ntroduction to

Matrices
NUMSOL-CE
HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX ALGEBRA OVERVIEW
Knowledge of matrices is essential for understanding the solution of linear
algebraic equations.

The following sections outline how matrices provide a concise way to represent
and
manipulate linear algebraic equations.
Matrix Notation
Matrix Operating Rules
Representing Linear Algebraic Equations in Matrix Form

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

 MATRIX NOTATION
A matrix is a rectangular array of number. In other words, a set of “m”,”n”
numbers arranged in the form of rectangular array of m rows and n column
is called m x n matrix read as “m” by “n” matrix.
1 2 3
m = is the number of rows of a matrix 1
n = is the number of columns of a matrix 2
3
4

4x3
MATRIX

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

 MATRIX NOTATION
Matrices are denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc.
Its elements are denoted by small letters a, b, c, etc.
The position of the elements of a matrix is indicated by the subscripts attached to the
element i.e 𝑎 . Where 𝑖 denotes the row number, and 𝑗 denotes the column number.
1 2 3
1
𝟑𝟐
2
3
4

4x3
MATRIX

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

 MATRIX NOTATION
 Rectangular Matrix : A matrix in which the number of rows and
8

columns are not equal is called a rectangular matrix e.g. ,

4 5
A= 2 2 3 is rectangular matrix of order 2 3
4 6 7

Square Matrix : A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the

number of columns is called a square matrix e.g.

Principal Diagonal
2 3 4
𝐴 3 2 5
7 8 5

Note : The elements 2, 2 , 5 in the above matrix are called diagonal elements and the line along
which they lie is called the principal diagonal

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 MATRIX NOTATION 9
8

Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix in which all diagonal elements are

non- zero and all non-diagonal elements are zeros is called a diagonal
matrix e.g.

2 0 0
𝐴 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix of 3 3
0 0 5

 Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which diagonal elements are equal

(but not equal to 1), is called a scalar matrix e.g.

2 0 0
𝐴 0 2 0 is a scalar matrix of 3 3
0 0 2

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 MATRIX NOTATION 9
8

Identity (or Unit) Matrix : A square matrix whose each diagonal

element is unity and all other elements are zero is called and Identity (or
Unit) Matrix. An Identity matrix of order 3 is denoted by I3 or simply by I.
1 0 0
I3 0 1 0 is a unit matrix of order 3
0 0 1

Null (Zero) Matrix : A matrix of any order (rectangular or square) whose

each of its element is zero is called a null matrix (or a Zero matrix) and is
denoted by O. e.g.

0 0 and O 0 0 0
O are null matrices of order 2 2 and 2 3
0 0 0 0 0

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

 MATRIX NOTATION 9
8

Identity (or Unit) Matrix : A square matrix whose each diagonal

element is unity and all other elements are zero is called and Identity (or
Unit) Matrix. An Identity matrix of order 3 is denoted by I3 or simply by I.
1 0 0
I3 0 1 0 is a unit matrix of order 3
0 0 1

Null (Zero) Matrix : A matrix of any order (rectangular or square) whose

each of its element is zero is called a null matrix (or a Zero matrix) and is
denoted by O. e.g.

0 0 and O 0 0 0
O are null matrices of order 2 2 and 2 3
0 0 0 0 0

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

 .
respectively
MATRIX NOTATION 9
8

Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row and any number of columns
is called a row matrix (or a row vector) e.g.

𝐴 1 2 3 is a row matrix of order 1 3

 Column Matrix : A matrix having only one column and any number of
rows is called a column matrix (or a column vector) e.g.
1
A 3 is a column matrix or order 3 1
4

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

 MATRIX NOTATION 9
8

Upper Triangular and Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix is

called an upper triangular matrix if all the elements below the principal
diagonal are zero and it is said to be lower triangular matrix if all the
elements above the principal diagonal are zero e.g.
UTM LTM
2 3 4 5 0 0
𝐴 0 1 5 , 𝐵 8 7 0
0 0 7 4 3 1

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
Equality of Matrices

Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding elements are
equal

Therefore their size or dimensions are equal as well

1 0 0  1 0 0 
 2 1 0 B=
 2 1 0 A = B
   
A=

5 2 3 5 2 3

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

The sum or difference of two matrices, A and B of the same size yields a matrix C of the same size.

