Hands-on-training/experiential learning

Production and Marketing of Quality Planting Material

PAPER –1
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT (2 weeks)

Under project development, the methodology and materials required for the Production &
Marketing of Quality Planting Material is been given. The detail of methodology adopted is
discussed under following heads:

A. Identification of species (grasses, tree, medicinal plant and wild fruit) for nursery
raising
B. Time of collection of plant material from selected seed sources
C. Quantity of seed/planting material required
D. Nursery area (open and protected)
E. Inputs required
F. Schedule for inter-cultural operation – seed treatment, sowing, weeding, and
irrigation, root hardening treatments.

A. Identification of species (grasses, tree, medicinal plant and wild fruit)

for nursery raising

Objectives:-
 Correct identification of species has a great bearing for the successful establishment of
plantation. No species should be selected for planting until its nursery technique,
silvicultural requirements and its influence on the local environment is known.
 Precaution should be taken especially for introduction of exotics for which prior species and
provenance trials will have been extensively evaluated for its performance.
 The purpose of plantation and the end use of the plantation should be well defined. Every
species have their specific requirements. Therefore the species to be raised must be selected
carefully considering their species requirements with the local climatic factors that determine
their favourable growth.

There are three factors for determining the choice of species the factors which influence to
determine the choice are given below:-

1. Purpose of planting
2. Economic Factors
3. Silvicultural characters

The species allotted to me for raising nursery was Terminalia chebula (harad) but due to
failure of seed germination, I selected another species after careful observation and assessment,
consultation with teachers Albizia lebbeck (Kala Siris), Tamarindus indica (Imli), Bauhinia
variegata (Kachnar).

Terminalia chebula
Local name – Harad
Family - Combretaceae

T. chebula is a medium- sized and deciduous tree growing upto 15 m high. The leaves of chebula
are bright green coloured above and paler beneath, grow alternately on the stem. The tree is strong
light demander. It requires direct overhead light and cannot tolerate shade of cramped situation the
young plants however appreciate the certain amount of shade and benefit by site protection from
the sun. It is frost hardy and drought resistant to a considerable extent. It can be grown on wide
range of soils from loamy to laterite with moderate fertility. The plant attain best development on
loose and well-drained soil. Average temperature ranging from 10 – 48 degree Celsius is suitable
for its growth.

Distribution:
 It is found throughout Southeast Asia – India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal etc.
 In India found in mixed deciduous forest up to 1500 m on the hill slopes.

Phenology:
 Flowering season: From February to May.
 Fruiting season: From May to November
  Seeding season : From May to November

Uses:
 The fruit of chebula is one of the 3 ingredients of the Ayurveda triphala, has antibacterial
and antifungal property.
 Edible oil is extracted from the seeds.
 The wood of chebula is very hard and durable used for house building, furniture,
agricultural implements etc.
 Fruit is used as one of the finest tanning material for dyeing and printing. And its flower
yields yellow dye.

Time of collection of plant material: -January is the best time for fruit collection. Fruit should be in
the first half of January from ground as soon as they have fallen. Collection prior to or after January will
yield inferior quality of harad. The collection of fruits is generally done by shaking the trees and picking up
from the grounds. Then fruits are dried in the sun for avoiding contamination. It takes about 3- 4 weeks for
complete drying.

Quantity of seed/plant material required

Species Seed quantity required (in kg)

Terminalia chebula 3

Tamarindus indica
Local name – Imli
Family - Fabaceae
Tamarind is a leguminous tree in the family Fabaceae indigenous to tropical Africa. The genus
Tamarindus is a monotypic taxon, having only a single species. Tamarind is a semi- evergreen tree
with large alternately arranged and pinnately compound leaves. It may reach a height of 10 – 20m.

Distribution:
 Tamarind grows wild in the drier parts of tropical Africa, where it is native.
 It has now spread to Africa, India, and Tropical Asia.
 In India, Tamarind grows as self-sown in semi- arid, tropical areas such as Bihar, Orissa,
South Indian States, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab and lower Himalayas.

