Assignment 1

ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
(BCT613)
FLEXIBLE CONCRETE
NAME: MUHAMMAD FAIZ KAMAL BIN JAMAL JAMIDI

MATRIC NO: 2020963327
LECTURER: DR SALLEHAN BIN ISMAIL
Introduction
• Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called
Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more
popularly as flexible concrete, is an easily molded mortar-
based composite reinforced with specially selected short
random fibers, usually polymer fibers.
• Unlike regular concrete, ECC has a strain capacity in the
range of 3–7%, compared to 0.01% for Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) paste, mortar or concrete.
• ECC therefore acts more like a ductile metal material rather
than a brittle glass material (as does OPC concrete), leading
to a wide variety of applications.
Introduction
• It exhibits the property of a ductile material instead of a brittle material
which is shown by the conventional concrete.
• In the flexible concrete we eliminate the coarse aggregate. Instead of that we
use the fibres that are used in the fibre reinforced concrete such as silica
fibres, glass fibres, steel fibres, asbestos fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, etc.
• The micro fibres provide the flexibility to the concrete. It also acts as a
reinforcement material in the concrete. The basic difference in the properties
of engineered cementitious composite and fiber reinforced concrete is that
after cracking the engineered cementitious composite strain hardens while
the fiber reinforced concrete does not exhibit such behaviors.
• In fiber reinforced concrete, the crack develops with the rupture of the fibers
due to which the stress bearing capability is decreased
Introduction
• Flexible concrete was developed at the University of
Michigan by engineering professor Victor Li.
• It was developed to be used in earthquake-prone areas around
the world such as Japan and Korea.
• This new form of flexible concrete helps buildings be
earthquake-proof, enables roads and bridges with fewer
potholes and cracks, and allows other uses where the
concrete must be flexible to last longer.
• This flexible or engineered concrete can be used
by engineering service to build commercial projects using
traditional methods.
Composition of Flexible Concrete
1) Fibres Reinforcement:
• For giving the concrete flexibility it must be alter the
material of the conventional concrete.
• In the flexible concrete they eliminate the coarse aggregate.
• Instead of that it use the fibres that are used in the fibre
reinforced concrete such as silica fibres, glass fibres, steel
fibres, asbestos fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, etc.
• The micro fibres provide the flexibility to the concrete. It
also act as a reinforcement material in the concrete.
2. Poly vinyl Alcohol Fiber
• PVA fibers are used in ECC to provide both structural strength and
shrinkage control.
• The combination of well-dispersed, micro PVA fibers and the
strong, fine-grained homogeneous matrix is what results in the
amazing ability of ECC to bend and crack without losing strength.
• Because of the highly dispersed microfibers, cracks tend to be
small, and sometimes even invisible. ECC is a complex composite
of PVA fibers, 1% to 2% of total mix weight, in a properly
engineered mix utilizing very fine aggregates.
3. Slick Coating
• Additionally, the slick coating (anti-frictional coating) is
provided so that the fibers particles can slide over one another
and does not have the friction which may result into the cracks
in concrete.
• This tendency of slipping of fibers over one another helps the
concrete to minimize the crack and provide flexibility to the
concrete. The normal cement can be used for the concrete.
4. Fine Sand
• The fine silica sand is suitable for the flexible
concrete which is used in the water treatment
plant but if it is not available the normal sand can
be used but it may affect the strength and
flexibility of concrete.
• We can also add fly ash, silica fume, blast
furnace slag can also be used in the concrete.
5. Superplasticizer
• Polycarboxylated ether,
lignosulfonates, lignin, naphthalene
or melamine formal dehyde
sulphonate either one is used in the
concrete for increasing the
workability of the concrete.
• Latex can also be used in the
concrete for improving its flexibility.
Process of making Flexible Concrete
Batch Mixi Casti

