Fuel Nozzle Simplex Duplex

COMBUSTION SECTION
Fuel Nozzles
The SSimplex
implex burner (single orifice
orifice) ))
~ was first used on early jet engines
~ consists of a chamber, which induces a swirl into
the fuel and a fixed
a fixed area atomising
orifice
orifice
~ good atomisation at the higher fuel flows,
flows, that is at
higher burner pressures
~ unsatisfactory at the low pressures required
pressures required at low
engine speeds and especially at high altitudes
The Duplex burner (dual orifice)

~ require a primary and a main fuel manifold and have two
orifices, one much smaller than the other
independent orifices,
the smaller orifice handles the lower flows
~ the smaller flows
the larger orifice deals with the higher flows as the burner pressure
~ the larger pressure
increases
~ A flow divider creates primary and secondary fuel supplies that
A flow supplies that
are discharged through separate manifolds, providing
manifolds, providing two
separate fuel flows
flows
~ efficient atomisation is obtained at the low flows that
flows that may be
required at high altitude
~ the Duplex fuel nozzle is widely used in present day gas turbine
engines
engines
~ as mentioned previously use requires a flow divider , but at
previousl y its use requires
the same time it offers a desirable spray pattern for combustion
over a wide range of operating pressures
~ the Duplex nozzles are able to give effective atomization over a wider flow range than the Simplex spray nozzle
for the same maximum fuel fuel pressure
pressure
~ also, efficient atomization is obtained at the low flows that
t hat may be required at high altitude
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COMBUSTION SECTION
Fuel Nozzles (contd.)
The Spray nozzle

~ the spray nozzle carries a proportion of the primary
combustion air with the injected fuel
local fuel-rich concentrations
~ by aerating the spray, the local fuel-rich
produced by other types of burner are avoided,
avoided, thus giving a
reduction in both carbon formation and exhaust smoke
smoke
~ an additional advantage of the spray nozzle is that the
low pressures required for
for atomisation of the fuel permits
fuel permits
the use of the comparatively lighter gear-type pump
pump
Spill type atomising fuel nozzle

~ the spill type fuel spray nozzle can be described as being a Simplex spray nozzle with a passage from the swirl swirl
away
chamber for spilling fuel away
~ with this arrangement it is possible to supply fuel to the swirl chamber at a high pressure all the time
~ as the fuel demand decreases with altitude or reduction in engine speed, more fuel is spilled away from
the swirl chamber, leaving less to pass through the atomizing orifice
~ the spill spray nozzles’ constant use of a relatively high pressure means that even at the extremely low fuel
flows that occur at high altitude there is adequate swirl to provide constant and efficient atomization
atomization of the fuel.
Vaporising type nozzles/burners

nozzles/burners
~ This type of burner presents the fuel in the combustion
system in the form of a rich a rich
fuel vapour or gas
gas
~ this is achieved by delivering the metered flow of fuel to
“J” shaped vaporising tubes,
tubes, which protrude into the
combustion chamber
~ the fuel passes down the vaporising tubes in a coarse
and mixes with the primary air
spray and mixes
that enters concentrically to the fuel f uel supply pipe
~ the fuel
the fuel and air is mixed thoroughly by by pins that protrude into
the primary airflow and
airflow and the heat of the flame
the flame surrounding the
tube causes the mixture to vaporise before it emerges in the
combustion chamber
~ the introduction of the primary air into the vaporising
tubes aids the process of
vaporisation andand also
also helps to cool the tubes to prevent the
formation of carbon
~ with this type of burner, the flame points towards the incoming airflow and this
helps to stabilise the flame in the vaporising tubes, preventing
preventing it being blown away by the secondary air, thus
allowing a relatively short combustion system
~ The advantages of this type are:
a) Pre-vaporising gives complete combustion within a short length of flame tube
b) A complete ring of flame around
flame around the annular chamber
c)
c) Even temperature around the chamber
Even pressure and temperature around
2

COMBUSTION SECTION
Fuel Nozzles (contd.)
Flow Divider
~ required for Duplex type (dual orifice)
nozzles
~ creates primary and secondary fuel supplies
supplies
that are discharged through separate
manifolds, providing two separate fuel flows
flows
~ metered fuel from the fuel control
enters the inlet of the flow divider and
passes through
an orifice and then on to the primary
nozzles
~ a passage in the flow divider directs fuel
flow from both sides of the orifice to a
chamber. This chamber contains a
differential pressure bellows, a viscosity
compensated restrictor (VCR), and a
surge dampener
~ during engine start, fuel pressure is applied to the inlet port and across the VCR, surge dampener, and on
to the primary side of the nozzles
~ fuel is also applied under pressure to the outside of the flow divider bellows and through the surge
dampener to the inside of the flow divider bellows
~ this unequal pressure causes the flow divider valve to remain closed
~ when fuel flow increases, the differential pressure on the bellows also increases
~ at a predetermined
predetermined pressure, the bellows compresses, allowin allowingg the flow divider valve to open. ~ this
action starts
action starts fuel flow to the secondary manifold, which increases the fuel flow to the engine,
engine, and this fuel flows out of
the secondary opening in the nozzles.
nozzles.
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Fuel Nozzle Simplex Duplex

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Fuel Nozzle Simplex Duplex

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The Duplex burner (dual orifice)

The Spray nozzle

Spill type atomising fuel nozzle

Vaporising type nozzles/burners

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