Phenology:
Flower appear April to June occasionally September – October, fruit pods appear during winter
and ripen in spring
 Uses:
 The fruit pulp is edible.
 Tamarind seed oil is the oil made from the kernel of tamarind seeds.
 Tamarind kernel powder is used as sizing material for textile and jute processing, and in the
manufacture of industrial gums and adhesives.
 The ripened fruit is used in jams, chutneys etc.
 Wood is valuable as firewood yield excellent charcoal suitable for gun powder.

Time of collection of Plant material from selected seed source – The best time for
collection of Imli seeds is during March – April. Seeds are collected by shaking the branches than
fruits are dried in sun and the outer shell is removed by hand, or by beating with stick than seed is
separated from pulp by hand kneading and washing in water. Washed seeds are dried in in shade
and stored in gunny bags in a dry cool place, it retain viability for 6 month.

Uses:-
 Its seeds are used in jams, jellies.
 It has several medicinal uses
 Its bark is tonic and an astringent.
 Its fruit forms a favourite souring agent in foods

Quantity required:-

Species Seeds required (in kg)

Tamarindus indica ½

Albizia lebbeck

Local name- Siris

Family – Fabaceae
Albizia is a common Indian tree found all over the country. It ascends upto 1500 m elevation in
the western Himalayas.

Distribution:-
 It is common Indian tree found all over the country.
 It occurs in the sub- Himalayan tract the Indus eastward to the Khasi hills.
 It ascends upto elevation of 1500 m in the western Himalayas.

Phenology:-
 Flowers appears from March to May
  Pods ripen December to February, pods

Uses:-
 Its leaves are good cattle and camel fodder.
 Its timber is good for carving and fernery.
 It is used for decorative veneer work, furniture and paneling, railway carraiges, flooring,
carving.
 It is suitable lac host.
 It is suitable species for farm- forestry, fuelwood plantations and road – side avenues,
afforestation of coastal, dry and semi- arid areas.

Time of collection of plant material from selected seed source - Fruits are collected from
trees in February by knocking them off with a stick, or swept from the ground soon after they fall;
pods are dried in in the sun and seeds extracted by lightly beating them with stick and then
separated by winnowing.

Quantity required

Species Seeds required(in kg)

Albizia lebbeck ½

Bauhinia variegata

Local name- Kachnar

Family- Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Kachnar is a small to medium sized tree growing to 10–12 metres tall, deciduous in the dry season,
moderate light demander, and fairly sought resistance but susceptible to fire damage, seedlings are
frost – tender, but trees are frost hardy. Its leaves are 10–20 cm obcordate shaped, long and broad,
rounded, and bilobed at the base and apex. The flowers are conspicuous, bright pink or white, 8–12
cm diameter, with five petals. The fruit is a pod 15–30 cm long, containing several seeds.

Distribution
Kachnar is a common in the sub- Himalayan tract, and the outer Himalayas from the indus river
eastward, ascending to 1830m, right across to Assam. It is also found in the moist and dry
deciduous forest of East, Central and South India, in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. I is widely cultivated throughout the country for its leaf fodder and its
beautiful flowers.

Phenology: - In Kachnar lowers appear in pink, purple or white from February to April, Seeds
usually ripen from May – June.
Uses
 As timber
 Leaves as fodder
 Its bark yields fiber, is used for tanning as well

Time of collection of material

Best time for collection of Kachnar seeds is May – June.

Selection of seed source – Seed source was selected on the basis of field visit and phenotypic
appearance of the tree.

Quantity required

Species Quantity required

(in kg)
Bauhinia variegate ½

Nursery area preparation:

The nursery allotted to us was open nursery in the college campus. The preparation of nursery area
was done in group in the month of February.

