Art Appreciation

ART APPRECIATION
Learning Module
Learning Module No.
No. 01#
01
Learning Module on Art Appreciation

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publishing or incorporating them to another module unless prior permission has
been granted.
LEARNING MODULE INFORMATION
I. Course Code Art App 201
II. Course Title Art Appreciation
III. Module Number 01
IV. Module Title Introduction and Development of Art
V. Overview of the Module This module will be discussing the different meanings and
interpretations of art. It will deliberate the assumptions,
nature, functions and philosophy of art. This module will also
discuss one of the forms of art which is visual arts, including
the subjects used by artists in their creations and the different
meanings behind them. The variety of medium used by artists
in creating their master pieces will also be covered in this
module.
VI. Module Outcomes By the end of this module, the students are expected to:
- earn different implications of art and the underlying

meaning to it;
- reflect on and recognize the different philosophies of art by
putting one into practice;
- develop visual artworks that will showcase distinct subjects
and mediums; and
- interpret the meaning of various artworks by various artists
based on form, style, tone, and message.
VII. General Instructions
1. You must allot the necessary time to complete the
lessons each week. If you choose not to complete the
lesson using the schedule provided, you must
understand that it is your full responsibility to complete
them by the last day of completion. Time is of the
essence.
2. The module is designed to assess student understanding

of the assigned lessons found within the associated
content of the midterm and final period of the course.
The assessment part of the module is composed of
varied types of questions. You may see true/false,
traditional multiple choice, matching, multiple answer,
completion, and/or essay. Pay attention to the answer
to the assessment questions as you move through each

lesson. After each module you will be given a
summative test. Your responses to the assessment parts
of the module will be checked and recorded.
3. Because the assessment questions are available within
the whole completion period and because you can
reference the answers to the questions within the
content modules, we will not release the answers within
modules. However, your professors are happy to discuss
the assessments with you during their consultation time,
should you have any questions.
Good luck!
You may not work collaboratively. This is independent work.

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Lesson 1: Understanding Humanities, Arts, Art history & Art Appreciation
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this discussion. The students are expected to:
• Know the various definition of art and its importance to the society and
• Learn why art appreciation plays a significant role in our life
Discussion:
HUMANITIES:
The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, “humanitas”. It generally refers to art,
literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre—in which human subjectivity is
emphasized and individual expressiveness is dramatized.
How important is Humanities?

The fields of knowledge and study falling under humanities are dedicated to the pursuit
of discovering and understanding the nature of man. The humanities deal with man as a being
of purpose, of values, loves, hates, ideas and sometimes as a seer, or prophet with divine
inspiration. The humanities aim at educating.
Art
• Came from the Italian word – ‘artis’ Means craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form,
inventiveness and the association that exists between form and ideas and between
material and techniques. The faculty of what is devised.
• Aryan root – ‘ar’ that means to join or put together
• Came from the Greek words
1. ‘artizein’: to prepare
2. ‘arkiskein’: to put together
• Art, like love, is concerned with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by
means of sensuous medium
– color, sound, bronze, marble, film, and literature.

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• An artist uses his genius in transforming God-made things into man-made things that
satisfy his needs.
• Purposes in engaging art activities:
1. To express one’s emotions and thoughts.
2. To produce things of beauty (architectural – Great Pyramid of Egypt, Eiffel Tower)
3. Self- actualization of passion
4. To immortalize something
5. To inform and persuade
6. To entertain
• Art: means of expression. In every age or country, there is always art. True art is not
imitation but creativity. Art is the skillful arrangement of composition of some common
but significant qualities of nature such
as colors, sounds, lines, movements, words, stones, wood, etc., to express human
feelings, emotions,
or thoughts in a perfect meaningful and enjoyable way.
• Through the artist’s work, we get a glimpse of the thoughts, feelings and beliefs of the
people in their time and the faces in their environment that influenced their artwork.
We may be influenced to change our ways and behavior out of the aesthetic
experiences we derive from the arts.
Through the arts, we come to know the changing image of man as he journeys across
time, searches for the reality, and strive to achieve the ideals that create meaning for
life.
Art Appreciation
Arts Appreciation is the ability to interpret or understand man-made arts and enjoy them
either through actual and work-experience with art tools and materials or possession of these
works of art for one’s admiration and satisfaction. Art appreciation refers to the exploration
and analysis of the art forms that we are exposed to. It can be highly subjective, depending
on an individuals’ personal tastes and preferences, or can be done on the basis of several
grounds such as elements of design and mastery displayed in the piece. Art appreciation also
involves a deeper look into the setting and historical implication and background of the piece,
a study of its origins. Art appreciation is extremely relevant for multiple reasons. It is a good way
to understand the history behind the work, and the period from which the piece originated.
Artists often reflect the problems that they face, and the issues of the society in their work. By
analyzing and putting ourselves in the mind of the artist, we can better study how differently
society functioned then, compared to now. We can empathize and relate to the problems
they faced on a personal level.

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Art History
RENAISSANCE
• This movement began in Italy in the 14th century.
• Began in northern Italy and then spread through Europe.
• RENAISSANCE literally means rebirth in French.
• This art reflected back to the classical time of Rome and Greece.
• Oil painting on canvas started.
• Paintings took on three dimensions by the use of shadow and light.
• Artists tried to show differences in proportions (meaning size and location of one thing
compared to another in the painting) of their subject matter."
Renaissance Artists
• Leonardo Da Vinci (Painter & Sculptor)
• Michelangelo (Painter & Sculptor)
• Raphael (Painter)
• Rembrandt (Painter)
• Sandro Botticelli (Painter)
• Donatello (Sculptor)

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IMPRESSIONISM (KEY DATES: 1867-1886)

• A French 19th century art movement which marked a momentous break from tradition
in European painting.
• The Impressionists incorporated new scientific research into the physics of colour to
achieve a more exact representation of colour and tone.
• Impressionist art is a style in which the artist captures the image of an object as
someone would see it if they just caught a glimpse of it.
• They paint the pictures with a lot of color and most of their pictures are outdoor
scenes. Their pictures are very bright and vibrant. "
IMPRESSIONISTS
• Claude Monet
• Camille Pissarro
• Edgar Degas
• Edouard Manet
• Pierre Renoir
“Luncheon of the Boating Party”

French Title: Le dejeuner des canotiers
Artist: Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Year: 1880 – 1881
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
Post- Impressionism extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations:
• Use vivid colours
• Thick application of paint
• Distinctive brush strokes
• Use real-life subject matter, but were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms to
distort form for expressive effect
• Use unnatural or arbitrary colour (not realistic colours of the object"

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POST-IMPRESSIONISTS
• Vincent Van Gogh
• Paul Gauguin
• Paul Cézanne
• George Seurat
• Henri Rousseau
• Paul Signac"
“The Starry Night”

Vincent Van Gogh, 1889
FAUVISM
• Began around 1900 and continued
beyond 1910
• Fauves mean “Wild Beasts” in French.
• Experimenting a new way of using pure, vivid colours
• Go against the traditional Art technique like Impressionism.
• Blocks and dashes of colours not seen in nature, juxtaposed with other unnatural
colours in a frenzy of emotion
• Started with Henri Matisse and André Derain"

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FAUVISM ARTISTS
• Henri Matisse
• André Derain
• Maurice de Vlaminck
• Albert Marque"
“The River Seine at Chatou”

Maurice de Vlaminck, 1906
EXPRESSIONISM
• Use of intense colour, short
brushstrokes, distortion, exaggeration.
• Artistic style in the use of distortion and exaggeration for
emotional effect.
• Expressionism is to express the artist's own representation
of his or her
EXPRESSIONISTS
• Edvard Munch
• Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
• Wassily Kandinsky
• Franz Marc
• Francis Bacon"
“The Scream”
Edvard Munch, 1893
CUBISM (KEY DATES: 1908-1914)

• The Cubism movement began in Paris around 1907.

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• Led by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

• Cubists broke from centuries of tradition in their painting.
• In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and
re-assembled in an abstracted form."
CUBISM
• Pablo Picasso
• Georges Braque
• Malevich Leger
“The Weeping Woman”
Pablo Picasso, 1937
DADAISM
• Considered Anti-Art
• Rumoured to be formed because of World War I
• Rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense,
irrationality and intuition"
DADAISM & SURREALISM ARTISTS

• Marcel Duchamp
• Max Ernst de Chirico
• Frida Kahlo
• Salvador Dalí
• Rene Magritte"
“Ubu Imperator”
Max Ernst, 1923
SURREALISM
• The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and absurd.
• Surrealism is a style in which fantastic visual imagery from the subconscious mind is
used with no intention of making the artwork logically comprehensible.

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• Involves Psychology"
ABSTRACT ART (KEY DATES: 1910)

• Abstract art generally means art that does not depict objects in the natural world, but
instead uses colour and form in a non-representational way"
ABSTRACT ARTISTS
• Jackson Pollock
• Mark Rothko
• Piet Mondrian
• Willem de Kooning
POP ART
• Popular Art movement used common everyday
objects to portray elements of popular culture,
primarily images in advertising and television in the
western countries.
• Originated in England in the 1950s and traveled
overseas to the United States during the 1960s.
• Reflecting the affluence in post-war society.
• Most prominent in American art. In celebrating
everyday objects such as soup cans, washing
powder, comic strips and soda pop bottles, the
movement turned the commonplace into icons.
“Composition II in Red, Blue and Yellow”
Piet Mondrian, 1930

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POP ART
• Andy Warhol
• Roy Lichtenstein
• Richard Hamilton
• Jasper Johns
• Keith Harrings"
“Drowning Girl”
Roy Lichtenstein, 1963
Application:
In your own words, answer the question, “What is art?” (Write your response in at least 5
sentences),
Summary of the Lesson:

The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, “humanitas”. Art have many meanings.
Art, like love, is concerned with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by
means of sensuous medium. Means of expression. In every age or country, there is

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always art. True art is not imitation but creativity. Art Appreciation is the ability to interpret
or understand man-made arts and enjoy them either through actual and work-
experience with art tools and materials or possession of these works of art for one’s
admiration and satisfaction.
Assessment:
If you were an artist, what kind of art would you be making (cubism, pop art etc.) and why?
You can also cite what subject you will most likely be using. (at least 5 sentences)
Enrichment Activity:
Pick one Filipino Artist and identify his/her art style (cubism, pop-art) and give at least 1 of
his/her artwork

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References/Attributions:
Cid, E. (2013, July 9). Humanities 101 Art Appreciation. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/ElCid3/humanities-101-art-appreciation
What is Art, why is art important. (2020 May). Retrieved from https://www.theartist.me/
Guma A. Art History, Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/382979329
Wong,C., Handouts Prelims Art Appreciation, Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/doc/234112856
Lesson 2: Basic Assumptions, Functions, Philosophies and Nature of Art
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this discussion, the students are expected to:
• Distinguish directly functional and indirectly functional art,
• Explain and discuss the basic philosophical perspectives on the art,
• Realize the function of some art forms in daily life, and;
• Apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenarios.
Discussion:
Basic Assumptions of Art
• Art is universal
Timeless, spanning generations and continents through and through. Misconception:
Artistic made long time ago. Age is not a factor in determining art. “Art is not good because
it is old, but old because it is beautiful.” (Dudley, et al. 1960) Works of Rizal and Francisco

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Balagtas Not read because they are old but they are beautifully written. Arts regardless of
origin, time, and place are liked and enjoyed by people continuously.
• Art is not nature

Man’s expression of his reception of nature Man’s way of interpreting nature. Art is made
by man, whereas nature is a given around us. Art, not directed by representation of reality,
is a perception of reality. Five blind men touching an elephant Art has its reason why the
artist made it. What is it that he wants to show?
• Art involves experience.

It does not full detail but just an experience. “Actual doing of something.” Radio DJ,
Choreographer, Painter, Sculptor “All art depends on experience, and if one is to know art,
he must know it not as fact or information but as experience.” Unlike fields of knowledge
that involve data, art is known by experiencing. A work of art then cannot be abstracted
from actual doing. In order to know what an artwork is, we have to sense it, see or hear it,
and see AND hear it.
Nature of Art
1. Art is not nature; art is made by man- It is man’s interpretation of objects perceived by
him as art has been created by all people at all times.
2. Arts greatest achievement is that it creates a permanent impression of the passing scene,
unlike a fresh flower which will not stay fresh - somehow it withers but the freshness of the
flower as captured in a simple painting will always stay fresh. Therefore, art never grows
old as recorded by the artists vision. The main purpose of art is to entertain the audience
in many techniques like using colors or lines and making you really ponder over what you
see
3. Art imitates life and one can tell the values, traditions, feelings and dreams as well as
aspirations of the artist which are clearly manifested in his own use of colors, lines, forms
and symbols. The artists own style and approaches give a chance to preserve life with the
use of particular media.
Functions of Art
Arts functions can be classified into:

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1. Motivated (Functional) The purpose of art which are motivated refer to intentional,
conscious actions on the part of the artists or creator.
2. Non-motivated (Non-functional) Are those which are integral to being human, transcend
the individual, or do not fulfill a specific external purpose. - Is something which humans must
do by their very nature and is therefore beyond utility.
3.Personal Function Arts are vehicles for the artists’ expression of their feelings and ideas. The
arts also serve as means of expression for us. The personal functions of art are varied and
highly subjective. Functions depends on the artist who created the art. An artist may create
an art out of self- expression, entertainment, or therapeutic purpose.
4.Social Functions One cannot conceive of a society without art, for art is closely related to
every aspect of social life. Art may convey message of protest, contestation, or whatever
message the artist intends his work to carry. Political art is a very common example of an art
with a social function. Art can also depict social conditions such as photography (pictures of
poverty). Performance art like plays or satires can also rouse emotions and rally people toward
a particular end. Art perform a social function when:
1. Influences Social Behavior It seeks or tends to influence the collective behavior of a
people. (Guernica by Pablo Picasso)
2. Display and Celebration It is created to be seen or used primarily in public situation.
5.Physical Functions Tools and containers are objects which function to make our lives
physically comfortable. Functional works of art may be classified as either tools or containers.
The physical functions of art can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some
physical purpose
6. Other functions
The therapeutic value of music cannot be ignored. Works of art make us aware of other ways
of thinking, feeling, and imagining that have never occurred to us before. Music was
principally used for dance and religion. The ancient world saw music as an instrument to
facilitate worship and invocation to gods. Music was essential for synchronicity of dancers.
Music guarantees that warriors were simultaneous. Today, music has expanded its functions
and coverage. There is a lot of music that has no connection to dance or religion. Example:
Serenade – People compose hymns to express feelings and emotions. Music is also used as
accompaniment to stage plays and motion pictures

