Annexure:2

MICRO PROJECT: CONCRETE AND IT’S TYPE

(1).Introduction of concrete

• Concrete and steel are the two most widely used materials in Construction Industry and these are
complement to each other and sometimes, compete with each other, as the structures of a similar
type and function can be built in either of these materials.

• But the engineers, quite often, have got the less knowledge of concrete ko steel and that has been the
main reason of failures of different structures in the past. Hence, one must have the complete
knowledge of concrete making, as there is not much difference in good concrete and bad concrete as
far as the ingredients of concrete are concerned.

• Bad concrete, which is honey-combed, having unsuitable consistency, nonhomogeneous, poor in

strength, is made of cement, aggregates and water.

• Surprisingly, the good concrete is also made of these ingredients only. It is only the proper quality

control technical know-how, which is responsible for the difference. It is also interesting to know that
good and bad concrete do not differ much in cost.

• Cement concrete looks simple but actually it is a very complex material. It is prepared at the site while
other Material such as steel are readymade.
 • Hence, it varies in great extent depending upon the quality of the ingredients, i.e. cement,
aggregate and water, quality of workmanship, control over process etc.
• For making a good concrete, one must have the good knowledge of the interaction of various
ingredients in plastic and hardened conditions.

(2).Concrete mix design

(3).Importance of concrete

Concrete is the most important construction material because it is difficult to find out another material of such
versatility and mouldability at such a cheap price.

• It has got good compressive strength, durability, impermeability, fire resistance and abrasion resistance.
• Its weakness in tensile strength can be made up by the use of reinforcing and prestressing techniques and this
has made the use of concrete widespread and now it is almost used everywhere.
• In India, about 60% of plan outlay accounts for construction only. Out of this, cement and cement product
would account for more than 50%. It means that 30% of the total outlay goes into cement concrete Therefore,
concrete has got a tremendous impact upon our economy and we should use this economically and
judiciously
(4).Process of concrete

1. Procurement of ingredients of concrete .

2. Storage and handling
3. Batching
4. Mixing
5. Transporting
6. Placing
7. Compacting
8. Curing
9. Finishing
10. Waterproofing

(5).Classification of Grades of concrete

(6).Types Of Concrete

1.Plain or Ordinary Concrete

This is another concrete that uses the common mix design of 1:2:4 with its components of cement, sand
and aggregates. You can employ it to make pavement or buildings where there is not a high demand for tensile
strength. It faces the same challenges as normal strength concrete — it doesn’t stand up very well to vibrations
or wind loading. Plain or ordinary concrete is also used in dam construction. The durability rating of this kind of
concrete is very satisfactory

2.Prestressed Concrete

• Most of the mega concrete projects are carried out through prestressed concrete
units. This is a special technique in which the bars or the tendons used in the
concrete is stressed before the actual service load application.

• During the mixing and the placing of the concrete, these tensioned bars placed
firmly and held from each end of the structural unit. Once the concrete sets and
harden, the structural unit will be put in compression.

• This phenomenon of prestressing will make the lower section of the concrete
member to be stronger against the tension.
 • The process of prestressing will require heavy equipment and labor skill (jacks
and equipment for tensioning). Hence the prestressing units are made at site
and assembled at site. These are used in the application of bridges, heavy loaded
structures, and roof with longer spans.

3.Lightweight Concrete
• Concrete that have a density lesser than 1920kg/m3 will be categorized as lightweight concrete.
The use of lightweight aggregates in concrete design will give us lightweight aggregates.

• Aggregates are the important element that contributes to the density of the concrete. The
examples of light weight aggregates are the pumice, perlites, and scoria.

• The light weight concrete is applied for the protection of the steel structures and are also used
for the construction of the long span bridge decks. These are also used for the construction of the
building blocks.
 4.Precast Concrete

• Various structural elements can be made and cast in the factory as per the
specifications and bought to the site at the time of assembly. Such concrete units
are called as the precast concrete.

• The examples of precast concrete units are concrete blocks, the staircase units,
precast walls and poles, concrete lintels and many other elements. These units
have the advantage of acquiring speedy construction as only assemblage is
necessary. As the manufacturing is done at site, quality is assured. The only
precaution taken is for their transportation.

• Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or

“form” which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and
maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams, and wall panels for tilt up construction.

5.Reinforced Concrete

• The reinforced cement concrete is defined as the concrete to which

reinforcement is introduced to bear the tensile strength. Plain concrete is weak
in tension and good in compression. Hence the placement of reinforcement will
take up the responsibility of bearing the tensile stresses. R.C.C works with the
combined action of the plain concrete and the reinforcement.

• The steel reinforcement used in the concrete can be in the form of rods, bars or
in the form of meshes. Now fibers are also developed as reinforcement.
 • Fiber reinforced concrete are concrete that use fibers (steel fibers) as
reinforcement for the concrete.

6.Cement Concrete

• Most engineering construction uses cement concrete composites as the main building material. It
consists of cement, sand, brick chips, or stone chips of the required size. The usual proportion is 1:2:4 or
1:3:6. After mixing the required amounts of concrete materials, the mix is cured with water for 28 days
for proper strength building.

• Cement concrete is a versatile construction material with a wide range of applications. It can be used in
structural applications such as beams, columns, slabs, and foundations. It can also be used in
nonstructural applications such as paving, curbing, and landscaping. Cement concrete is also a popular
choice for precast applications such as pipes, paving stones, and sewer systems.
• The main advantages of cement concrete are its strength, durability, and fire resistance. It is also
relatively low maintenance and can be easily repaired if damaged. However, cement concrete is a
relatively heavy material and can be difficult to work with. It is also susceptible to cracking and can be
damaged by extreme weather conditions.
7.Dry Ready Mix Concrete
This is the combination that may be found at most home improvement and hardware stores. It comes in
baggage typically starting from sixty to eighty pounds. Dry ready mix is simple to combine and this is often

the combination that almost all homemade comes would require. The tools needed for the mixture are a
bucket or cart, shovel or hoe, trowel, and a measured quantity of water.

8.Ready Mix Concrete

The distinction between dry ready-mix and ready-mix concrete is that the water is already supplementary to
ready combine. This concrete comes pre-mixed and is for larger homemade comes or for people who do

not need to combine their own concrete. It is typically brought in an exceedingly little trailer, typically with
an intermixture drum connected to stay it dampish and mixed. The ready combine is usually costlier and
might be troublesome to search out. It additionally should be used quickly as an alternative it will set while
not unfolding properly.

9.Regular Concrete
The most common type used is regular concrete which is referred to as traditional weight concrete or
traditional strength concrete. This pertains to the concrete that is promptly on the market within the
retailer’s marketplace for personal and residential usage. This includes usage directions that are written
within the packaging of the product. It utilizes sand and different materials to function as aggregates and is
consolidated in temporary vessels.
10.High-strength Concrete
High-strength concrete combined possesses compressive strength that is over six thousand pounds per area
unit. This can be processed by lowering the water-cement quantitative relation to a minimum of 0.35 or
lower. The low water-cement quantitative relation makes this sort of cementless feasible. To combat this
weakness, superplasticizers are other than the present concrete combine.

11.Stamped Concrete
Stamped concrete is a subject area concrete wherever realistic patterns almost like natural stones, granites,

and tiles will be obtained by inserting the impression of skilled stamping pads. This stamping is applied to
the concrete once it is in its plastic condition. Totally different coloring stains and texture work can finally
provide an end that’s terribly almost like costlier natural stones. A high aesthetic look will be obtained from
a sealed end economically. This is often utilized in the development of driveways, interior floors, and patios.

12.High-Performance Concrete
High-performance concrete refers to a freshly developed concrete combine that has properties that are a
notch higher compared to regular concrete mixes. This includes increased strength, durability, and
workability, simplicity of usage, compaction while not segregation, long-run mechanical properties,
porosity, density, toughness, and volume stability. Air-entrained agents may be utilized to customize this
concrete combine for severe environments.
(7).Conclusion
As a conclusion, the majority of reinforced concrete structures show excellent durability and perform well
over their design life.