Layout of Nursery – 25 feet * 25 feet

Preparation of nursery –

 The beds are dug so that the underneath lying roots, stones can be dug out and thrown outside
the nursery.
 Removal of debris like the remains of the previous planted roots are cleared by digging the
plot with the help of spade as it will prevent the seedlings from growing.
 Levelling is done for even drainage.
 The compacted soil were broken up by digging and crushing the soil as it allows air and to
enter and helps the seedling to penetrate the soil.
 The bed is prepared by mixing soil, sand and farm yard manure with the ratio of 3:3:1.
 Spaces are maintained between beds by using normal bricks for irrigation, inter cultural
operations and transplantation.
 Inputs required:
 Poly bag
 Tray
 Sand
 FYM
 Soil
 Water Can

Equipment required:
 Spade
 Sickles
 Sieve
 Cloth tape
 Gardner watering

Table 1: Schedule for nursery development project for production of 500 nos. of
seedlings

S.no. Paper Name of Subjects Dates

1. P1. Project Development

Identification of Species 25th Feb 2017 – 28th Feb 2017

2. P2 Collection, Handling, Processing, and

storage of plant material

Collection of seeds 5th - 10th May 2017

Cleaning/ Extraction

3. P4 Nursery Management

Site Preparation 28th Feb -1st march

Soil working 2nd march-3rd march
Pre sowing treatment 4th march
Sowing 5th march
Weeding Thrice in a week
 Irrigation 2 times in a day
First Germination 10th march
Filling of Poly bags 14th march to 19th march

Transplanting 20th march -23rd march

Second Sowing 5th April
Transplantation 13th April -15th April
4. P3 Vegetative Propagation
Collection of Plants 13th April 2017
Cutting 13th April 2017-16th April
2017
5. P5 Marketing of Seedlings 20th may 2017- 27th may
2017
6. P6 Cost Benefit analysis, Project report 29th may 2017-2nd June 2017
and Presentation

PAPER 2
Collection, Handling, Processing and Storage of Planting material (3 weeks)
INTRODUCTION

A seed has been defined as a 'mature ovule' or a reproductive unit formed from fertilized ovule,
consisting of an embryo, reserve food, and, a protective cover. Seeds of woody plants exhibit a
great range of variation in shape, size, colour and behaviour.
The most essential factor for the success of plantation is the ready availability of quality seeds. The
quality of seed is totally responsible for the future return/performance of each and every seedling.
The poor quality seeds may have following problems:

— low germination percentage

— Poor emergence
— Poor survival
— Poor adaptability to site
— Susceptible to disease and pests
— Poor growth
—low productivity

Characteristics of good seeds:

— must be well ripened, healthy
— must be pure and free from inert materials and weed seeds,
— must be viable and have good germination capacity,
— must be uniform in its texture, structure and look, and
— must not be damaged, broken and affected by pests and diseases.
Identification of Superior Seed sources:
It requires good planning in advance regarding deployment of trained staff, arrangement of
transportation facilities, seed collection equipment’s, measures to ensure the safety of workers,
packing and labelling material, and maintenance of the records, etc. The other important points are:

o information about the location, time of flowering and fruiting,

o information about the periodicity of seed crop,
o prefer seeds of well-adapted local source to the unadapted sources of different places
  Avoid isolated trees of naturally cross- pollinating species, since these are likely to be
self-pollinated.

 Seeds from such trees are likely to be few or may have low viability and produce weak or
malformed seedlings,

 avoid stands of poorly formed, off-colour, abnormal or diseased trees,

 change in latitude , humidity, temperature and attack of pests greatly affects the seed quality,
yield and periodicity,
 In most of the tree species seed matures in a phased manner within a few weeks. At first,
few seeds ripen and the number gradually increases till it reaches a peak (synchronised
maturity) and then there is a gradual decrease. The mature seeds collected during the peak
phase give more uniform germination and have greater longevity in storage than immature
seeds.

Seed collection:-
 The collection of superior quality Terminalia chebula seeds were carried out in month of
February from Forest Research Institute, Dehradun from Phenotypically superior tree.
 The seeds of Tamarind was collected from forest of village Kot Patiala, Distt. Hoshiarpur in
the month of March.
 Albizia lebbeck seeds were collected from Panditwari, Dehradun in the month of March
 Bauhinia variegate seeds were collected from Manduwala, Dehradun in the month of
March.