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One function of sculpture and painting is the commemoration of important personages in

society. The statues of national heroes that grace our parks and plazas are commemorative
works as are the commissioned paintings of leaders or rulers. Often they serve to record
important historical events, or reveal the ideals of heroism and leadership that the community
would want the young to emulate.
Architecture may be the most prominent functional art. Unlike other forms of art, buildings
take so much time to erect and destroy. One cannot dismiss taking into consideration the
function of a building before construction. The design of the building is determined primarily
by its operational function. What is the building for? Who are going to use it? How many are
they? The design that a building takes is also adapted to the climate of the region. The
architect must take the physical, psychological, and spiritual needs of the family into account
when he designs a house.
Philosophical Perspectives on Art
ART AS AN IMITATION
In Plato’s The Republic, paints a picture of artists as imitators and art as mere imitation.
In his description of the ideal republic, Plato advises against the inclusion of art as a
subject in the curriculum and the banning of artists in the Republic. In Plato’s
metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this world are only copies of the original, the
eternal, and the true entities that can only be found in the World of Forms. For example,
the chair that one sits on is not a real chair. It is an imperfect copy of the perfect “chair”
in the World of Forms. Plato was convinced that artists merely reinforce the belief in
copies and discourage men to reach for the real entities in the World of Forms. Plato
was deeply suspicious of arts and artists for two reasons:
1. They appeal to the emotion rather to the rational faculty of men
2. They imitate rather than lead one to reality
Poetry rouses emotions and feelings and thus, clouds rationality of people. Art is just an
imitation of imitation. A painting is just an imitation of nature, which is also just an
imitation of reality in the World of Forms. Art then is to be banished, alongside the
practitioners, so that the attitudes and actions of the members of the Republic will not
be corrupted by the influence of the arts. For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides
a petty replacement for the real entities than can only be attained through reason.
ART AS A REPRESENTATION

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Aristotle, agreed with Plato that art is a form of imitation. However, Aristotle considered
art as an aid to philosophy in revealing the truth. The kind of imitation that art does is not
antithetical to the reaching of fundamental truths in the world. Unlike Plato who thought
that art is an imitation of another imitation, Aristotle conceived of art as representing
possible versions of reality. For Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to represent reality as
it is, it endeavors to provide a version of what might be or the myriad possibilities of
reality. In Aristotelian worldview, art serves two particular purposes: Art allows for the
experience of pleasure (horrible experience can be made an object of humor), Art also
has an ability to be instructive and teach its audience things about life (cognitive)
ART AS A DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT

Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgment, considered the judgment of beauty, the
cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity. Kant
recognized that judgment of beauty is subjective. However, even subjective judgments
are based on some universal criterion for the said judgment. How and in what sense can
a judgment of beauty, which ordinarily is considered to be a subjective feeling, be
considered objective or universal?
HOW ARE THESE TWO STATEMENTS DIFFERENT?

1. “I like this painting.”
2. “This painting is beautiful.”
o The first is clearly a judgment of taste (subjective), while the second is an aesthetic
judgment (objective). Making an aesthetic judgment requires us to be
disinterested. In other words, we should try to go beyond our individual tastes and
preferences so that we can appreciate art from a universal standpoint.
ART AS A COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION

• According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a huge role in communication to its audience’s
emotions that the artist previously experienced.
• In the same that language communicates information to other people, art
communicates emotions.
• As a purveyor of man’s innermost feelings and thoughts, art is given a unique
opportunity to serve as a mechanism for social unity.
• Art is central to man’s existence because it makes accessible feelings and emotions of
people from the past and present.

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Application:
Answer the question:
What art form/artwork has changed something in your life? Why? Account for the experience.
(Provide your response in at least 2 paragraphs)

• There are four assumptions on art; Art is universal, Art is not nature, and Art involves
experience.
• Art is not nature; art is made by man. Arts greatest achievement is that it creates a
permanent impression of the passing scene. Art imitates life and one can tell the values,
traditions, feelings and dreams as well as aspirations of the artist which are clearly
manifested in his own use of colors, lines, forms and symbols.
• For a thing to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill its function. There are several functions
of art and when it comes to function, different art forms come with distinctive functions. •
Some art forms are more functional than others.
Assessment:
If an artwork ceases to have a function, will it remain an art? Why? (Provide your response in
at least 2 paragraphs)

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Elaborate on the philosophical perspective - “ART AS A COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION” . It
can be either as an artist or as the audience ( Provide your response in at least 5 sentences)

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Buer R. (2019, June 22). What is Art: Introduction and Assumptions. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.slideshare.net/RyanBuer/what-is-art-introduction-and-assumptions
Jin De, C. (2019, December 2). Lesson 1 What is art appreciation?: Introduction and
Assumptions. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/jinedeth/lesson-1-what-is-art-
appreciation-introduction-and-assumptions
Cruz, D. M. D. (2014, September 9). Functions of art. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/dennismarkdelacruz/functions-of-art?next_slideshow=1
Cruz, J. D. (2018, August 22). Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Art. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/janril/functions-and-philosophical-perspectives-on-art
Lesson 3: Visual Arts
Lesson Objectives:
• Distinguish directly functional and indirectly functional art,
• Explain and discuss the basic philosophical perspectives on the art,
• Realize the function of some art forms in daily life, and;
• Apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenarios.
Discussion:
What is a subject of art?
The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist. This may
refer to any person, object, scene or event.
Two Kinds of Art as to Subject:

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1.Representational Art or Objective Art – They are those arts which depict (represent) objects
that are commonly recognized by most people. They attempt to copy, even if in a subjective
manner, something that's real. It uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted
in the artwork.
Examples: A. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate
subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be
either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made
(drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on) in
an artificial setting.
B. Portraiture (portrait) is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other
artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its
expression is predominant.
C. Landscapes, Seascapes, Cityscapes
 Despite not knowing who Mona Lisa is, it is clear that the
painting is of a woman that is realistically-proportioned;
 only the upper torso is shown;
 a beguiling and mysterious smile is flashed;
 the background is a landscape
2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art – They are those arts without any reference
to anything outside itself (without representation). It is nonobjective because it has no
recognizable objects. It is abstract in the sense that it doesn’t represent real objects in our
world. It uses “content” and is concerned with “how” the artwork is depicted.
Number 1 (Lavender Mist)

Jackson Pollock, 1950
SOURCES OF SUBJECT
For non-representational art, a higher, level of
perceptiveness and insight might be required to fully
grasped the feeling, emotion, or concept behind the
work.

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For representational art, it is easier to infer the subject matter because from the figures
depicted in the artwork, there is already a suggestion as to its implication.
Sources of Subject
 Nature
 History
 Greek and Roman mythology
 Judeo-Christian tradition
 Sacred oriental texts
 Other works of art
Different Levels of Meaning

• Factual meaning. The most rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted from
the identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how these
elements relate to one another.
• Conventional meaning. This pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the
artwork using motifs, signs, and symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning.
These conventions are established through time, strengthened by recurrent use a
wide acceptance by its viewers or audience and scholars who study them.
• Subjective meaning. When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meanings may

arise when a particular work of art is read. These meanings stem from the viewer’s or
audience’s circumstances that come into play when engaging with art (what we
know, what we learned, what we experienced; what values we stand for) Meaning
may not be singular, rather, multiple and varied

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Creation of Adam (from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel) Michelangelo (1814)
Analysis
 Subject: biblical art

 Factual meaning: Creation Story (creation of man)
 Conventional meaning: man was created in the image and likeness of God
 Subjective meaning: endowment of intellect to man from God
Mediums
An artistic medium refers to the type of material used to create a work of art, be it paintings,
sculptures and everything in between. When you visit art museums, you will likely encounter
paintings with a small display card stating the title of the painting, the artist’s name and the
medium used to make that painting or sculpture. The term ‘medium’ was first used specifically
in the context of art 90 years after Lessing mentioned it in an essay in 1861. Earlier, art was

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described in terms of the substance mixed with each pigment to make paint. Now, the term
“medium” is used to convey what material art is made of.
1. Oil paints
When you think of oil painting, a painting known by almost everyone on the planet is the Mona
Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci. Oil painting is one of the oldest mediums still regularly used in art. It
was also used by countless other famous artists, from Picasso to Botticelli. As the name
suggests, these paints are oil-based and mixed with turpentine or linseed oil. Oil paintings take
a lot of time to dry, since they’re not oil-based, so only start with this medium if you’re a patient
person! The value of the paintings is based on the age of the paintings and how old it is. Oil
paintings age like wine—the older, the better!
2. Watercolors
Watercolors are difficult to work around, as once the paint is on paper, there is very little you
can do to change it. However, once you master it, there are several advantages. Watercolors
are comparatively inexpensive. One tube of color goes a long way, since the paint is mixed
with a lot of water to create its signature effect. Watercolor paintings are generally
translucent, meaning that you can see the texture of the paper that lies beneath.
Watercolor allows light to bounce off the paper and give the color its effect rather than
bouncing off the paint. This gives such paintings a mesmerizing clarity. Watercolors are
generally used to paint landscapes, abstract pieces or other subtle subjects that don’t require
too much precision. Some watercolor techniques include wet on wet, color lifting and flat
washes.
3. Acrylic Paint
This is the newest medium used in art and was only developed in 1940. Compared to
watercolors and oil paints, acrylics have a lot of advantages. It dries very fast, unlike oil paints.
It is also very versatile and durable. Additionally, it creates less mess and can simply be scraped
off if you spill it on the floor; it can be peeled off the hand like glue!
Pop artists like Andy Warhol used this medium, even in his legendary creation of the ‘Campbell
Soup Can’.

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4. Graphite Pencil
If you’ve seen Titanic, then you know what scene that quote comes from. Jack used graphite
pencils to sketch Rose in that legendary blockbuster. These pencils are similar to normal
pencils, but they come in different intensity levels. The ‘h’s are the lightest, whereas the pencils
marked ‘b’s like 4b or 6b are the darkest. Graphite pencils are also used by children, as they
are the easiest type of pencil and less messy to use than paints. Mastery of this medium requires
sketching, shading and blending.
5. Charcoal
Similar to graphite pencils are charcoals. Charcoal is darker in shade, cannot be erased easily,
and requires more hand control. Charcoal comes in two types—soft charcoal for blending
and hard charcoal for sketching. Charcoal is used for drawing figures and quick sketches.
6. Pastels
Pastels come in two forms—oil pastels, which are generally used by children for coloring, and
chalk pastels, which are similar to charcoal, but they come in all colors. Pastels are ideal for
blending and layering. The tip, cut and side can all be used to create various textures.
As we all know, beauty comes in all sizes, and since art is a form of beauty, it is no wonder that
it comes in various mediums. There is no perfect medium for a particular type of painting, it
depends on what an artist is comfortable with, what you like, your budget and availability.
And most importantly, don’t forget that the beauty of art lies in the eyes of the beholder!

24
Application:
Write RA if the art is representational art, otherwise write NRA for non-representational art
1. Johann Anton Eismann, Meerhaven. 17th c ______
2. Robert Delaunay, Le Premier Disque, 1913. _______
3. Fernando Amorsolo, The Fruit Gatherer’, 1950 _______

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4. Jose Joya, Granadean Arabesque’, 1958 _______

• The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist. This may
refer to any person, object, scene or event.
• Representational Art or Objective Art are those arts which depict (represent) objects
that are commonly recognized by most people. They attempt to copy, even if in a
subjective manner, something that's real. It uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is
to be depicted in the artwork.
• They are those arts without any reference to anything outside itself (without
representation). It is nonobjective because it has no recognizable objects. It is abstract
in the sense that it doesn’t represent real objects in our world. It uses “content” and is
concerned with “how” the artwork is depicted.
• There are three different meaning to an art. Factual meaning is the most rudimentary
level of meaning for it may be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in
the artwork and understanding how these elements relate to one another.
Conventional meaning pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork
using motifs, signs, and symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. Subjective
meaning When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meanings may arise when a
particular work of art is read.

26
Assessment:
Draw your own representational art and describe it in at least 3 sentences.
Identify whether the picture of the artwork below is a representational or non-representational
art. Explain your answer in at least 5 sentences.
Head of a woman, Pablo Picasso 1962

27
Hinacay, M.L. (2008, December) The Subjects of Art and the Methods of Presenting Them.
Retrieved from http://www.geocities.ws/vitasophia_bookcenter/humanities2.pdf
Cruz, J. D. (2018b, August 22). Subject and Content of Arts. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/janril/subject-and-content-of-arts
Narsaria, A. (2020, May 3). What Are The Different Mediums Used In Art? Retrieved from
https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/different-mediums-used-art.html

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Lesson 4: Art, Elements and the Principles of Design
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this discussion, you are expected to:
• Differentiate an artist and an artisan
• Be familiar with the different medium and technique used in visual arts like painting
and sculpting and;
• Know the elements of art alongside the principles of design
Discussion:
The Difference between an artist and an artisan
Artist
An artist is a practitioner such as painter, sculptor, choreographer, dancer, musician, etc. who
produces or creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination. All fine
artists first learn to sketch and begin with a pencil and sketchpad to work with an idea on
paper. Artists transfer their visions to canvases or other medium, and this may mean working in
oil, watercolor or pastels. Sculptors take their sketches and create 3D products from clay,
marble or other material. Illustrators might work for a publishing or animation company or
create original comic books. All artists' work aims to create an overall reaction from a viewer.
Job responsibilities of an artist include:
• Developing ideas for a canvas or product

• Selecting a medium for a final work, including texture, size, or area
• Collecting work for a portfolio
• Applying for grants for financial support
Artisan
Artisans are craftsmen who produce directly functional and/or decorative arts, such as
earrings, urns, stained glass and other accessories. Artisans gain their knowledge by studying
under master craftsmen and then practicing with continued study. Artisans work to create
something new, original, and at times, provocative. They spend a good portion of their time
selling and promoting their items in various marketplaces.

