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Control Systems - Block Diagram

Block diagrams are used to model physical systems and control systems. They represent the relationships between inputs, errors, and outputs of system elements using individual blocks. Transfer functions define the input-output behavior of linear systems and elements as the ratio of the Laplace transforms of the output and input. General block diagrams of feedback control systems show the reference input, error signal, forward path gain, controlled output, feedback element, and feedback signal. Block diagram algebra can derive relationships between inputs and outputs by reducing complex diagrams using rules like series and parallel combinations.

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Gilly Da Boss
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217 views

Control Systems - Block Diagram

Block diagrams are used to model physical systems and control systems. They represent the relationships between inputs, errors, and outputs of system elements using individual blocks. Transfer functions define the input-output behavior of linear systems and elements as the ratio of the Laplace transforms of the output and input. General block diagrams of feedback control systems show the reference input, error signal, forward path gain, controlled output, feedback element, and feedback signal. Block diagram algebra can derive relationships between inputs and outputs by reducing complex diagrams using rules like series and parallel combinations.

Uploaded by

Gilly Da Boss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MR.

AKETCH – A TVET TRAINER 07/09/2019

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

One way of modeling a physical system is by the use of block diagrams. A block diagram of a control
system is a simplified pictorial representation of various system components alternatively called system
elements. The block diagram is drawn to establish a mathematical relationship between the input, error
and output. A general block diagram consists of the individual blocks that represent the transfer function
of the individual elements.

Transfer function is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output variable from the system
to Laplace transform of the input signal causing that output, all initial conditions being zero.

Let the input-output behavior of a linear system or element of a system be given by the transfer function

G(s) =

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


General Block diagram of a feedback control system is given by

Fig. 3.6Closed loop control system block diagram. Also called canonical form of block
diagram
Where:
R(s) --- Reference input signal: It may take the forms sinusoidal, ramp, step,
parabolic etc.
E(s) ---Actuating (Error signal): This is derived from input reference signal and the
feedback signal.
G(s) ---The forward path gain
C(s) ---output signal or controlled variable
H(s) ---Feedback element used to detect measure the output
B(s)---Feedback signal
And the transfer function is given by

T(s) = =

Focusing on a negative feedback in this case;

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


From the canonical block diagram in fig.3.6 above, the following quantities can be derived;

i) Loop transfer function or open loop transfer function of a closed loop system

= G(s) H(s)

This derived below

= x

= H(s) G(s)
In many cases where |G(s) | >> 1, the closed loop transfer

Can be approximated by

This is called the approximate transfer function and is the inverse of feedback transfer function.

BLOCK DIAGRAM ALGEBRA


Example 2
Obtain using block diagram algebra the closed loop transfer function of the block diagram given below.

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


Solution

Example3
Use block diagram algebra to obtail the closed loop transfer fuction of the block diagram given below.

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


Solution

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


MULTIPLE INPUT SYSTEMS
Example 4
Use block diagram algebra to determine the relationship between input R, U and C

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


Example 5
Determine the relationship between the input R, U and the output from the system given below

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


Assignment
Use block diagram algebra to determine the transfer functions C(s)/R(s) for the block diagram given
below

NOTE: Transfer function of a block diagram can also be obtained by inspection i.e.

T(s) =

BLOCK REDUCTION TECHNIQUE


Bock diagrams of practical feedback control systems may be complicated due to the large number of
components used which form multiple loops with multiple inputs.

These block diagrams can be simplified for system studies by a systematic procedure known as block
diagram deduction.

Rules of block diagram reduction

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
To clearly understand these rules, we are going to go through a number of examples

[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]


[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]
[AKETCHECOBENZ] [TVET TRAINER] [KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC]

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