Objectives of seed collection:-

 To meet continuous short and long term supply of reproductive material for plantation
programme i.e. utilization.
 To ensure the supply of reproductive material for scientific trials and introduction of
species in exotic areas i.e. evaluation.
 To supply the seed for establishment of gene-banks, expansion of arboretums, botanical
gardens and seed herbaria i.e. conservation.

Methods of collection of seeds:-

a. Collection from the ground after naturally falling.
b. Collection from the ground by shaking the tree.
c. Collection by lopping branches.
d. Collection from the standing trees.
 e. Collection from the felled trees.

Methods used for collection of selected species:-

 T.chebula seeds were collected from ground after naturally falling.

 Albizia lebbeck seeds were collected from ground by shaking the tree branches.
 Tamarindus indica seeds were collected from ground after naturally falling.
 Bauhinia variegata seeds were collected from standing tree.

Collection from the ground after naturally falling:-

 Only those species which have large and heavy seeds or bulky fruits and which fall
unbroken, do not deteriorate soon may be collected from the ground.
 When seeds are to be collected from the ground care should be taken that only freshly fallen
seeds are collected. This is ensured by day to day cleaning and sweeping the floor before
collection.

Steps to be followed for collection of seeds from ground by shaking the tree:-
 Clean the ground, or lay down the plastic or canvas sheets.
 Shake the trunk of the tree or low branches by hand. (Higher branches may be shaken by
using a stick, long pole, hook on rope.)
 Use thick leather gloves when branches are thorny.

Collected seeds of Albizia lebbeck Collected seeds of Bauhinia Variegata

 Collected seeds of Tamarindus indica Collected seeds of Terminalia chebula

Seed Handling: Proper handling of the seeds/pods is necessary after collection so that the seeds.
After collection pods of Albizia, Tamarind, and Bauhinia and seeds of Chebula was kept in
polythene bags from the place of collection so that they remain unharmed till the further use.

Seed Processing: Seed processing is a vital part of the total technology involved in making
available high quality seed. It assures the end user, seeds of high quality with maximum
adulteration.

Seed processing involves:

 Seed extraction
 Drying, cleaning and grading

Seed extraction: The term is usually applied in separating seed from the fruit, husk, stones or any
other enveloping material. After bringing the seeds of Siris, Kachnar and Imli was extracted from
the pods. And Chebula seeds was separated from pulp.

Seed drying: After extraction seeds were dried in sun for 3- 4 hours. Seeds should be stored with
moisture content, low enough, so that precarious germination, which results in death of the seed,
will not occur.

Cleaning of Albizia lebbeck seeds Cleaning of Bauhinia variegata seeds

SEED TESTING:
Purity test:

For Albizia lebbeck

The purity test was done on a total of 500 grams A.lebbeck seeds.

Calculation:

Weight of pure seeds /weight of total seeds * 100

Purity % = 432/500*100

= 86.4%

For Tamarindus indica

The purity test was done on a total of 500 grams Tamarind seeds.

Calculation: - Weight of pure seeds/ weight of total seeds X 100

Purity %= 389/500* 100

=77.8%

For Bauhinia Variegata

The purity test was done on a total of 500 grams Kachnar seeds..

Calculation:

Weight of pure seeds /weight of total seeds * 100

Purity %= 465/500* 100

= 93%

For Terminalia chebula

The purity test was done on a total of 3 Kg Chebula seeds

Calculation:

Weight of pure seeds /weight of total seeds * 100

Purity %= 1700/3000* 100

= 56.6%

Viability test: - The viability of the seed accession is a measure of how many seeds are alive and

could develop into plants which will reproduce themselves. To know the viability of Kachnar and

Siris seeds I perform floating test. Although there are several different ways to test seeds for

viability, but the quickest way is simply a float test.