29
Job responsibilities of an Artisan include:
• Using and mixing mediums like paint, metal, glass, or fabric

• Shaping, gluing, sewing, testing and producing products
• Displaying work at various sites including auctions, craft shows or online markets
• Estimating costs and material needs
Medium and Technique of Artists

Medium is the mode of expression in which the concept, idea or message is conveyed.
• These are the materials which are used by an artist to interpret his feelings or thoughts.
• Many mediums are use in creating different works of art"
TECHNIQUE (artist)
• Is the manner in which artist controls his medium to achieve the desired effect.
• It has something to do with the way he manipulates his mediums to express his idea.
"VISUAL ARTS -those mediums that can be seen and which occupy space.
1. Painting art of creating meaningful effects on flat surface by the use of pigment on wood
or canvas.
Materials used in Painting

• Watercolor it is difficult to handle because it is difficult to produce warm and rich
tones but it invites brilliance and variety of hues
• Gouache An opaque watercolor painting the major effects of which are caused by
the paper itself
• Fresco pigments are mixed with water and applied on wet plaster
• Tempera pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white
• Pastel a stick dried paste made of pigment round with chalk and compounded with
gum water
• Encaustic used by Egyptians for painted portrait on mummy cases. It is done by
painting with wax colors fixed with heat.
• Oil pigments are mixed with linseed oil and applied to canvas which makes it
expensive
• Acrylic he medium used today by modern painters and the only thinner used is
water

30
2. Drawing the art or technique of producing images on a surface, usually paper, by means
of marks
Materials used in Drawing
• PENCIL
 Most common medium in drawing
 Pencil leads are graded in different degrees of hardness
• PEN AND INK
 one of the oldest mediums still in use.
 offers great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and techniques used in
application.
• BISTRE
 brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood.
• CRAYONS
 pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted sticks.
• CHARCOAL
 carbonaceous materials obtained by heating wood or organic
substances in the absence of oxygen.
3. Sculpture the art of making two or three-dimensional representation by

means of carving, casting, modeling and fabrication
Materials used in Sculpture
• STONE
 hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth material.
• IVORY
 comes from the tusk of elephants, the hard-white substance used to
make carving and billiard balls.
• METAL
 can be cast, cut, drilled, filled, bent, forged and stamped.
• PLASTER
 compose of lime, sand, and water.
 used extensively in making mannequins, models, molds, architectural decoration and
other indoor sculptures
• CLAY
 possesses little strength intention or compression and requires an armature for support."

31
• GLASS
 medium that is hard, brittle, more or less transparent substances produced by fusion
• WOOD
 easier to carve than any mediums available. They are lighter and
softer to carve despite of having greater tensile strength
• TERRACOTTA
 a brownish red clay that has been baked and used for making pots and small statue
Techniques used in Sculpture
• CARVING – involves cutting or chipping away a shape from a mass of
stone, wood or other hard materials.
• MODELING – built using an armature and then shaped to create a form.
• CASTING – reproducing the form from an original clay or wax model
• ASSEMBLING / FABRICATION –putting together of different materials to create an
assembled sculpture.
The Elements and Principles of Art

The Elements of Art are a commonly used group of aspects of a work of art used in teaching
and analysis. Combined with the Principles of Art. Also known as the building blocks of an
artwork.
Knowing what the elements of art enables us to
(1) describe what an artist has done,
(2) analyze what is going on in a particular piece
(3) communicate our thoughts and findings using a common language.
Also remember: No Elements of Art… No Art Work!
1. LINE
Line is most easily defined as a mark that spans a distance between two points (or the path of
a moving point), taking any form along the way. As an art element, line pertains to the use of
various marks, outlines and implied lines in artwork and design, most often used to define
shape in two- dimensional work. Implied line is the path that the viewer's eye takes as it follows
shapes, colours, and form along a path, but may not be continuous or physically connected,
such as the line created by a dancer's arms, torso, and legs when performing an arabesque.
2. FORM

32
Form may be created by the forming of two or more shapes or as three-dimensional shape
(cube, pyramid, sphere, etc.). It may be enhanced by tone, texture and colour. Form is
considered three-dimensional showing height, width and depth. Examples of these are
sculpture, theatre play and figurines
3. TEXTURE
The texture is the quality of a surface or the way any work of art is represented. Lines and
shading can be used to create different textures as well. For example, if one is portraying
certain fabrics, one needs to give the feeling of the right texture so that it closely resembles
what the artist is trying to convey.
4. SHAPE
Shape pertains to the use of areas in two-dimensional space that can be defined by edges,
setting one flat specific space apart from another. Shapes can be geometric (e.g.: square,
circle, triangle, hexagon, etc.) or organic (such as the shape of a puddle, blob, leaf,
boomerang, etc.) in nature. Shapes are defined by other elements of art: Space, Line, Texture,
Value, Color, Form.
5. SPACE
Space is the area provided for a particular purpose. It may have two dimensions (length and
width), such as a floor, or it may have three dimensions (length, width, and height). Space
includes the background, foreground and middle ground. Space refers to the distances or
areas around, between or within components of a piece. Two types of space: Positive space
refers to the space of a shape representing the subject matter. Negative space refers to the
space around and between the subject matter.
6. COLOR
Color pertains to the use of hue in artwork and design. Defined as primary colors (red, yellow,
blue) which cannot be mixed in pigment from other hues, secondary colors (green, orange,
purple) which are directly mixed from combinations of primary colors. Further combinations of
primary and secondary colors create tertiary (and more) hues. Tint and Shade are references
to adding variations in Value;
7. VALUE
Value, or tone, refers to the use of light and dark, shade and highlight, in an artwork. Value is
directly related to contrast.
The Principles of Art is what we use to organize the Elements of Art, or the tools to make art.

33
1. Balance The way the elements are arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work.
o Symmetrical Balance The parts of an image are organized so that one side mirrors
the other.
o Asymmetrical Balance When one side of a composition does not reflect the design
of the other.
2. Emphasis The focal point of an image, or when one area or thing stand out the most.
3. Contrast A large difference between two things to create interest and tension.
4. Rhythm and Movement A regular repetition of elements to produce the look and feel of
movement.
5. Pattern and Repetition Repetition of a design.
6. Unity When all the elements and principles work together to create a pleasing image.
7. Variety The use of differences and change to increase the visual interest of the work.
8. Proportion The comparative relationship of one part to another with respect to size,
quantity, or degree;
Application:
Identify the element of art and(?) principle of design represented in the following images.
________________
_______________

34
_______________
_______________
_______________
Artist is an art practitioner such as painter, sculptor, choreographer, dancer, musician,
etc. who produces or creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using
imagination. Artisans are craftsmen who produces directly functional and/or decorative
arts, such as earrings, urns, stained glass and other accessories. Medium is the mode of
expression in which the concept, idea or message is conveyed. Technique Is the manner
in which artist controls his medium to achieve the desired effect. The Elements of Art are
a commonly used group of aspects of a work of art used in teaching and analysis.
Combined with the Principles of Art. Also known as the building blocks of an artwork.

35
Assessment:
Explain why the elements of art are considered to be the building blocks of an artwork.
(Provide your response in at least 5 sentences)

36
Draw your own artwork that will show at least two principles of design.

37
Austria, P. Lesson-5.-artist-and-artisans.pptx. Retrieved from
Tanedo, W. D. (2015, June 18). The Elements of Art Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/wilfreddextertanedo/the-elements-of-art-49552141
K. (2008, December 20). Elements And Principles of Art. Retrieved from

hthttps://www.slideshare.net/kpikuet/elements-and-principles-of-art-presentation

ART APPRECIATION
LearningModule
Learning ModuleNo.
No.01#
02#

STUDENT
Name:
Student Number:
Program:
Section:
Home Address:
Email Address:
Contact Number:
PROFESSOR
Name:
Email Address:
Contact Number:

IV. Module Title Development of Art: Part 2
V. Overview of the Module This module will be discussing different meanings and
interpretation of art. It will deliberate the assumptions, nature,
functions and philosophy of art. This module will also discuss
one of the kinds of art which is visual arts. The subjects that
are used by artists in their creations and the different
meanings behind them. The variety of medium used by artists
in creating their master pieces will be part of this module.
The following will also be discussed: the seven art forms,

identifying the meaning and other details about each art
forms, and examples of Filipino arts in different art forms.

meaning to it;
and mediums; and
lesson using the schedule provided, you must understand
that it is your full responsibility to complete them by the
last day of completion. Time is of the essence.
2. The module is designed to assess student understanding
of the assigned lessons found within the associated
content of the midterm and final period of the course.
The assessment part of the module is composed of varied
types of questions. You may see true/false, traditional
multiple choice, matching, multiple answer, completion,
and/or essay. Pay attention to the answer to the
assessment questions as you move through each lesson.
After each module you will be given a summative test.
Your responses to the assessment parts of the module will
be checked and recorded.
reference the answers to the questions within the content
modules, we will not release the answers within modules.
However, your professors are happy to discuss the
assessments with you during their consultation time,
should you have any questions.
Good luck!

1
Lesson 5: Reading Image, Planes in Art and Rule of the Third
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this discussion, you are expected to:
• Be able to describe an image using the four planes of art and;
• Interpret the deeper meaning of an artwork by developing an art analysis paper
Discussion:
We begin with the basic premise that there are two interrelated aspects in the study of
art. The first is that art has its specificity: that is, its particular language or vocabulary that has
to do with the mediums, techniques, and visual elements of art that constitute it as a distinct
area of human knowledge and signifying practice. This is not just what is commonly called
the formal aspect of art, but it is what constitutes art as a particular human activity different
from the others. The other aspect is that art, while it has its specificity, is at the same time
historically situated and shaped by social, economic, and political forces. Both these
aspects need to be taken into account so as to be able to fully understand and appreciate
art. Needless to say, the meaning, signification, or system of significations of a work is not
state mental, nor is the understanding of a work a reductive process which reduces meaning
to a summary, statement, or single insight. Meaning in art is a complex of intellectual,
emotional, and sensory significations which the work conveys and to which the viewer
responds, bringing in the breadth of his or her cultural background, artistic exposure and
training, and human experience in a dialogic relationship with the artwork. The analytic study
of how the various elements and material features of the work produce meaning should
lead to a more stable and consensual field of meaning, away from erratic, whimsical, purely
subjective and impressionistic readings.
Having taken note of the information provided by the basic documentation of the
work, we then proceed to four planes of analysis: the basic semiotic, the iconic, the
contextual, and the axiological or evaluative planes.
A. THE BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE
Semiotics is the study of "signs"--here the work of art is the iconic or pictorial sign. A sign
consists of a "signifier" or its material/physical aspect and its "signified" or non-material aspect

2
as concept and value. Related to these is the "referent" or object as it exists in the real world.
A visual work, whether it be a two-dimensional pictorial space or a three-dimensional body,
is an embodiment of signs in which all physical or material marks and traces, elements,
figures, notations are signifiers which bear a semantic or meaning-conveying potential and
which in relation to each other convey concepts and values which are their signified. Their
semantic potential is realized in the analysis or reading of the integral work.
The basic semiotic plane covers the elements and the general technical and physical
aspects of the work with their semantic (meaning-conveying potential). It includes:
1. The visual elements and how they are used. line value, color, texture, shape, composition
in space, movement. Each element has a meaning-conveying potential which is realized,
confirmed, and verified in relation to the other elements which form the text of the work.
2. The choice of medium and technique. In contemporary art, medium enters more and
more into the meaning of the work. While the European academies or salons of the
nineteenth century decreed the choice of medium, today the artist exercises free choice in
this respect, a choice determined less by its availability as by its semantic potential.
Technique, of course, goes hand in hand with the nature of the medium. Likewise, there are
techniques which valorize the values of spontaneity and play of chance and accident, while
there are those which emphasize order and control.
3. The format of the work. The very format of the work participates in its meaning. Again, in
contemporary art, format is no longer purely conventional but becomes laden with
meaning.
4. Other physical properties and marks of the work. Notations, traces, textural features,
marks, whether random or intentional, are part of the significations of the work.
REMEMBER: An artwork can be a sign; it can create a meaning and represent something
essential.
B. THE ICONIC PLANE OR THE IMAGE ITSELF

3
This is still part of the semiotic approach since it is still based on the signifier-signified
relationship. But here it is not that material elements of the work that are dealt with as in the
basic semiotic plane, but this has to do with the particular features, aspects, and qualities of
the image which are the signifiers. The image is regarded as an "iconic sign" which means,
beyond its narrow associations with religious images in the Byzantine style, that it is a unique
sign with a unique, particular and highly nuanced meaning, as different from a conventional
sign such as a traffic or street sign which has a single literal meaning.
The iconic plane includes the choice of the subject which may bear social and
political implications. An example in art history is the French realist artist Gustave Courbet's
choice of workers and ordinary people in his paintings, instead of the Olympian gods and
goddesses or heroes from Greek and Roman antiquity that were the staple of classical and
academic art up to the nineteenth century.
One proceeds to consider the presentation of the image and its relationship to the
viewer. If the subject is a human figure, does it address the viewer directly; is it self-contained
or self-absorbed? What kind of subject-viewer relationship is implied by the subject through
his facial expression, body language, costume and accessories, natural or social
background? Is it a relationship of peers or one of dominance and subordination? Is it a
friendly, ironic, aggressive, or hostile relationship, and all possible nuances thereof? Most
examples of Philippine genre, for instance, are based on the concept of the stage or
tableau which is oriented towards a large public audience which it is aware of and directly
addresses—a mark of the social cohesiveness of rural peasant society as well as the
extended Filipino family system in which all members of society have their kinship
appellations.
Also, part of the iconic plane is the positioning of the figure or figures, whether frontal,
in profile, three-fourths, etc. and the significations that arise from these different
presentations. Does the painting show strong central focusing with the principal figure
occupying the center space or is it decentered and the painting asymmetrical in
composition? How do these presentations contribute to different meanings? Does the
subject or subjects have a formal or a casual air? How does one describe the central figure's
stance: poised, relaxed, indifferent, provocative, or aloof?
In portraits, where is the gaze of the subject directed? This is important not only in
defining the relationship of subject and viewer but also in describing pictorial space. Degas'
painting Woman with Chrysanthemums shows a middle-aged woman beside a large vase of
flowers. More importantly, her intense and scheming look projects an imaginary line to a