NOTE: MATRICES SHOULD BE IN THE SAME SIZE FOR YOU TO APPLY ADDITION
/SUBTRACTION.

cij  aij  bij

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

Commutative Law:
A+B=B+A

Associative Law:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C

7 3  1  1 5 6  8 8 5
 2  5 6     4  2 3    2  7 9 
     
B C
A
2x3 2x3
2x3

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

A+0=0+A=A
A + (-A) = 0 (where –A is the matrix composed of –aij as elements)

6 4 2 1 2 0 5 2 2 
3 2 7   1 0 8  2 2  1
     

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single element)

Let k be a scalar quantity; then
kA = Ak

Ex.  If k=4 and  3 1 3 1 3 1 12  4 

2 2 1  2 1  8 4 
1 
A  4   4   
2 3 2 3 2 3  8 12
       
4 1 4 1  4 1 16 4 

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

The product of two matrices is another matrix

Two matrices A and B must be conformable for multiplication to be possible
i.e. the number of columns of A must equal the number of rows of B

Example.

A x B = C
(1x3) (3x1) (1x1)

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

B x A = Not possible!
(2x1) (4x2)

A x B = Not possible!
(6x2) (6x3)

Example
A x B = C (✓)
(2x3) (3x2) (2x2)

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

b11 b12 
 a11 a12 a13     c11 c12 
a   b21 b22    
a22 a23  c c
 21 b31 b32   21 22 

(a11  b11 )  (a12  b21 )  (a13  b31 )  c11

(a11  b12 )  (a12  b22 )  (a13  b32 )  c12
(a21  b11 )  (a22  b21 )  (a23  b31 )  c21
(a21  b12 )  (a22  b22 )  (a23  b32 )  c22
Successive multiplication of row i of A with column j of B – row by 
column multiplication

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

. =

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

4 8 
1 2 3  
6 2    (1 4)  (2  6)  (3  5) (1 8)  (2  2)  (3  3) 
4 2 7     
  5 3 (4  4)  (2  6)  (7  5) (4  8)  (2  2)  (7  3)
 

31 21
 
 63 57 

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
The transpose of a matrix, AT, is the matrix that you get when you flip A around its diagonal axis. Rows become
columns and columns become rows.

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
Minor of an ELEMENT

The minor of an element of a matrix is the determinant of the matrix that is left when you erase the
row and column containing that element.
Minor of 𝑎

=
𝑎 𝑥𝑎 𝑎 𝑥𝑎

Minor of 𝑎

= 𝑎 𝑥𝑎 𝑎 𝑥𝑎

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
Minor of an ELEMENT

The minor of an element of a matrix is the determinant of the matrix that is left when you erase the
row and column containing that element.
Minor of 𝑎

𝟑𝒙 𝟏 𝟗𝒙𝟒 𝟑𝟗
=

Minor of 𝑎

𝟏𝒙 𝟏 𝟔𝒙𝟔 𝟑𝟕
=

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSC

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
This is a value that is used in calculating the inverse of a matrix. It is usually written as det(A) or |A|. If you see
a matrix with lines instead of square brackets, it means the determinant of that matrix. The determinant only
exists for square matrices. For a 2x2 matrix, the determinant is simply 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑐. For a 3x3 matrix, it's a bit
trickier: 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑏 𝑐 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑐

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
Get the determinant of matrix A

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE

MATRIX OPERATING RULES
DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
Get the determinant of matrix A
|A| 5 1 𝑥 9𝑥 7 3𝑥5
4 1 𝑥 1𝑥 7 3𝑥 6 }
2 1 𝑥 1𝑥5 9𝑥 6 }

|A| 5 1 𝑥 48 } 4 1 𝑥 11 } 2 1 𝑥 49
|A| = ‐240 – 44 – 98

Solution 1: using cofactors |A| = ‐382
𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 1 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎

|A| 𝑎 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎

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MATRIX OPERATING RULES
DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
Get the determinant of matrix A Solution 2: Reducing a 3 x 3 matrix

𝐴 5𝑥 9𝑥 7 4𝑥3𝑥 6 2𝑥1𝑥5
2 𝑥 9𝑥 6 5x3x5 4x1x 7

𝐴 315 72 10
108 75 28

|A| = ‐382

ENGR. BRYAN DALE POLICARPIO YU, MSCE