For Albizia lebbeck:-

The sample of 20 seeds of Albizia was taken and merge in bowl containing water for 12 hours.
After 12 hours it was observed 13 seeds were settle down in bowl while 7 seeds were floating. The
seeds which settle down were consider as viable where others were inviable

Viability %age. - Viable seeds/ total seeds X 100

=13 /20 X 100

= 65%

For Kachnar:-

The random sample of 20 seeds of Kachnar was taken and merge in bowl containing water for 12

hours. After 12 hours it was observed 5 seeds were floating and others settle down.
Viability %age - 15/20 X 100

= 75%

Germination test

Seed germination seed is defined as the emergence and development from the seed embryo, of
those essential structures, for the kind of seed in question, indicates its ability to produce normal
plant under favourable conditions. To know the germination capacity of species sample of 50 seeds
of each species was taken. And on the basis of that sample observation was made. Germination was
take place in Petridish. Seeds were placed on one layer of filter paper in the petridish. The petridish
was covered with lid and placed under room temperature. Additional distilled water was added to
petri dishes when required.

For T. chebula:- Out of 50 seeds kept for germination under controlled conditions only 7
germinate in 1 week.

Germination rate: - seeds germinate/total seeds*100

= 7/50 * 100

= 14%

For Bauhinia variegata: - Out of 50 seeds kept for germination under controlled condition 25
germinate in 5 days.

Germination rate: - 25/50 *100

= 50 %

For Tamarindus indica: - Out of 50 seeds kept for germination 43 germinates within a week.

Germination rate: - 43/50 * 100

86%

For Albizia lebbeck: - Out of 50 seeds kept for germination 32 germinate

Germination rate - 32/50 * 100

 = 64%

When seeds start germinating. They were sown in soil by preparing nursery beds

Paper – 3

Vegetative propagation under controlled and ambient conditions (3 weeks)

Introduction:
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Only one plant is involved and
the off springs is the result of one parent. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent. It is a
process of multiplication in which a portion of fragment of the plant body functions as propagates
and develops into a new individual. Some plants are able to multiply by vegetative method, which
involved the production of new plants without the act of fertilization or sexual union. Asexual or
vegetative propagation of plants is that form of plant propagation in which the new individual
arises from any vegetative part of the parent (root, stem, leaf, etc.) and the new plant posseses
exactly the same characteristic of the parent plant from which it was sampled Plants may be
propagated artificially by vegetative means by working on natural principles.

1. Natural methods: Among seed plants, vegetative propagation by natural method is very
common .Frequently vegetative organs such as roots, stems and leaves bear adventitious buds and
bring about formation of new plants. This structures are also called as vegetative propagates.

2. Artificial methods: Gardeners and horticulturist have employed the various methods of
vegetative propagation adopted by plants in nature. These practices constitute artificial means of
vegetative propagation.

Some common and important artificial or horticultural methods of vegetative

propagation are:

A) Cutting

B) Grafting:

C) Budding

D) Layering

I have selected the species Morus nigra for vegetative propagation by using the stem cutting
method.

Morus nigra ( Mulberry):

Scientific classification

Kingdom Plantae

Family Moraceae

Genus Morus

Species Nigra
Local name: In Hindi – Shahtut, tut.

Common name: Mulberry.

Trade name: mulberry.

Distribution: Black mulberry is short-lived, fast growing and small to medium sized tree,
which grows to 10-20 m tall. The species is native to northern China, and is widely cultivated
and naturalized in Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and
Kerala and to a lesser extent in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Manipur. It grows
in areas with sub-tropical or mild temperate climate.

Description:

 The trees are generally deciduous in temperate regions but trees grown in tropical
regions can be evergreen.
 The flowers are single sex catkins; male catkins are 2-3.5 cm long and female catkins 1-
2 cm long. Male and female are usually on separate trees although they may occur on the
same tree.
 The fruit is 1-2.5 cm long; in the species in the wild it is purple, but in many cultivated
plants it varies from white to pink; it is sweet but bland, unlike the more intense flavor of
the red mulberry and black mulberry.
 The mulberry is scientifically notable for the rapid plant movement involved in pollen
release from its catkins.