4
figure or figures that are the objects of her gaze outside the pictorial field of the painting into
an implied open and expanded space.
Is there cropping of the figure or figures? What is the significance of the kind of
cropping used? Some kinds of cropping are intended to create a random, arbitrary effect as
against the deliberate and controlled. Other kinds isolate a segment of the subject, such as
the hand or the feet, in order to draw attention to its physical qualities--when a part stands
for the whole, a peasant's bare feet can tell us about an entire life of labor and exploitation.
Here one also takes into account the relationship of the figures to one another,
whether massed, isolated, or juxtaposed in terms of affinity or contrast. A painting may
expand or multiply its space by having not just one integral image but several sets of images
in montage form, from the same or different times and places. These may occur in temporal
sequence to constitute a narrative or may take the form of simultaneous facets or aspects of
reality. Serial images which show an image multiplied many times, as in Andy
Warhol's Marilyn Monroe or Campbell Soup Cans, convey significations arising from the
blatant consumerism of the advanced capitalist societies of the First World.
The style of figuration is an important part of the iconic plane. The figurative style is not
mere caprice, passing fashion, or the artist's personal escritoire; beyond these, it implies a
particular re-presentation or interpretation of the world, a world view, if not ideology.
• Classical figuration basically follows the proportion of 7 1/2 to 8 heads to the entire figure
in its pursuit of ideal form, as in a formal studio portrait with the subject enhanced by
make-up, all imperfections concealed.
• Realist figuration is based on the keen observation of people, nature, and society in the
concern for truth of representation, thus creating true portraits of individuals or exposing
the poverty and squalor that arise from social inequities. Impressionist figuration is fluid
and informal, often catching the subject unawares like a candid camera.
• Expressionist figuration follows emotional impulses and drives, thus often involving
distortion that comes from strong emotion.
In the basic semiotic plane which deals with the material aspect of the work and in
the iconic plane which deals with the features of the image itself, one can see that as the
signifier cannot be separated from the signified, concrete fact or material data cannot
be divorced from value; in other words, fact is value-laden and value or ideological
meaning is derived from material fact.

5
REMEMBER: There are various meanings to various subjects. An artist chooses and portrays a
subject for a number of different reasons that can be either implied or explicit or both.
C.THE CONTEXTUAL PLANE
Here one proceeds from the basic semiotic and iconic planes and the knowledge
and insights one has gained from these into the social and historical context of the work of
art. Resituating the work in its context will bring out the full meaning of the work in terms of its
human and social implications. The viewer draws out the dialogic relationship of art and
society. Art sources its energy and vitality from its social context and returns to it as a
cognitive force and catalyst for change. If one does not view the work in relation to its
context, but chooses to confine analysis to the internal structure of the work, one truncates
its meaning by refusing to follow the trajectories of the work into the larger reality that
surrounds it. One prevents the work from reverberating in the real world.
As has been said earlier, the meaning of a work is a complex that involves concepts,
values, emotions, attitudes, atmospheres, sensory experiences that arise from the three
planes. The experience of a work cannot be reduced or paraphrased to a statement, such
as a moral lesson or message, but is a total experience involving the faculties of the whole
person--not just his eyes or his senses, but his mind and emotions as well. Art involves
cognition or learning; it is an important way of learning about people, life, and society.
A broad knowledge of history and the economic, political and cultural conditions, past
and present, of a society is called upon in the contextual plane. With this comes a
knowledge of national and world art and literatures, mythologies, philosophies, and different
cultures and world views. The work of art may contain references and allusions, direct or
indirect, to historical figures and events, as well as to religious, literary, and philosophical
ideas and values which are part of the meaning of the work.
The different symbolic systems which are culture-bound also come into play. These
systems may have to do with color, shape, design, as well as cultural symbols associated with
the belief systems of the different ethnic groups. Figures may also bear rich and distinct
intellectual and emotional associations built around them in the course of the history of a
group.
The contextual plane likewise situates the work in the personal and social
circumstances of its production. The work may contain allusions to personal or public events,
conditions, stages, as well as influences, such as persons and literary texts, that have been
particularly meaningful to the artist. Themes and sub-themes may be derived from

6
biographical experiences significant to the artist and particular biographical data may play
an important part in understanding the work and its view of reality.
The work is viewed or studied in relation to its epoch, to the prevailing world views,
ideologies, issues, concern, trends, and events of the day. It situates the artist with respect to
the debates of his time. The work may have allusions or references to the personalities and
events of a particular period, and convey attitudes of espousal, approval, indifference, or
rejection with respect to these.
Finally, a single work of art is often more completely understood when it is viewed in
the context of the artist's entire body of work, when it is juxtaposed and compared on the
semiotic, iconic, and contextual planes with works of the artist in the same period, in different
periods of his/her career, and then with the work of contemporaries. This is because the
meaning of one work may become part of a larger body or work or of an integral artistic
vision. In comparative intertextuality, the work of art reveals its numerous ramifications of
meaning.
D. THE AXIOLOGICAL OR EVALUATIVE PLANE

The axiological plane has to do with analyzing the values of a work. After the
understanding of the work is the difficult task of evaluating it. Often, it is facile to say that
evaluation involves the two aspects of form and content. But this division is theoretically
conservative because the two are conceptually separated. It is semiotic analysis involving
the basic semiotic plane, the iconic plane and the contextual plane that shows how
meaning is produced through the interrelationship of the signifiers (material features) and
signifieds (concepts, values) in the unique pictorial sign that is the work of art. At all points,
meaning is anchored in material form.
The evaluation of the material basis of the work (form) reckons with standards of
excellence in the use of the medium and its related techniques. Some questions may be
posed. Is the medium (which includes surface, ground, or material block, instruments, tools,
pigments calling for appropriate techniques) used with a high degree of skill? Is the
particular medium chosen in view of the semantic potential of its combined properties which
is realized in the completed work? For all visual forms, whether paintings, prints, posters,
illustrations, cartoons, and comics have their standards of technical excellence to which a
work may be on par or below par. Understanding and evaluating the technical side of the
work requires a familiarity with and sensitivity to the properties of medium. Thus the

7
viewer/critic should devote time to researching on and observing art-making, even doing
exercises of his or her own.
The usual consideration of form also touches upon the principles of organization which
are traditionally identified as rhythm, harmony, balance, and proportion. However, one has
to bear in mind that these tenets were laid down by the 19th century European academies
established by the royal courts to preserve the hierarchic order based on unchanging
principles. In their philosophical framework, the classical ideals of harmony, balance, and
proportion were not only aesthetic values but also socio-political values divinely decreed as
"in the nature of things." The problem is that these values, while they retain a continuing but
limited validity, are often erroneously absolutized as the be-all and end-all of art itself.
Meaning may suffer in the interest of these values when, in fact, the validity of their
application is only relative to the semantic requirements of the work.
The evaluation of a work necessarily includes the analysis and examination of its
axiological content constituted by values which become fully articulated on the contextual
plane although these had already been shaping on the basic semiotic and iconic planes.
And since values are expressed in the work which holds a dialogic relationship with reality,
the assessment of these values is a necessary part of critical evaluation. It then becomes
possible that the values of the artist and the viewer do not quite coincide or may even be
contradictory.
It becomes clear that, on one hand, the artist is not or should not be a mere
technician but expresses a view of life in his or her work. On the other hand, the viewer/critic
is also not a mere technical expert confined to the analysis of the elements, techniques, and
processes alone. The mature viewer or critic is one who must have, after long expression and
experience, arrived at the formulation of his own value system, his or her view of the world
and humanity which he or she has come to feel deeply and strongly about. As the artist
enjoys artistic independence, the critic/viewer also enjoys a measure of autonomy. An
underlying premise then is that the viewer of art, in particular the art critic, needs to have
thought out fully his own values or the guiding principles by which he or she lives as a total
human person. The artist likewise creates his or her art not as a fragmented human being or
purely technical specialist, but as a total thinking and feeling individual
REMEMBER: There is a relationship between an artwork and the societal conditions that an
artist is in. This presents more reflective types of messages to the audience and this is where
evaluation takes place.

8
Example of Application of the Four Planes
Basic Semiotic Plane

This masterpiece about uprising is called The Third of May 1808. It was created in the early
hours of the morning. The elements include two masses of men: (1) one a rigidly poised firing
squad, (2) disorganized group of captives held at gun point. The elements were portrayed
with the executioners and victims facing each other across a narrow space.
Moreover, there is meaning to the position and colors of the elements. The condemned
figures stand next in line to be shot; the central figure is the brilliantly lit man kneeling with his
arms flung wide in either appeal or defiance which shows surrender. The yellow and white
clothing repeats the colors of the lantern as well. The plain white shirt and sun-burnt face
show he is a simple laborer.

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The subjects were situated between the hillside and the shakos—the crowd with torches, the
onlookers, more soldiers and victims.
There is contrast in the soldiers' attitudes and the steely line of their rifles, with the crumbling
irregularity of their target. The important symbol here is a square lantern situated on the
ground between the two groups. A dramatic meaning is highlighted in this piece—
particularly with the brightest illumination that falls on the huddled victims to the left, whose
numbers include a monk or friar in prayer.
Iconic Plane
The position of the man with raised arms who is at the center of the canvascan be
compared to a crucified Christ. This pose is also similar to the pose in Juan Luna’s Spoliarium,
and Picasso’s Guernica. The figure displays stigmata-like marks on his right hand—a
traditional attribute of the Roman soldiers who arrested Christ in the garden.
Contextual Plane
The figure shows the progress of time and that death presents a conclusive episode, imbued
with the virtue of heroism. It presents a mechanical formalization of murder--the corpse of a
man, splayed on the ground in the lower left portion of the work.
The disfigured head and body render resurrection impossible. The painting can not be
described as pleasing. The colors are restricted to earth tones and black, punctuated by
bright flashes of white and the red blood of the victims. The quality of the pigment
foreshadows Goya's later works: a rough solution producing a matte, sandy finish. Finally,
there is no attempt by the artist to soften the subject's brutality through technical skill.
Evaluative Plane
It depicts an execution, an early event in the so-called Peninsular War between France and
Spain. There was no attempt to find transcendence, and no sense that the sacrifice of life will
lead to salvation. He wears yellow and white: the heraldic colors of the papacy. The victim
is as anonymous as his killers. The one beneath, a bloody and disfigured corpse, the one
behind and around were others who share the fate.
Nobility is replaced by futility and irrelevance, the victimization of mass murder, and
anonymity as a hallmark of the modern condition.

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The deeper meaning of this piece lies on the indiscriminate killing of civilians by French
soldiers. This is a painting of the massacre that shows terrified civilians facing a firing squad
that intends to arouse anger and hatred.
It is a highly romantic picture of a deeply emotional episode that is cited as an influence on

Pablo Picasso's 1937 Guernica, which shows the aftermath of the Nazi German bombing of
Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.
Rule of Thirds
The rule of thirds is a compositional rule of thumb in visual arts such as painting,
photography and design. The rule states that an image should be imagined as divided into
nine equal parts by two equally-spaced horizontal lines and two equally-spaced vertical
lines. Important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their
intersections.
In other words: Before you take a picture, imagine your picture area divided into thirds
both horizontally and vertically. The intersections of these imaginary lines (the pink circles)
suggest four options for placing the centre of interest (or power point) for good composition.
The option you select depends upon the subject and how you would like that subject to be
presented.
Application:
What can you say about the picture below? What are the elements found in the artwork?
How was each one positioned, what are their colors, and what does each one represent?

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With respect to the four planes of analysis discussed in this lesson, how would you interpret
the meaning of the text?

Semiotics is the study of "signs"--here the work of art is the iconic or pictorial sign. A sign
consists of a "signifier" or its material/physical aspect and its "signified" or non-material aspect
as concept and value. Related to these is the "referent" or object as it exists in the real world.
Iconic Plane is still part of the semiotic approach since it is still based on the signifier-signified
relationship. But here it is not that material elements of the work that are dealt with as in the
basic semiotic plane, but this has to do with the particular features, aspects, and qualities of
the image which are the signifiers. The image is regarded as an "iconic sign" which means,
beyond its narrow associations with religious images in the Byzantine style, that it is a unique
sign with a unique, particular and highly nuanced meaning, as different from a conventional
sign such as a traffic or street sign which has a single literal meaning.
Contextual plane is resituating the work in its context will bring out the full meaning of the
work in terms of its human and social implications. The viewer draws out the dialogic
relationship of art and society.