ing ng ng
Resul Testin Curin

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Batching
• Batching is the process of
measuring concrete mix ingredients
either by volume or by mass and
introducing them into the mixture.
Mixing
• Mixing of concrete needs careful conditions to
avoid segregation and the difficulty of mixing the
materials uniformly.
• Increase in the aspect ratio, volume percentage,
size and quantity of fine aggregate intensify the
difficulties and balling tendencies.
Mixing
Cement + Fly
ash + Sand
+ PVA
+Super
plastizicer +
Water
Casting
1. Clean the standard cube moulds.
2. Apply oil to all contract surface of mould.
3. Size of mould is normally from the mixing spot while
concreting.
4. Take the random sample from the mixing spot while
concreting.
5. Fill the concrete in cubes in 3 layers.
6. Compact each layer by tamping rod.
Curing
• The cube specimens are remolded after 24
hours.
• Necessary identification marks were made and
kept under water in a curing tank.
• The concrete beams were kept under water for
28 days.
• After curing, they were taken out from the
curing tank and air dried before testing.
Testing
a. Compressive Strength of Concrete Tube
• The compression test of cube was determined by
CTM equipment.
Result
Testing
Example
Characteristics
1) Capacity for Self-Healing
• In regular concrete, water tends to exploit
hairline fractures. Freeze-thaw cycles tend to
expand tiny fractures into visible cracks that
weaken structures.
• Experiments at the University of Michigan
demonstrate how ECC concrete can self-heal.
In hairline fractures, extra dry cement reacts
with CO2 and water to form calcium
carbonate. In the lab, one to five wet-dry
cycles healed cracks 60 micrometers wide.
Characteristics
2) Reduce Water
Permeability
• Sealants waterproof traditional
concrete, when desired. By
comparison, ECC concrete itself resists
moisture. This adds further to its
crack-resistant nature. Fine aggregates
and waterproof fibers combine to
dramatically reduce permeability.
Characteristics
3) Resilience Under
Tension
Fibers enhance ductility. Certain
types deform five percent or more
under tension without losing
strength. As a result, bendable
concrete outperforms its traditional
counterpart in vibration-prone
environments.
Uses
1) Earthquake Resistant
Building
• Safety also drives interest. The tensile strain
capacity of fiber reinforced concrete is many
times greater than that of regular concrete.
• This makes it very resilient when earthquakes
strike. It withstands a certain amount of
shaking and vibrating without weakening.
PVA-reinforced concrete reduces vertical
shear.
Uses
2) Roads and Bridges
• Construction of roads and bridges using
flexible concrete eliminates the use of
expansion and contraction joints. This is
because the flexible concrete can change
its shape within it.
Uses
3) Concrete Canvas
• The concrete canvas mostly constructed
for military purposes is supposed to be
highly strong and durable. This can be
achieved efficiently using flexible
concrete.
Special Features
• The bending strength or tensile capacity of flexible concrete is in the
range of 10 to 15 MPa and compressive strength is up to 70 MPa.
• It has a self-healing property as the cement particles make reaction
with the rainwater and makes some complex product that expands
and fill the microcracks that are developed in the flexible concrete.
• The flexible concrete is proved to be lighter and proved to be 500
times more flexible than normal concrete.
• Its ultimate tensile strain capacity is 3% to 5%.
• The strain capacity in flexible concrete is 300 times more than
conventional concrete. Due to this the concrete is act like a flexible
material such as metal.
Testing
Example
Comparison
Normal Concrete Flexible Concrete

• Highly brittle in Nature. • Ductile in Nature
• Less Durability • More Durability
• Curing time required around 28 days • Cured within 7 days
• Not demand skilled labour • Demands skilled labour
• Used common material • Material used is highly include fiber
• Initial cost is less • Initial cost is higher

Comparison
Normal Concrete Flexible Concrete
• Less crack resistance • High crack resistance
• Normal concrete structures are heavy • Less light in weight around 20% - 40%
• Emits harmful gases • Emits less harmful gas
• Used steel reinforcement • Used fiber

Advantages
1. Being as flexible as a metal. Flexible concrete is up to 500
times more flexible than traditional concrete.
2. Flexible concrete is stronger, longer-lasting, and more
durable than conventional concrete.
3. Engineered concrete is not as brittle as conventional
concrete.
4. There is more resistance to cracking. This represents cost
savings with fewer repair bills and a longer lifespan.
5. Flexible concrete has a self-healing property using rainwater
and carbon dioxide.
6. Flexible concrete can be 20% to 40% lighter than
conventional concrete.
Advantages
7. Flexible concrete requires less steel reinforcement. Flexible
concrete allows architects and engineers to create freer forms
and shapes in building projects. It has many design benefits in
designing and building skyscrapers.
8. It is believed that flexible concrete emits fewer harmful
gasses than its traditional concrete counterpart.
9. Flexible or engineered concrete can be used as precast
concrete.
10. The strain capacity of this building material can be up to
300 times higher than conventional concrete, which is why it is
flexible.
Disadvantages
1.Flexible concrete installation requires labor skilled in its
use.
2.The cost of the concrete is higher.
3.The materials required to make flexible concrete may
be more difficult to obtain.
4.The quality of flexible concrete depends on the quality
and proportion of materials used and the atmospheric
conditions where and when it is made.
5.It has slightly less compressive strength than traditional
concrete.
Conclusion
• ECC or Flexible Concrete, by fundamentally eliminating concrete brittleness, has
opened a new world of applications in structures building. The discussion on the
properties of flexible concrete under various mechanical and environmental loading
conditions has provided insights on why the ductile behavior of flexible concrete can
lead to the durable and sustainable performance of flexible concrete repair and new
construction systems. This technology is still evolving, which includes the design of
different versions of the materials, the creation of smart and multifunctional, the
understanding of their behavior under combined mechanical and environmental
conditions, the establishment of reliable constitutive models under complex loading, and
the development of structural design specifications and codes for the wide application of
this material in civil infrastructure.

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ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

NAME: MUHAMMAD FAIZ KAMAL BIN JAMAL JAMIDI

Batch Mixi Casti

Resul Testin Curin

Normal Concrete Flexible Concrete

• Less Durability • More Durability

• Curing time required around 28 days • Cured within 7 days

• Not demand skilled labour • Demands skilled labour

• Used common material • Material used is highly include fiber

• Initial cost is less • Initial cost is higher

Normal Concrete Flexible Concrete

• Less crack resistance • High crack resistance

• Emits harmful gases • Emits less harmful gas

• Used steel reinforcement • Used fiber

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