Uses:

 Black mulberry leaves are the preferred feedstock for silk worms.
 It is also cut for food for livestock in areas where dry seasons restrict the availability of
ground vegetation.
 The fruits are eaten, often dried or made into wine.
 In traditional Chinese medicines, the fruit is used to treat prematurely grey hair, to
“tonify” the blood and treat constipation and diabetes.
 The bark is used to treat cough, wheezing, edema and to promote urination. It is also
used to treat fever, headache and sore eyes.

Steps of making cutting are:

  Mulberry species were selected as they are fast growing species.
 For taking stem cutting mother tree with good height and diameter was selected.
 The 30- 40 cm cutting was taken in evening time by making slant cuts having 2- 3 buds
with the help of sickle.
 Then cutting were brought to lab and dip into the auxin solution for 12 hours.
 Then cutting were put in polybags in such a way that one node in the soil.
 Vaseline was applied as a lubricant in the tips of the cutting to avoid maximum
transpiration so that the cut portion remains moist.
 New sprouting of leaves was observed and counted from 1st day – 15th days.

The data was recorded and kept for further calculation and graph making.
Replicate Sprout/day (Date of stump cutting –15/5/17)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

R1 - - - - 2 2 (2+1) 3 (3+1)4 (4+0)4 (4+0)4 (4+1)5 (5+0)5 (5+1)6 (6+0

3 )

R2 - - - - - 1 1 1 (1+1) (2+0)2 2 (2+1)3 3 (3+1)4 (4+0

)

R3 - - - 1 (1+1)2 (2+0)2 2 (2+1)3 (3+0)3 3 3 (3+1)4 (4+0) (4+1)5 (5+0

)

R4 - 1 1 (1+1)2 (2+0)2 (2+1)3 3 (3+1)4 4 (4+1)5 (5+0) 5 5 5

R5 - - - - -- - 1 (1+0) 1 (1+1)2 (2+0) (2+1)3 (3+0)3 (3+1)4 (4+0

)

Average 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.4 3 3 3.4 4 4.4 5
sprouting
Auxin treatment in fresh cuttings of Morus nigra Panted cuttings of Morus nigra

Sprouting in cuttings Sprouting in cuttings

Paper 4 –
N URSERY MANAGEMENT (11 WEEKS)
INTRODUCTION:
Nursery refers to an area where plants are raised for eventual planting out. A well-defined nursery
comprises of nursery beds, paths for inspection, sites for loading or unloading of material and
seedlings and irrigation network etc. An essential part of the nursery is the nursery bed. Nursery
bed is a prepared area for sowing seeds, transplanting etc. on the basis of kind of plants growing in
them; nursery beds are classified into seedling beds or for planting out are called seedling bed. On
the other hand, transplant beds are those in which seedlings raised in seedling beds are transplanted
before planting out on the site.

Objectives of raising nursery:

 To prepare healthy and vigorous stock.
 To prepare seedlings for distribution among the public, who have little knowledge about the
technique of raising plants.
 For introducing exotic species so that their initial growth could be watched in the nursery.
 Species which cannot be raised successfully by direct sowing for them nursery raised
seedlings perform better.
 To raise nursery seedlings for poor and barren sites, this is the surest method for artificial
regeneration.
 To supplement natural regeneration and direct sowing methods, only healthy seedlings can
assure uniform stocking.
 Species which do not seed each year, or seeds which are difficult to store or of which
viability erodes quickly, nursery grown seedlings can ensure availability of stock in poor
seed years.

Types of nursery:

1. On the basis of duration:-

 Temporary nursery
 Permanent nursery

2. On the basis of irrigational facility, nurseries are classified into:

 Dry nursery
 Wet nursery
 Cleaning of Nursery site Soil preparation

Sieving

Nursery bed preparation:-

Clearing of weeds, shrubs and bushes

After clearing off the unwanted plants and weeds, the soil were dug, loosen or ease using sickle,
spade, pick axe and other equipments. Stones, seeds of grasses and unwanted plants were also
removed and flat seed beds were prepared in the month of February in an open area. Raised beds
were made.