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The axiological plane has to do with analyzing the values of a work. After the understanding
of the work is the difficult task of evaluating it. Often, it is facile to say that evaluation involves
the two aspects of form and content. But this division is theoretically conservative because
the two are conceptually separated.
The rule of thirds is a compositional rule of thumb in visual arts such as painting, photography
and design.
Assessment:
Among the four planes, which one would you commonly use to critique a masterpiece?
Which one do you think best elicits the message and the deeper meaning of a visual
artwork, and why? If you were to enhance your analysis skills, which plane would you like to
improve?
Your critique will be graded according to the following rubric:
Draw a picture that applies the rule of thirds. You are free to use any kind of subject,
additional elements and apply forms into your drawing. You will be graded according to the
following rubric:

13
Guillermo, A. (2001 September) Image to Meaning: essays on Philippine Art
Armthorpe Media. (2010, May 27). Composition rule of thirds Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/armthorpemedia/composition-rule-of-thirds.
Wong,C., Handouts Prelims Art Appreciation, Retrieved from

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Lesson 6: The Seven Arts
Lesson Objectives:
• Differentiate the seven art forms,
• Identify the meaning and other details about each art forms, and;
• Enumerate example of Filipino arts in different art forms.
Discussion:
Throughout history, art has been intrinsically linked to human life, serving as a mean of
expression and as a universal language in which beauty and aesthetics prevail. It was in
Ancient Greece where the division emerged between the high arts, created to be
appreciated with the eyes and ears, and lesser forms of art which were more tactile.
The seven types of art forms are:
• Painting
• Architecture
• Sculpture
• Music
• Dance
• Theater
• Literature
Painting
Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
Different mediums are used in painting. Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the
finished product, is capable of varied treatment, and determines its own stroke.
The earliest known paintings were executed on the walls of caves and rock shelters some
30,000 years ago during Paleolithic period. Some may be seen in Western Europe, Southern
and Saharan Africa and Australia.
Architecture
Art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while architecture is the making of beautiful
buildings. If we look around us today, we would notice a wide variety of styles of
architecture. Such variety has always existed. The modern houses and buildings contrast with

15
building and dwellings of only one generation ago. A building, whatever it may be, must be
measured by the standards of its own period rather than ours.
The Stonehenge. Stonehenge, a circular arrangement of large stones located near Salisbury,
England, was a ritual monument for prehistoric peoples. It was built between 3000 and 1000
BC. Little is known about Stonehenge’s function, but many scholars believe that its structure
allowed its builders to predict solstices, equinoxes, eclipses, and other events of the solar
calendar.
The Roman Colosseum. Colosseum, largest and most famous ancient Roman amphitheater.
The structure was originally called Flavian Amphitheater. Modifications and restorations
necessitated by fires and earthquakes were made to the Colosseum until the early 6th
century. In succeeding centuries the Colosseum suffered from neglect, earthquakes, and
damage done by builders. Still, slightly more than one-third of the outer arcades, comprising
a number of the arches on the north side, remain standing. The seating capacity of the
Colosseum is believed by modern scholars to have been about 50,000.
The Pyramids of Giza. The ancient Egyptians built more than 90 royal pyramids, from about
2630BC until about 1530 BC. During that time, the pyramid form evolved from a series of
stepped terraces that resembled the layers of a wedding cake to the better known, sloped
pyramidal shaped. The first pyramid, the Step Pyramid at Saqqarah, was constructed during
the reign of King Djoser (2630 BC-2611 BC). The largest pyramid is the one built for King Khufu,
at the site of modern Giza. Khufu’s pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid, is the only one of
the Seven Wonders of the World that still survives.
Egyptian pyramids served as tombs for king and queens, but they were also places of
ongoing religious activity. After a ruler died, his or her body was carefully treated and
wrapped to preserve it as a mummy. According to ancient Egyptian belief, the pyramid,
where the mummy was placed, provided a place for the monarch to pass into the afterlife.
Encarta
The Parthenon. Stands at the very heart of the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. It was built in
honor of the Goddess of Wisdom, Athena.
The Greek Architecture

The Doric order. The Doric order originated on the mainland and western Greece. It is the
simplest of the orders, characterized by short, faceted, heavy columns with plain, round
capitals (tops) and no base. With only four to eight diameters in height, the columns are the
most squat of all orders. The shaft of the Doric order is channeled with 20 flutes. The Ionic
order came from eastern Greece, where its origins are entwined with the similar but little

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known Aeolic order. It is distinguished by slender, fluted pillars with a large base and two
opposed volutes (also called scrolls) in the echinus of the capital. The echinus itself is
decorated with an egg-and-dart motif. The Ionic shaft comes with four more flutes than the
Doric counterpart (totaling 24). The Ionic base has two convex moldings called tori which
are separated by a scotia.
The Corinthian order. Is the most ornate of the Greek orders, characterized by a slender
fluted column having an ornate capital decorated with acanthus leaves. It is commonly
regarded as the most elegant of the five orders. The most distinct characteristics is the striking
capital. The capital of the Corinthian order is carved with two rows of leaves and four scrolls.
The Composite order. Is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order with the
leaves of the Corinthian order.
The Architecture Design
Byzantine. The Golden Age of Byzantine Architecture was under the rule of Justian in It was
during the period that the most famous examples of all Byzantine Architecture was built, the
Hagia Sophia. The Hagia Sophia was rebuilt from 532 to 537 after the previous church was
destroyed by riots. This church has some unique features which became the patterns for
Byzantine Architecture for years after.
The style of the Hagia Sophia or Church of Divine Wisdom was to have a large dome in the
middle of the structure. The dome has a unique form in that it rest on 4 massive pillars which
are arranged in a square. The dome remained the main focus of the Byzantine.
The Romanesque. Romanesque Art and Architecture, arts and architecture of western
Europe from about AD 1000 to the rise of the Gothic style, in most regions by the latter half of
the 12th century, in certain regions somewhat later.
Gothic. Gothic Architecture is a style of architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals

and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period.
Beginning in twelfth century France, it was known as “ the French Style” (Opus Francigenum)
during the period, with the term Gothic first appearing in the Reformation era as a stylistic
insult.
The Gothic style emphasizes verticality and features almost skeletal stone structures with
great expanses of glass, ribbed vaults, clustered columns, sharply pointed spires, flying
buttresses. In Gothic Architecture the pointed arch is utilized in every location where a
vaulted shape is called for, both structural and decorative. Gothic openings such as
doorways, windows, arcades and galleries have pointed arches.

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Another distinctive feature of Gothic Architecture especially in churches and cathedrals is

the Rose Window (Notre dame). The North Rose Window of the Notre Dame Cathedral in
Paris ( ) was built by Jean de Chelles. It is designed in the Rayonnant style, named for the
radiating spokes in this type of window. The center circle depicts the Virgin and Child,
surrounded by the figures of prophets. The second circle shows 32 Old Testament kings, and
the outer circle depicts 32 high priests and patriarchs.
Baroque. Baroque churches were larger in scale that their predecessors and their interiors
more richly decorated with sculpture and paintings.
Long narrow naves are replaced by broader, occasionally circular forms. Dramatic use of
light, either strong light-and-shade contrasts, chiaroscuro effects or uniform lighting by means
of several windows.
Opulent use of ornaments (puttos made of wood (often glided), plaster or stucco, marble of
faux finishing).
Large-scale ceiling frescoes the interior is often no more than a shell for painting and
sculpture (especially in the late baroque).
Rococo Style. Rococo Style, style of 18th-century painting and decoration characterized by
lightness, delicacy, and elaborate ornamentation.
The word “rococo” is derived from “rocaille”, meaning “rock work” or “shell work,” a favorite
motif of the time. It stresses purely ornamental, light, casual, irregular design.
The Rococo style is characterized by pastel colors, gracefully delicate curving forms, fanciful
figures, and a lighthearted mood (visually and physically). The essence of Rococo art is light.
Extreme highlights are placed on the subject matter and the overall work is light in color,
effect, and emotion. Artists paid special attention to fine detail. Form is characterized by
delicacy of color, dynamic compositions, and atmospheric effects.
Sculpture
Sculpture is a three-dimensional artwork, an art of producing objects in relief or in the round
out of hard materials by means of chisel, carved work, art of molding in clay or other paste
materials, figures or objects to be later cast in bronze or other metals or plaster of Paris.
Sculpture (Latin sculpere, “to curve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization
of masses and volumes. The art or practice of shaping figures or designs in the round or relief.
Materials used in Sculpture (see Module 01 pp. 31-32)
- Stone - Glass
- Ivory - Wood
- Metal - Terracotta
- Plaster
- Clay

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Kinds of Sculpture
• Relief – these are the sculptures which are identifies as embossed sculptures in which
images are set against a flat background.
• Alto relievo (Italian for “high relief”) the figures are sculptured partly or wholly in the
round, that is, they project entirely, or almost entirely, from the surfacr of the block in
which they are cut.
• Basso-relievo(Italian for low-relief; French, bas-relief) is a form of surface-ornamentation
in which the projection is very slight.
• Free-Standing – this is the kind of sculpture in the round such as statues and
monuments which are either scaled or done in life size.
• Kinetic or Mobile Sculptures – these are identified as moving sculptures which in some
cases are suspended in air to move.
Techniques used in Sculpture (see Module 01 p.32)

• Carving
• Modeling
• Casting
• Assembling / Fabrication
Brief Historical Background of Sculpture

Pre-Historic Sculpture. the primitive people produced the so called fertility statues. It has
been described as giving emphasis on the female sexual attributes. It emphasizes the
women’s wide hips and opulent breasts. Primitive men made this for fear of extinction and it
will remind them to go on and on to produce more offspring.
Egyptian Sculpture. the sphinx is the most popular piece in Egypt. It is a huge sculpture which
is described as the human head with a body of a croaching lion. The head of the Sphinx is
symbolic of the pharaoh, the mighty reler of Egypt, and the body of the croaching lion is
symbolic of the mighty country Egypt. Therefore it symbolizes the mighty strengths and
protective power of Egypt.
Greek Sculpture. the Golden Age of Athens was the complete fulfillment of the term classic
for it was the culmination of the ideals of the time and of the ancient world as well. It falls into
four classes:
Sculptures created without regard to their ultimate location or method of display. Free
standing.
Statues identified as kore otherwise known as female standing sculpture.
Statues identified as kouros otherwise known a male standing sculpture.
Sculptures designed as ornaments for specific positions.

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Roman Sculpture. Given the Etruscan descendant of naturalism, Roman portraiture set an
early standard of excellence that became the model for the whole Western tradition. It falls
into two classes: portraits and historical relief. Both reflect the highly developed Roman taste
of realism.
Baroque Sculpture. A restless, dynamic style with its diagonals and floating curved lines, its
striking chiaroscuro, and it’s sensuous textural effects. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the Baroque
artist par excellence. His known sculpture is the “Ecstasy of St. Therese.”
Byzantine Sculpture. Sculptured relief during the Byzantine was used to adorn magnificent
palaces and churches. It is the richest expression of Christian dogma.
Renaissance Sculpture. It showed some traces of classical influence in the pulpits of the
Cathedrals of Pisa and Sienna. The great master of this period is Michaelangelo. His
masterpiece was the “Pieta” today a treasure of St. Peter’s in Rome.
Music
Music an art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession generally in combination. Melody
results in this sequence and harmony from the combinations. It is a creative and performing
art.
Groups
• Vocal Music – composed primarily to be sung.
• Instrumental Music – is written for instruments of four general types:
o Keyboard (piano, keyboard, and organ)
o Stringed (violin, cello, guitar, ukulele, banjo)
o Woodwind (flute, clarinet, oboe, piccolo, English horn, bassoon)
o Brass winds (saxophone, trumpet, French horn, trombone)
Music combined with other arts

• Opera - drama set to music. It is mostly or entirely sung with an orchestral
accompaniment.
• Operetta and Musical Comedy – a drama set to music but is light popular romantic
often humorous or comic. It uses spoken dialogues.
• Oratorio and Cantata – sacred musical drama in concert form based from biblical
accounts and made of recited parts with orchestral accompaniment.
Dance
Dance involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm.

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Types of Dances
• Ethnologic – include folk dancing associated with national and cultural groups.
• Social or Ballroom Dances – popular type of dancing generally performed by pairs.
• Ballet – a formalized type of dance which originated in the royal courts of the middle
Ages. They may be either solo or concerted dances and generally built around a
theme or story.
• Modern – are sometimes called contemporary interpretative dances and represents
rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. It is a personal communication of
moods and themes.
• Musical dances – dances performed by soloists, groups, choruses in theatres,
nightclubs, motion pictures, and television. It combines various forms of ballet, modern,
tap, and acrobatics.
Theatre and Drama

A drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an audience.
Types of Drama
• Tragedy – serious in nature in which the central character comes to some sad and
disastrous ending and also portray.
• Melodrama – the emphasis is on the action rather on the character. Action is a happy
ending.
o Types of Melodrama
▪ Romantic Comedy – light amusing tales of lovers in some dilemma which
is finally solved happily.
▪ Farce – light humorous play whose emphasis is on the jokes, humorous
physical actions, ludicrous situations and impossible characters.
▪ Comedy of Manners – “drawing room comedy” is sophisticated and
sometimes satirical. It uses witty dialogues and characters are usually high
society types and situations are unreal.
Literature
Literature is the art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms
which have artistic and emotional appeal.
• Drama - a story re-created by actors on stage in front of an audience.
• Prose Fiction – includes narratives created by an author as distinguished from true
accounts.
• Essay – a non-fiction expository writing ranging from informal, personal topics to closely
critical treatments of important subjects.

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• Poetry – highly expressive nature using special forms and choice of words and
emotional images. Narratives includes epics, romance and ballads and lyric forms
includes the sonnets, ode, elegy and song.
• Miscellaneous – are history, biography, letters, journals, diaries, and other works not
formally classed as literature.
Application:
Which of the seven arts would you use to express what you feel right now? Explain how you
are going to express your feelings through your chosen art form. (Write your answer in at least
5 sentences). Use the rubric as a guide when writing your answer.
8-10 The response indicates that the student has a complete understanding of
points the reading concept embodied in the task. The student has provided a
response that is accurate, complete and fulfills all the requirements of the
task. Necessary support and/or examples are included, and the
information given is clear.
4- The response indicates that the student has a partial understanding of the
7points reading concept embodied in the task. The student has provided a
response that includes information that is essentially correct and text-
based, but the information id too general or too simplistic. Some of the
support and/or examples may be incomplete or omitted.
1- The response indicates that the student does not demonstrate an
3points understanding of the reading concept embodied in the task. The student
has provided a response that is inaccurate; the response has an insufficient
amount of information to determine the student’s understanding of the
task.
0 point No answer at all.
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There are seven art forms: painting, architecture, sculpture, music, dance, theater, and
literature. Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of
pigments. Different mediums are used in painting. Architecture is the first of the fine arts, due
to the ingenuity and great use of aesthetics required to create buildings which are harmonic
with space and which endure in time. Sculpture is a three-dimensional artwork, an art of
producing objects in relief or in the round out of hard materials by means of chisel, carved
work, art of molding in clay or other paste materials, figures or objects to be later cast in
bronze or other metals or plaster of Paris. Music an art of arranging sounds in rhythmic
succession generally in combination. Melody results in this sequence and harmony from the
combinations. It is a creative and performing art. Dance involves the movement of the body
and the feet in rhythm. A drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of
an audience. Literature is the art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings
into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal.

