accessories
Typical wall form with components identified. Plywood sheathing is more

common than board sheathing material.
Cont’d…
Parts of typical wall formwork

Cont’d…
Parts of typical slab formwork

Cont’d…
Typical column formwork

Formwork Accessories
1) Form Ties:
• A concrete form tie is a tensile unit
adapted to holding concrete forms
secure against the lateral pressure
of unhardened concrete.
• They consist of internal tension
unit and external holding device,
Cont’d…
• Are manufactured in two basic types:
 Continuous single member
 Internal disconnecting type
A. Continuous Single Member Ties
 In continuous single member the tensile
unit is a single piece, and a special
holding device is added for engaging the
tensile unit against the exterior of the
form.
Cont’d…
• Some single member ties may be pulled as an
entire unit from the concrete; others are
broken back at predetermined distance,
some are cut flush with the concrete surface.
B. Internal disconnecting Type Ties
• Internal disconnecting
type, in which the tensile
unit has an inner part with
threaded connections to
removable external
members which make up
the rest of the tensile unit.
• They generally remain in
the concrete.
2) Form liners
• Form liners are an attachment to sheething
materials.
• Through the use of form liner it is now possible to
provide various designs and textures to concrete.
• The design and texture imparted to concrete could
be of varied nature such as leaves, animals, birds,
clouds, fossils, logos , etc..
• The form liners act as a reverse stamp .
• The use of form liners have increased in recent days
since more and more end users of concrete are
demanding not just plain concrete but the one
which is aesthetically pleasing.
Some patterns made from Form liner
3) Form Coating or Releasing Agents
• It is common to treat the sheething materials with
some coating or releasing agent for ease in their striking
off.
• Only a few special form face materials, such as
expanded polystyrene do not need to have a release
agent.
• The primary objective of coating and releasing agents is
 to ensure easy striking off of the form material without
injuring the form and the concrete.
 The concrete surface should also not get any stain from the
application of release agents.
 The form release agent should not react with the concrete
and produce some undesirable substance in the process.
Most common types of release agents
• Neat Oils with surfactants; mainly used on
steel faces, but can be used on timber and ply.
• Mould Cream emulsions: for use on timber
and ply.
• It is a good general - purpose release agents.
• Chemical release agents: can be used on

all types of form face recommended for -all
high-quality work.
.

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KIOT

Mould  A frame for casting , precast concrete units.

Honey comb Bug holes

Vertical formwork to Columns, walls, and beams 16-24 hrs

Soffit formwork to slabs 21 days

Soffit formwork to beams 21 days

Props to slab 14 days

Props to beams and arches of spans up to 6 m 14days

Props to beams and arches of spans over 6m 21 days

Typical wall form with components identified. Plywood sheathing is more

Parts of typical wall formwork

Parts of typical slab formwork

Typical column formwork

• Chemical release agents: can be used on

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