Seed Treatment:

Some of the common methods of seed treatment and overcoming dormancy are mentioned below:

 Boiling Water Treatment

 Hot Water Treatment

  Cold Water Treatment

Treatment followed for selected species before sowing:-

 For Kachnar cold water treatment was used, seeds were soaked in cold water for 12 hours

 For Albizia Hot water treatment was used.

 For Tamarind cold water treatment was used, seeds were soaked in cold water for 24 hours.

 For Chebula scarification method was given due to its hard cover. Seed was kept in cow
dung for 15 days.

Methods of sowing
The sowing method is determined by the crop to be sown.

The method which was used for sowing seeds of Chebula, Tamarind, Siris and Kachnar

Line sowing
The seeds were sown in lines using stick. The distance between the lines was 2- 3 cm. The depth of
sowing was equal 2- 3 times the diameter of the seed. The depth was not kept too deep to avoid
long germination period of seed which result in poor germination.

Advantage
 Seeds are placed at proper and uniform depths.
 Along the rows, inter culturing can be done.
 Uniform row- row spacing is maintained.

Disadvantages:
 Require implement for sowing
 Plant- plant (intra row) spacing is not maintained
 Skill person is required for sowing

A total of 12000 seeds of all species were sown in beds .Firstly, shallow holes were made on the bed by
using round stick after which the seeds were placed in the holes and covered with soil. FYM and fertilizer
were not applied on the bed. Regular watering in the morning and evening was carried out.

Filling of polybags:
 1. Sand, soil and FYM were collected from campus.
2. The FYM was sun dried for a day after which it was crushed manually since it was in
solid form.
3. All the material were now mixed in the ratio 3:3:1 (sand, soil and FYM) manually and
filled in the poly bags of size 4*2.

Pricking:
When seeds germinate the first leaves to appear are the cotyledons or seed leaves. These are
usually a pair of oval, fleshy leaves that bear no resemblance to the mature leaves of the plant. The
conventional advice is that seedlings should not be pricked out or transplanted until the first true
leaves appear. Prickling should be done when the seedlings are large enough to handle.

Watering:
Adequate supply of water was available in the nursery. Regular watering was done both in morning
and evening time with the help of gardener can.

Measurement of Height, Number of leaves and RCD - After transplanting the seedlings into
polybags the data of their height, Number of seedlings and root collar diameter was taken

Table 2 – Seedling growth measurement after pricking out

Seedlin Root collar diameter/RCD (mm) No. of leaves Height (cm)

g
1 0.1 3 4
2 0.5 5 10
3 0.3 4 8
4 0.4 5 6
5 0.7 8 7
6 0.3 4 9
7 0.8 6 10
8 0.2 3 4
9 0.5 4 5
10 0.6 7 8
11 0.3 4 5
12 0.3 3 7
13 0.4 5 12
14 0.2 4 13
 15 0.3 6 15
16 0.3 8 16
17 0.2 8 13
18 0.1 4 8
19 0.1 4 8
20 0.2 6 10

PAPER 5

MARKETING OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

Introduction:-

Marketing is defined as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating,
delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for costumers, clients, partners, and society at
large. The technique used in marketing include choosing target markets through market analysis
and market segmentation, as well as understanding methods of influence on the consumer
behavior.

The Principle of marketing involves a range of processes concerned with finding out what
customers want, and then providing it for them. This involves four keys elements, which are
referred as the 4 Ps of the marketing mix - product, price, promotion and place model.

Product: the product can be categorized in more ways to identify potential customers willing to buy
and use them in different ways. In accordance with the interest of customers the product shall be
grouped.

Price: taking advantage of consumer desire to save money or buy the highest quality items by using
perceived pricing. This prices some items above the market place selling price to give the
perception that these items are superior quality. And selling other items at or slightly below market
price to show affordability some items can be placed as offering to attract regular customers.