23
Assessment:
Write brief similarities and differences of each of the seven arts using the Venn Diagram
given. The output will be assessed based on the rubric below. You may use another sheet of
paper for this activity. (2 points each answer, total of 22 points)
Painting Sculpture Architecture

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Dance Music
Literature Theater

25
Choose one artwork among the seven arts that you are familiar with. This can be the last
artwork that you have come across with or the one that made the most impact to you. Then
answer the following questions. The output will be assessed based on the rubric below.
task.
Artwork: _____________________________________
Artist: ________________________________________
1. What is it about? What is it for?
2. What is it made of?

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3. What is its impact to you?
Wilson, S. HUMANITIES ART DESCRIPTION and APPRECIATION Retrieved from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6036216/
Sanchez, C. et.al. Introduction to Humanities (Revised Edition 2002)

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Lesson 7: Brief History of Art and Art Movement
Lesson Objectives:
• Identify the underlying history, philosophy of the era or movements
• Cite important characteristics in an artwork based on the era movement
• Classify various movements by citing their important characteristics such as historical
background, factors, influential persons, socio-political issues, and prevalent artists,
and forms and media
Discussion:
Art Movement
Art Movement refers to the tendency of style in art that has a specific common
philosophy or goal. Art movement is followed by a group of artists during a restricted period
of time (from a few months to a decade) with the heyday of such movement.
Art movement are very important in modern art when each consecutive movements is
considered a new avant-garde (new and unusual or experimental ideas).
The following art movements from the ancient time to the present are presented here.
1. Cave Painting
These are painted drawings on a cave walls or ceilings, mainly by prehistoric origin,
dated to some 40, 000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Euroasia. The exact purpose of
Paleolithic cave paintings is not known. Evidence suggests that they were merely
decorations of living areas since the caves in which they have been found do not have
signs of ongoing habitation. They are also often located in areas of caves that are not
easily accessible. Some theories hold that cave paintings may have been a way of
communicating with others, while other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose
to them. The paintings are remarkably similar around the world, with animals being
common subjects that give the most impressive images. Humans mainly appear as
images of hands, mostly hand stencils made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the
wall.
The earliest known cave paintings/drawings of animals are at least 35,000 years old
and were found in caves in the district of Maros, located in Bantimurung district, South
Sulawesi, Indonesia, according to datings announced in 2014. Previously it was believed

28
that the earliest figurative paintings were in Europe. The earliest figurative paintings in
Europe date back to the Aurignacian period, approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago,
and are found in Chauvet Cave in France, and in the Coliboaia Cave in Romania.
2. Ancient Egyptian Art

Visual arts like painting, sculpture, architecture, and other arts were produced by the
civilization of ancient Egypt in the lower Mile Valley from about 3000BC to 30AD. Ancient
Egyptian art reached a high level in painting and sculpture, and was both highly stylized
and symbolic. It was famously conservative, and Egyptian styles changed remarkably
little over more than 3000 years. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and
monuments and thus there is an emphasis on life after death and the preservation of
knowledge of the past.
Ancient Egyptian art included paintings, sculpture in wood (now rarely surviving), stone
and ceramics, drawings on papyrus, faience, jewelry, ivories, and other art media. It
displays an extraordinarily vivid representation of the ancient Egyptian’s socioeconomic
status and belief systems.
3. Greek Art
Greek art began in Cycladic and Minoan civilization and gave birth to Western
classical art in subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods (with further
developments during the Hellenistic Period). It absorbed influences of Eastern civilizations,
of Roman art and its patrons, and the new religion of Orthodox Christianity in the
Byzantine era and absorbed Italian and European ideas during the period of
Romanticism, until the Modernist and Postmodernist. Greek art is mainly five forms:
architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and jewelry making.
There are 3 scholarly division of the stages of later ancient Greek art that
correspond with historical periods of the same names. These are the:
• Archaic - a period of gradual experimentation
• Classical - witnessed the flowering of mainland Greek power and artistic
domination
• Hellinistic - opened with the death of Alexander the Great, witnessed the
creation of "Greek-style art" throughout the region, as more and more
centers/colonies of Greek culture were established in Greek-controlled lands.
The period also saw the decline and fall of Greece and the rise of Rome: in
fact, it ends with the complete Roman conquest of the entire Mediterranean
basin.
The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of
many countries from ancient times until the present, particularly in the areas of sculpture
and architecture. In the West, the art of the Roman Empire was largely derived from

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Greek models. In the East, Alexander the Great’s conquests initiated several centuries in
exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist
art, with ramifications as far as Japan. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist
aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European
artists. Pottery was either blue with black designs or black with blue designs.
4. Roman Art
The prehistoric Roman Art encompasses two periods:
• Etruscan Period (2000-1000BC) – subject matter of paintings was ancestor worship,
catacombs, and sarcophages
• Roman Period (2000BC-400AD) – art was characterized by commemorative statues,
sarcophage, frescoes, and design with vine motifs.
Art in these periods served the cult of ancestors and defied emperors. Roman art
includes architectures, painting, sculpture, and mosaic work. Luxury objects in metal-
work, gem engraving, ivory carvings, and glass are sometimes considered in modern
terms to be minor forms of Roman art although this would not necessarily have been the
case for contemporaries. Sculpture was perhaps considered the highest form of art by
Romans, but figure paintings was also very highly regarded.
Ancient pottery was not a luxury product, but a vast production of “fine wares” were
decorated in reliefs that reflected the latest taste and provided a large group in society
with stylish objects at what was evidently an affordable price. Roman coins were an
important means of propaganda and have survived in enormous numbers.
5. Chinese Painting
The traditional painting involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is
done with a brush dipped in black ink or colored pigments, oils are not used. As with
calligraphy, the most popular materials on which paintings are made are paper and silk.
The finished work can be mounted in scrolls, such as hanging scrolls or handscrolls.
Traditional painting can also be done on album sheets, walls, lacquerware, folding
screens, and other media.
The highest form of Chinese painting is the landscape painting and still generally used
today.
The time from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (907-1127) is
known as the “Great age of Chinese landscape”.
Main Techniques in Chinese Painting:
• Gongbi – means meticulous, uses highly detailed brush strokes that delimits details
very precisely, often highly colored and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects,
often practiced by artists working for royal court or in independent workshops

30
• Ink and wash painting/shui-mo(“water and ink”)/ literati painting – one of the “Four
Arts” of Chinese Scholar-official class, an art practiced by gentlemen, a distinction
that begins to be made in writings on art from the Song dynasty, this style is also
referred to as “xieyi” or freehand style.
6. Japanese Painting
The Japanese painting encompasses a wide variety of genres and styles. The long
history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese
aesthetics and the adaptation of imported ideas, mainly from Chinese painting which
was especially influential at a number of points; significant Western influence only comes
from the later 16th century onwards, beginning at the same time as Japanese art was
influencing that of the West.
Areas of subject matter includes Chinese influence, Buddhist religious painting, ink-
wash painting of landscapes, calligraphy, and painting of animals and plants, especially
birds and flowers.
7. Renaissance Art
Renaissance art emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400. Renaissance art took
as its foundation the art of classical antiquity but later transformed that tradition by
absorbing recent development in the art of northern Europe by applying contemporary
scientific knowledge.
The Renaissance is divided into 3 periods:
• Early Renaissance (13th-14th century)
o Placed emphasis on simplicity gestures and expression
o Painting depicted man and nature in fresco technique
• High Renaissance (16th century)
o Florence, Venice, and Roman painting style was the center of this period
o Da Vinci introduced the chiaroscuro (the treatment of light and shade in
drawing and painting)
o Michelangelo dramatized figures in his famous contrapuesto twists
• Mannerism Period (Late Renaissance Period)
o Classical texts became available (this include philosophy, prose, poetry,
drama, science, a thesis on the arts, and early Christian theology)
o Europe gained access to advanced mathematics
o Advent of movable type printing
o Improvement of oil and paint and developments in oil painting
8. Mannerism Art

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In this art, there are variety of approaches influenced by famous artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Raffaelo Sanzio and Michelangelo. Mannerism exaggerates such
qualities of art design often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally
elegant. The style is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial qualities.
It favors compositional tension and instability rather than balance and clarity of earlier
Renaissance painting. Mannerism in literature and music is notable for its highly florid style
and intellectual sophistication. Mannerism has been applied by analogy to the Silver Age
of Latin Literature.
9. Baroque Art
This art flourished in the early 17th century up to late 18th century. Paintings in the
Baroque period are ornate and fantastic. They appeal to the emotion, are sensual and
highly decorative. They make use of light and shadow to produce dramatic effects. The
painting shows figures in diagonal, twists and zigzags.
Baroque sculpture started in the 17th century. It depicted the beauty of art and
stressed on the expression of emotion.
Rembrandt, Diego Velasquez, Peter Paul Rubens and many others were some of the
famous painters of this period. The works of Gian Lorenzo Bermini and the La Piedad of
Gregorio Fernandez were respresentatives of Baroque sculpture.
10. Rococo Art

Rococo started in the 18th century in France during the reign if King Louis XV. This art
quickly spread to other parts of Europe particularly Bavaria, Austria, Germany, and Russia.
Rococo painting placed emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimidate
presentation of farm and country. The Rococo art technique made use of soft pastel
colors, rendering the landscape smoking and hazy with the subject always in the center
of the canvas.
Famous Rococo painters were Jean Antoine Watteau, Jean Honore Fragonard,
William Hogarth and many other more.
Rococo architects took a different approach from a lavishly decorated architecture
which appeared in Rome and Spain. The exteriors were simple while the interiors are
entirely dominated by their ornament. The style was highly theatrical, floor plans of
churches were often complex, in palaces, grand stairways became centerpieces, and
offered different points of view of the decoration.
11. Neo-Classicism Art

This art movement started in Rome in the mid18th century. Neoclassicim was
considered the “highest rank given to Western movements in decorative and visual arts,
literature, theater, music and architecture.

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Neoclassical architecture is based on the principle of simplicity and symmetry.
12. Neo-impression
This art movement was coined by a French art critic Félix Fénéon in 1886 when he
described the art movement founded by George Seurat. This period gave emphasis on
science-based interpretation of urban and rural scenes.
13. Impressionism
The impressionistic art during the 19th century was characterized by relatively small,
than and yet visible brush strokes, open composition, as well as emphasis on accurate
depiction of light in its changing qualities of ordinary subject matter.
See Module 01 p.6 for additional details
14. Post-impressionism
Post impressionism encompasses a wide range of stylistic variations focused on
abstract form and pattern when paint is applied to the canvas surface. Structure, order,
and optical effects of color dominated the post impressionist’s aesthetic vision. This
movement also depicts art in bright colors, images were often distorted disregarding the
natural colors.
15. Art Noveau

Art Noveau or New Art is an innovative style of modern art that become popular
sometime in 1890 to 1914. This kind of art movement was very useful in architecture,
applied arts and decorative arts.
Its typical decorative flat patterns mostly curvaceous in shape is in line with its philosophy
of applying artistic design to everyday objects as part of the everyday life. These artistic
designs were especially depicted on birds, flowers, insects, hair, and curvaceous bodies
of beautiful women – an indication of making beautiful things in environment available to
everyone.
16. Fauvism
Fauvism was the first important art movement in 1900s. The fauves did not attempt to
express ethical, philosophical or psychological themes. Most of these artists tried to paint
pictures of comfort, joy, and pleasure. They used extremely bright colors. To fauve, for
example, a tree trunk need not to be brown. It could be bright red, purple, or any vibrant
color.

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17. Expressionism
Expressionism was introduced in Germany during the first decade of the 20th century/
it has casts its influence on European artists from 1910 up to the present. It also has
seemed to have influenced the playwrights in English and Filipino in the Philippines.
As can be seen on the work of Amelia Lapeña Bonifacio “Sepang Loca” (1958). The
exponents of expressionism believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in age
that was becoming influenced by materialism. Paul Dumal’s “Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio”
(1969) and Reuel Aguila’s “Mapait sa Bao” are plays which depicted the idea of rebirth
of the individual as possible only within the context of the transformation of the entire
society.
The emotional expressions can be described as involving pathos, morbidity, violence,
or chaos, and tragedy. It also sometimes portray defeat.
See Module 01 p.8-9 for additional details
18. Cubism
It takes the abstract form through the use of cone, cylinder, or sphere at the expense
of other pictorial elements. Cubists want to show form in their basic geometrical shapes.
Paul Cezanne’s works played an important role in the development of cubism. It was
further developed by Georges Braque of France and Pablo Picasso of Spain.
19. Futurism
Futurism developed in Italy about the same time cubism appeared in France. Futurist
painters wanted their work to capture the speed and force of modern industrial society.
Their paintings glorified the mechanical energy of modern life. Subjects included
automobiles, motorcycles, and railroad trains – subject that express the explosive vitality
of a modern city.
20. Abstractionism
Abstract means “to move away or separate”. Abstract arts moves away from
showing things as they really are. The painters or artists paints the picture not as it really
looks. The picture are not just lifelike, it is rendered not realistic.
In the field of sculpture, artists also began doing abstract sculpture. They felt that the
texture and shape of a sculpture were more important than the exact form. Constantin
Brancusi’s “bird in Space” is an example. Brancusi was so impressed by the grace of a
bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as it flew on air, that he represented those qualities
in his sculptural work. His work does not look like a bird for it is supposed to convey an
impression of a bird’s grace and speed.

34
Art subjects can be represented through the following:

• Distortion – manifested when the subject is misshapen condition or the
regular shape is twisted
• Elongation – lengthening of a subject (protraction or extension)
• Mangling – show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, or
hacked with repeated blows.
See Module 01 p.11for additional details
21. Dadaism
Dadaism is a protest movement in the arts performed by a group of artists and poets
in Switzerland. The Dadaist reacted to what they believed were utworn traditions in art
and the evils they saw in society. They tried to shock and provoke the public with
outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals, and art exhibitions. Much dadaic art was
playful and highly experimental. The name “dada” is a French word meaning “hobby
horse” was deliberately chosen because it was nonsense. The best known Dadaist was
the French artist Marcel Duchamp.
22. Surrealism
Like Dadaism, from which it arose, Surrealism uses art as weapon against the evil
restrictions that surrealists see in society. Unlike Dadaism, it tries to reveal a new and higher
reality than that of daily life. Surrealism is an invented word meaning “super realism”. The
movement was influenced by the Freudian psychology which emphasizes activities of the
subconscious state of mind.
The surrealist claim to create forms and images not primarily by reason, but by
thinking unthinking impulse and blind feeling or even accident.
See Module 01 p.10-11 for additional details
23. Constructivism
Constructivism started as early as the 20th century in Russia. As an art, this is applied in
the construction of social evils existing in the present society. It is contrasted with
surrealism. Constructivism emphasizes the reconstruction of the evils of what society has
done to man.
24. De Still or Neoplasticism

The Dutch term for De Still is “The Style”. This Dutch movement was founded in 1917 in
Netherlands. Proponents of De Still advocated pure abstraction and universality by a
reduction to the essentials of form and color; they simplified visual compositions to vertical
and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors.

35
25. Abstract Expressionism

This is a style of abstract painting that originated in New York after World War II and
gained an international vogue. It has close antecedents in European art, whose work was
characterized by great verve, the use of large canvasses, and a deliberate lack of
refinement in the application of the paint. Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush
strokes, and rough textures are other typical characteristics. Abstract expressionism
departs completely from the subject matter, from studied precision, and from any kind of
preconceived design. Jackson Pollock was one of the abstract expressionism painters of
the New York School.
26. Optical Art

Optical Art is op art for short. This is a style of visual art that emphasize the use of
optical illusions. Op art works are abstract, with many better known pieces created in
black and white. Typically, they give the viewer the impression of movement, hidden
images, flashing and vibrating patterns, or swelling or warping.
27. Pop Art

It started in Britain and the United States during the mid-to-late 1950’s. The movement
presented a challenge to tradition of fine art by including imagery from popular mass
culture, such as advertising, comic books, and mundane cultural objects. One of its aim is
to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or
kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony. In pop art, material is
sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with unrelated
material.
28. Post-minimalism
This art movement emerged in the late 1970s that employs a variety of arts such as
body art, process art, conceptual arts, and performance arts. The post minimalist artists
use materials that are unprocessed, uncomposed, and sagged instead of using industrial
and fabricated materials to achieve the desired purpose. The most important art was
“Untitled” produced by Eva Hesse, in 1970.
29. Conceptual Art

Some works by conceptual art, sometimes called installations, may be constructed
by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions. This method was fundamental
to American artist Sol LeWitt’s definition of Conceptual Art, one of the first to appear in
print.

36
In conceptual art, the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work.
When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and
decisions are made beforehand and the execution is perfunctory affair. The idea
becomes a machine that makes the art.
30. Photorealism
Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other
graphic media, in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce
the image as realistically as possible in another medium. Although the term can be used
broadly to describe artworks in many different media, it is also used to refer specifically to
a group of paintings and painters of the American art movement that began in the late
1960s and early 1970s.
31. Installation Art

It is a form of conceptual art whereby objects or materials are configured or
arranged in a room or spaces to present a message to the viewer. The objects configured
may have an impact on the viewer since the viewers are allowed to experience the
craftsmanship of the artist. The installation of the objects may only be temporary unless
they are photographed or documented to be presented as evidence of an artwork.
Some of the installation arts were the following:
• “still life” line drawings of clustered objects made from adhesive tapes by
Michael Craig-Martin
• “Earth Rooms of Walter de Maria”, a room filled with sump oil viewed from a
foot bridge by Richard Willson
Critics of this art form stressed that installation art has low instrinsic value because
their real value is the artistic effect the artist produce.
32. Body Art

Body art is a form of body painting, using the body as canvas or artwork employing
color pigments for cultural motives. Face painting, body painting, and tattoo art are
forms of body art that dates back from pre-historic times. These art forms during the early
times were employed to identify prominent personalities like tribal chiefs. Modern body art
is utilized as a cosmetic make-up as shown in stage plays, television programs, in circuses
and movie characters.
Other types of body arts include:
• mine and living statues
• nail
• human nude-scope photography

37
Among the well-known body artists were Chris Burden, Gina Pane, Benjamin Vantier
and many other more.
33. Land Art

Land art is known also as “Earthworks”, “Earth Art”, or “Landscape Art” that started in
America in the 1960s by developing man’s awareness of his relationship with his
environment through “thought-provoking construction” of art works that uses materials
such as stones, rocks, clay to create artistic imagery. The purpose of this artwork is to
touch the sensibilities of man towards the environment.
The most celebrated piece of earth art is Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty of 1970. In the
completion of this earth sculpture, Smithson had to rearrange rock, soil and algae to form
a long (1500 feet) spiral-shaped jetty jutting out into the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Another
famous earthwork - probably the largest ever attempted - was James Turrell's project to
re-sculpt the earth around the Roden Crater volcano in Arizona. Other famous projects
include Christo Javacheff and Jeanne-Claude's encirclement of eleven Florida islands in
pink polypropylene fabric in 1980-3, and their 1997-8 installation at the Fondation Beyeler
and Berower Park in Basel, Switzerland, during which 180 trees were wrapped in woven
polyester fabric. Alan Sonfist's Time Garden in New York is another work of note.
34. Performance Art

Performance art is an art form that emerged in the 1970s in America. This art is
expressed in many forms such as dance, music, video, drama, painting, and film. The artists
performs or expresses his art before a live audience. The performance artist may likewise
incorporate in his performance such mediums as music and dance, recitation, music,
fashion, juggling and tumbling as a small-scale event or massive performance spectacle.
Performances can be held anywhere such as in cafes, bars, museums, square, auditorium,
even on streets before a large live audience.
Application:
What is the significance of an art movement to an artist and to you as a student? (Write your
response in at least 5 sentences). Use the rubric as a guide when writing your answer.

38

task.
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There is no definite and specific criterion that determine what constitutes a true art
movement. The reason is that artists differ in their expression of art as well as their use of
techniques and medium in creating artworks. Nevertheless, those artists who share and use
almost similar techniques and artistic styles and approaches in producing artworks may be
grouped as belonging to a certain art movement. Some art movements emerged became
prominent in the 19th century while others in the 20th and 21st century, as such, they are
classified art movements in the classical, modern, and contemporary period. Some of the
19th and 20th century arts, continue to exist today probably because of their influence and
impact on people’s lives as well as their importance to a new world of digital technology.

39
Assessment:
Identify which art movement is being described.
________________________1. Highly ornate and extravagant style of art
________________________2. Based on simplicity and symmetry in art
________________________3. Emphasis on human body
________________________4. Reproduce the image realistically as possible
________________________5. Extremely bright color art works
________________________6. Accurate depiction of light in the ordinary subject matter
________________________7. Graceful style in art
________________________8. Science-based interpretation of rural and urban scenes
________________________9. Spiritual rebirth in a materialistic age
________________________10. Most highly refined visual arts
________________________11. Parietal art
________________________12. Art is weapon against evil and restrictions in society
________________________13. Texture and shapes are more important than real-life objects
________________________14. Emphasis on modern society
________________________15. Uses images of popular culture, as opposed to elitism
________________________16. Uses optical illusion created in black and white
________________________17. Artists use unprocessed materials
________________________18. Materials are configured to present message to viewer
________________________19. Emphasis on earth material
________________________20. Uses of bodies and voices to convey artistic expression
________________________21. Characterized by large canvasses and strong color
________________________22. Emphasis is pure abstraction using only black, white and primary
colors
________________________23. Emphasis in the use of geometrical shapes
________________________24. Art is playful and highly experimental
________________________25. Emphasis on natural forms and structure
Assuming that you are an artist and a time traveler, which period of time or art movement
would you choose to go to? Why? Write your response in atleast 5 sentences. Use the rubric
as a guide when writing your answer.

40

task.
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Art Encyclopedia Retrieved from http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/index.htm
Ariola, Mariano M. 2018. Art Appreciation. Library Services & Publishing Inc., Intramuros,
Manila

ART APPRECIATION
Learning Module No. 03 Learning Module No. 01#

STUDENT
Name:
Student Number:
Program:
Section:
Home Address:
Email Address:
Contact Number:
PROFESSOR
Name:
Email Address:
Contact Number:

IV. Module Title Art Making, Traditional and Modern Philippine Arts and The
New Art Forms
V. Overview of the Module This module will discuss the concept of soul-making, develop
students’ artistic potentials through soul-making and
enhance students’ sensitivity and awareness toward their
environment. This module will also help students develop
ability in manipulating the elements in art and have
knowledge on traditional crafts.
This module will also discuss different new forms of arts and
techniques used by artists from the early ages to the present
times. Alongside that, fashion of arts and styles of design will
be tackled. Different interpretations of a work of art and how
we describe each piece will also be discussed. From ancient
civilization to the style that artists are showing nowadays.
Different forms of Philippine art will also be highlighted in this
module.

meaning to it;
and mediums; and
lesson using the schedule provided, you must
understand that it is your full responsibility to complete
them by the last day of completion. Time is of the
essence.
2. The module is designed to assess student
understanding of the assigned lessons found within the
associated content of the midterm and final period of
the course. The assessment part of the module is
composed of varied types of questions. You may see
true/false, traditional multiple choice, matching,
multiple answer, completion, and/or essay. Pay
attention to the answer to the assessment questions as
you move through each lesson. After each module
you will be given a summative test. Your responses to
the assessment parts of the module will be checked
and recorded.
reference the answers to the questions within the
content modules, we will not release the answers
within modules. However, your professors are happy to
discuss the assessments with you during their
consultation time, should you have any questions.
Good luck!

1
Lesson 8: Soul Making

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Discuss the concept of soul-making;
• Develop students’ artistic potentials by providing different avenues where they can
venture in different art forms ; and
• Enhance students’ sensitivity and awareness toward their environment by teaching
them critiquing skills
• Extend to the immediate community the students' art works as a form of service
learning (e.g., recyclable materials).
Getting Started
How do you use creativity to feed your soul and create meaning in your life?
Due to busyness we fail to slow down and tend to our souls by looking inward and
unearthing layers of who we are. With our souls crowded, we just go through the motions
and rush to meet the present demands while neglecting to deal with our wounds, worries
and past issues. We wonder why we are stressed, insecure and depressed. When we fail to
appreciate who we are and deal with our issues, we rearrange ourselves so others will like us
and base our identities on circumstances, people, achievements and even failures.
One of the ways we can search and know ourselves is through soul making. It is the process
of discovering who we are through our experiences, desires, and the way we see the world.S
by ingThink aout this: coursusthe real meaning of our life“”yourthe of your are justWhat
triggers soul lossor connectingcan help youyou may beyouryou areyoucan youryou
Discussion:
Soul making is connecting to our deepest nature. It is communicating deeply with the inner
realm, being fully awake and aware by flooding our consciousness with eternal images. It is
the theory that evil has to exist so that humans can develop their souls by living and
becoming good, moral people. It gives humans a chance to learn from suffering and
develop moral virtues.

2
Soul-making is about recognizing the limits of the self (and therefore the imperative of
connection and collective responses) and the uniqueness carried in each of us. It is about
both belonging and freedom: a belonging that goes beyond family, community, culture,
tribe and nation, and a freedom that recognizes our responsibility to all these layers of
human community and to the natural world from which we evolved.
Soul making is not about happiness or spiritual enlightenment; it is about our deepening
connection with the world is a number of dimensions. However we can feel happy and
enlightened as a result of practices we undertake: Happiness is always a bi-product of our
wholehearted engagement, and enlightenment can emerge from practices that open us
up to the deeper phenomenology and mystery of the world, and to the higher potentials
contained within each of us in the ‘acorn’ James Hillman so beautifully described for us.
The term soul-making is a metaphor. The word 'metaphor' is comprised of two Greek words -
Meta - above and Phero - to carry. So a metaphor is an image or phrase that carries the
reader above the literal sensory real.
Like myth, metaphor enlists the truth of imagination over the truth of literalism. When Bruce
Springsteen sings, "Ohhh, ohhh, ohh, I'm on fire", he is in the realm of metaphor, as opposed
to Michael Jackson's Pepsi commercial when he spoke literally, "Ahhhhh, I'm on fire!" I’m into
the realm of invisible imagination.
Soul-making is a metaphorical term. Therefore, the term will never be adequate for those
logical positivists or rationalistic materialists, like Richard Dawkins of The God Delusion, who
exclude all non-material or 'non-sensical' words. One has to wonder what they write in their
Valentine’s Day cards; perhaps, "Dear Valentine. I am experiencing unusual levels of
oxytocin and seratonin in my neuro-chemical synaptic connections when I'm around you."
Soul making can be performed by crafting images, stories, poetry and interests for
performance.
Crafting images refers to imaging or representing in any form which may be through painting
sculpting drawing storytelling poetry dancing composing or taking notes. It’s just like
weaving quilting or doing crochet quilting or doing crochet it is not creating works out of
nothing if this Rooter in their own personal experience is our personal and counters and
events the triggered are reflection recall and judgment.
Crafting stories are the moment we write, engrave and inscribe our own thoughts, ideas,
commentaries, criticisms, and positive and negative emotions.