Promotion: creating a first draft promotion plan without regard to budget, including print,
broadcast and outdoor advertising, direct mail, sales, discounts, etc. Projecting annual cash flow to
help schedule less expensive promotional tool when sales are low.
Place: it considers the distribution strategy beyond the nursery location. Delivery services can be
offered to the costumers or online sell can be an option. Other locations for selling the plant can
include government bodies, universities, nurseries etc.

MARKETING PLAN

A written marketing plan is important and helps us identify customer needs and state how the
product or service will meet those needs at target price. Plans set target goals for marketing efforts,
number of potential customers reached, budgeted expenses and sales projections.

■ Marketing is the Anticipation, Management and Satisfaction of Demand through the

Exchange Process and activities involved in the movement of goods from the producer to the
end user/ consumer.

● In economic terms: exchange of goods & services. Aims welfare of the society.

Schedule for Marketing of Seedlings-:

Sr. No. Date Work Done

1. 20th may – 27th may 2017 Grading of seedlings

3. 29th may – 2nd June 2017 Market survey:

Grading of Seedlings: - Grading of seedling was done on the basis of health of seedlings. And
they were categorized as – Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3. On the basis of grades cost of different
grade seeds were fixed.

S.No. Grades Number of seedlings

1 Grade 1 150
2 Grade II 200
3 Grade III 150
Pricing of Seedlings -: We decided the price of seedlings according to market survey and their
grades.
S.no. Grades Price/Plant
1. Grade 1 (Kachnar) Rs. 20
Grade 1 (Imli)
Grade 1 (Albezia)

2. Grade 1I (Kachnar) Rs. 15

Grade 1I (Imli)
Grade 1I (Albezia)

3 Grade 1I (Kachnar) Rs. 10

Grade 1I (Imli)
Grade 1I (Albezia)
Paper 6
Cost Benefit Analysis
Introduction:
An enterprise budget is a listing of all estimated income and expenses associated with a
specific enterprise to provide an estimate of its profitability. A budget can be developed for each
existing or potential enterprise in a farm.
Cost benefit analysis is defined as a systematic process for calculating benefits and costs of
a project. It is basically a logical framework for the evaluation of one or more courses of action. It
assumes that the main aim of an economic policy should be to maximize human welfare: maximum
benefit per unit of cost leading to increased productivity which is a prerequisite to an increase in
the rate of economic growth.

Activity Days Labour Quantity in Rate (Rs.) Labour Total cost

Kgs charges
Site 2 2 - 300/day 1200 1200
Preparation
Seed 1 4 - 300/day 1200 1200
Collection
Sand 1 1 25 36/kg 300 1200
Soil 1 1 25 20/kg 300 800
FYM 1 1 15 25/kg 300 675
Polybags - - 500 = 2kg 150/kg - 300
Potmix 2 2 - 300/day 1200 1200
Transplanting 1 2 300/day 600 600
Total - - - - - 7,175
Total cost of production of 500 seedlings = Rs 7,175

Cost of one seedlings = Total cost of production / total number of seedlings raised

= 7,175/ 500

= Rs. 14.35

Average factor cost = Rs. 14.35/seedling

Selling price for

Grade I seedlings = Rs. 20

Grade II seedlings = Rs. 15

Grade III seedlings = Rs. 10

Total number of grade I seedlings = 150

Total selling price of grade I seedlings = 150 X 20

= Rs.3000

Total number of grade II seedlings = 200

Total selling price of grade II seedlings = 200 X 15

= Rs. 3000

Total number of grade III seedlings = 150

Total selling price of grade III seedlings = 150 X 10

= Rs. 1500

Total selling price = 3000 + 3000 + 1500

Rs. 7500

Gross return = Total selling price – Total cost price

= 7500 – 7175

= Rs. 325

Benefit cost ratio = gross return / total cost of cultivation

= 325/ 7175

= 0.045

So the calculated cost benefit ratio for seedlings is 0.045