3
There are seven (7) steps to craft a story for a promising story ideas.
1. Craft you premise
Your story should answer the following questions:
a. Who is the protagonist?
b. What is the situation?
c. What is the protagonist’s objective?
d. Who is the opponent?
e. What will be the disaster? Conflict?
2. Roughly sketch scene ideas
Write a list of everything you already know about your story.
3. Interview your characters
To be able to craft a cast of characters that can help your plot reach its utmost
potential you’ll need to discover crucial details about them, not necessarily at the
beginning of their lives but at the beginning of the story.
4. Explore your settings
Dig a little deeper to find a setting better suited to your plot, theme, and characters.
5. Write your complete outline
Work with a comprehensive outline.
6. Condense your outline
Weed out extraneous thoughts and summarize the entire outline into a scannable list
for easier reference.
7. Put your outline into action
Poetry making is soul making. The word 'making' in 'soul-making' comes out of the Greek
word poieo which means 'to be the author or maker of something'. Our English
words poet, poem and poetry come from this word. The reason for that term, for example
rather than soul-builder or soul-grower, is that the emphasis is on creative, intelligent
authorship. The making is not done by impersonal processes, but by Intelligent Forces. So
then, soul-making is really psycho-poeisis or soul poetry.
The poetic aspect is critical to understanding soul-making. The Universe is not a lifeless
debris field resulting from the Big Bang, but a living organism. To our Hubble telescope
and rocket propelled space surveyors, the Cosmos may appear to be a stark and barren
graveyard; but so do blood cells and brain neurons when isolated under a microscope.
Unless we knew that the flowing lava-like stream of oddly shaped blood cells and the
electro-chemically firing brain synapses were tiny elements of a larger living organism,
they wouldn't appear to be alive. The Universe contains Intelligences beyond our current

4
scopes and research methods. Some Quantum physicists are hypothesizing in that
direction, but we have yet to 'prove' it with instruments.
The Universe is animated, or a Living Soul (Psyche). Humans exist in this Psyche. Human
beings don't contain souls any more than a fish contains sea water. Like fish in the sea, we
swim in the Sea of Psyche. Psyche is comprised of many brilliant aspects - ranging from
numbers and geometric shapes, to qualities like Life and Death, Chaos and Order. We
don't question that numbers were here before we arrived; why would it be so shocking to
discover that Qualities were here as well. These are archetypes or the original qualities
which are universally recognized by all human beings.
We are co-creators in the soul-making process. We choose the words and the Words
choose us. If you have seen magnetic poetry on refrigerator doors, you have a good
illustration of soul-making. The refrigerator is like the Universe, the magnetic Words are the
archetypal or original energies. When you make a refrigerator poem, certain words jump
out, form phrases and then you make a poem. It may be silly or sublime, but it is an
interaction between you and the words. If you are observant, you will see that the Words
chose you. Our human desire for poetry comes from the Higher Realms, not vice versa;
we write and read poetry because we are poetry.
The eternal Words are infinite, interactive symbiotic energies. Our human word and artistic
symbols carry them from the heavenly realms into the arena of soul-making. Anyone who
has done any kind of art knows the fascinating interaction that goes on as you dance
with your creative medium, whether it be clay, paints, ink, paper, musical notes, cloth,
wood or drafting tools. The Greeks called the mysterious process of inspiration (in-spiriting)
the work of Muses. Have you ever wondered why the final product took the form it did?
There were Forces choosing you as you chose them.
The Seven (7) Leonardo da Vinci Principles

Leonardo da Vinci was the ultimate Renaissance man: an
accomplished scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor,
anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, and writer. As a
leader, an entrepreneur, a boss, we can learn a lot from the
Principles of Leonardo Da Vinci:
1-Curiosita (curiosity) – You need an insatiable curiosity for life.
Leonado Da Vinci,
via https://www.britannica.com/list/
10-famous-artworks-by-leonardo-da-vinci

5
2- Great minds have one characteristic in common: they continuously ask questions
throughout their lives.
2-Dimostrazione (knowledge) – A commitment to test knowledge through experience.
Wisdom comes from experience and the principle of Dimostrazione helps you get the most
out of your experience
3-Sensazione (improvement) – The continual refinement of the senses, especially sight, as the
means to clarify experience. According to Da Vinci, we can best practice Dimostrazione
through our senses, particularly sight.
4-Sfumato (willingness) - A willingness to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty. An
essential characteristic of Da Vinci’s genius is his ability to handle a sense of mystery.
5-Arte/Scienza (balance) – The development of the balance between science and art, logic
and imagination (“whole-brain thinking”).The development of the balance between science
and art, logic and imagination”. This is thinking with the “whole brain”.
6-Corporalita (grace) - The cultivation of ambidexterity, fitness, and poise. Corporalità is “the
cultivation of grace, ambidexterity, fitness, and poise”. Leonardo had amazing physical
ability that complemented his genius in science and arts.
7-Connessione (system) – A recognition and appreciation for the connectedness of all things
and phenomena; “systems thinking.” In other words, is systems thinking. One main source of
Leonardo’s creativity is his ability to form new patterns through connections and
combinations of different elements.
Application:
Craft your own image, story, poetry or interest for performances. Follow the steps in crafting
an image, story poetry or interest for performances discussed in this module. Submit your
output together with the other assessment parts and activities. The output will be assessed
based on the rubric in the preceding page.

6

Soul-making is not an empirical science; interestingly, many scientists working at the level of
quantum reality are wondering whether there is such a thing as empirical, objective science.
I don't know enough about what they are calling the 'uncertainty Principle', except to
repeat what I have read - that at the subatomic levels, the elements seem to be influenced
by the observer.
Soul-making is beyond definition. I repeat what the Greek philosopher Heraclitus said, "You
could not discover the limits of soul, even if you traveled by every path in order to do so;
such is the depth of its meaning."
We live in an Intelligent Universe - some form of mysterious intelligence encompasses the

seemingly random chaos and resultant order, an order that is beyond our assumed
understanding of 'order'. This Universe is suffused with Poetic Words or Living Energies that are
part of the soul-making process. Each of us is a unique poem, gradually being weaved
together into a larger poetic whole/soul. Every incident and event is part of that epic poem.
While there may be tragedies and betrayals, troubles and failures, successes and victories -

7
there are no useless words in your poem; and most of it goes on at levels we cannot see or
understand. In that sense, we must trust the Author(s).
In Philip Pullman's, The Golden Compass, The Master says to Lyra, "The powers of this world
are very strong. Men and women are moved by tides much fiercer than you can imagine,
and they sweep us all up into the current. Go well, Lyra; bless you child, bless you. Keep your
own counsel."
Assessment:
I. Word Bank
Define the following terms according to your understanding (2 points each). The
output will be assessed based on the rubric below.
1. Soul making
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

8
2. Curiosita
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. Sensazione
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. Corporalita
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. Connessione
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
II. Shape Up Your Mind.
Answer the following questions briefly but substantially (2 points each). The output
will be assessed based on the rubric below.

9
1. How do we develop student’s artistic potentials through soul making?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Describe briefly on how to craft the following:

a. Crafting images
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
b. Crafting stories
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
c. Poetry making
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

10
Write an essay on a pad paper consisting of 150 – 300 words. The topic is: I AM A
SOULMAKER. Your essay will be graded based on the rubric below. Consequently, use the
rubric as a guide when writing your essay and check it again before you submit your essay.
Don’t forget to submit your output together with other assessment parts and activities.

11
Suggested Links (Optional):

Soulmaking and Framework for Genius
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9tu3p2Sii4&t=29s
Soul Making
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KkpCfg48f4
Manila
Solmerano, Thaddeus M. 2019. Art Appreciation. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong
City

12
Lesson 9: Motifs and Symbols

Lesson Objectives:
• Analyze how line was interpreted and utilized in traditional crafts;
• Develop students’ ability in manipulating the elements of art; and
• Document changes and the shifting environment such as terrain, texture, sound
through fusion of various elements of art.
Getting Started
Can you identify the pictures above? What are those pictures? How do you think these are
connected/related with our lesson?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

13
Discussion:
Arts in the Philippines refer to the art works that have developed and accumulated in the
Philippines from the beginning of civilization in the country up to the present time.
Arts in the Philippines are classified into traditional arts, arts in Muslim Mindanao or the Islamic
Arts and arts in the Cordillera region. These arts reflect the societies wide range of cultural
influence in the country’s culture and how they honed the country’s arts.

14
GAMABA
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) or also known as National Living Treasure
Award is the search for the finest traditional artists of the land. As envisioned under R.A. 7355,
“Manlilikha ng Bayan” shall mean a citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino
whose distinctive skills have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence
and have been passed on to and widely practiced by the present generation in his/her
community with the same degree of technical and artistic competence.
First awarded in 1993 to three outstanding artists in music and poetry, the Gawad sa
Manlilikha ng Bayan has its roots in the 1988 National Folk Artists Award organized by the
Rotary Club of Makati-Ayala. As a group, these folk and traditional artists reflect the diverse
heritage and cultural traditions that transcend their beginnings to become part of our
national character. As Filipinos, they bring age-old customs, crafts and ways of living to the

15
attention and appreciation of Filipino life. They provide us with a vision of ourselves and of
our nation, a vision we might be able to realize someday, once we are given the opportunity
to be true to ourselves as these artists have remained truthful to their art.
As envisioned under R.A. 7355, “Manlilikha ng Bayan” shall mean a citizen engaged in any
traditional art uniquely Filipino whose distinctive skills have reached such a high level of
technical and artistic excellence and have been passed on to and widely practiced by the
present generation in his/her community with the same degree of technical and artistic
competence.
HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN?
To become a Manlilikha ng Bayan, an individual or group candidate must:
1.
a. Possess a mastery of tools and materials needed for the traditional, folk art and
be a maker of works of extraordinary technical quality;
b. Have consistently produced works of superior quality over significant period;
c. Have engaged in a traditional and folk art which has been in existence and
documented for at least fifty (50) years;
d. Command respect and inspire admiration of the country with his character and
integrity;
e. Must have transferred and/or willing to transfer to other members of the
community the skills in the traditional and folk arts for which the community has
become nationally known.
f. However, a candidate who, due to age or infirmity, has left him/her/them
incapable of teaching further his/her/their craft, may still be recognized
provided that he/she/they must possess the qualifications as enumerated
above.
GAMABA Awardees
• Ginaw Bilog (d. 2003), artist and poet, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro Poetry (Ambahan),
1993[3]
• Masino Intaray (d. 2013), musician and epic chanter, Brooke's Point, Palawan, Poetry
(Kulilal and Bagit)Music (Basal / Gong), 1993[4]

16
• Samaon Sulaiman (d. 2011), musician, Mamasapano, Maguindanao Music (Kutyapi),

1993[5]
• Lang Dulay, (d. 2015) textile weaver, Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Weaving (T’nalak),
1998[6]
• Salinta Monon (d. 2009), weaver, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, Weaving (Abaca – ikat /
Inabal), 1998[7]
• Alonzo Saclag, musician and dancer, Lubuagan, Kalinga, Music and Dance (Kalinga),
2000[8]
• Federico Caballero, epic chanter, Sulod- Bukidnon, Iloilo, Poetry and Epic Chant
(Sugidanon), 2000[9]
• Uwang Ahadas, musician, Lamitan, Basilan, Music (Yakan specifically Kulintang,
kwitangan kayu, gabbang, agung, and tuntungan), 2000[10]
• Darhata Sawabi, (d. 2005), weaver, Parang, Sulu, Weaving (Pis Syabit), 2004[11]
• Eduardo Mutuc, metalsmith / metal sculptor, Apalit, Pampanga, Metalwork (Bronze
and Silver), 2004[12]
• Haja Amina Appi (d. 2013), weaver, Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi, Weaving (Mat), 2004[13]
• Teofilo Garcia, casque maker, San Quintin, Abra, Casque Making (Tabungaw),
2012[14]
• Magdalena Gamayo, master weaver, Pinili, Ilocos Norte, Weaving (Inabel), 2012[15]
• Ambalang Ausalin, master weaver, Lamitan, Basilan, Weaving (Yakan tennun),
2016[16]
• Estelita Tumandan Bantilan, master weaver, Malapatan, Sarangani, Weaving (B'laan
igem), 2016[17]
• Yabing Masalon Dulo, master weaver, Polomolok, South Cotabato, Weaving (Ikat),
2016[18]
The National Artist

The Order of National Artists is the highest recognition given to Filipinos who have contributed
significantly to the status of Philippine arts, such as music, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast
arts, theater, dance, architecture, design, and allied arts. The recognition is sparsely given to
artists, with awards sometimes taking place years apart.
Since its inception in 1972, only 73 individuals have been conferred this highest honor of
becoming a National Artist of the Philippines. Of that number, 26 were awarded
posthumously, including the first National Artist, Fernando Amorsolo.
Originally, the recognition was called National Artists Award, until it was elevated in 2003 by
then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to the rank of Order. The Order is conferred to

17
individuals by the National Commission for the Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP) at a ceremony in Malacañang Palace.
The Roster of National Artists
• Music
o Levi Celério
o Ernani Joson Cuenco
o Felipe Padilla de León
o Francisco Feliciano
o Lucrecia R. Kasilag
o José Maceda
o Antonio J. Molina
o Lucio D. San Pedro
o Ramón Santos
o Andrea O. Veneración
o Antonio R. Buenaventura
o Jovita Fuentes
o Ryan Cayabyab
• Dance
o Francisca Reyes Aquino
o Amelia Lapeña Bonifacio
o Leonor Orosa-Goquingco
o Ramón Obusan
o Alice Reyes
o Lucrecia Reyes Úrtula
• Theater
o Daisy Avellana
o Honorata "Atang" de la Rama
o Rolando S. Tínio
o Salvador F. Bernál (Set Design)
o Lamberto V. Avellana
o Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
o Severino Montano
o Amelia Lapena Bonifacio

18
• Architecture, Design, and Allied Arts

o Pablo Antonio (Architecture)
o Juan Nakpíl (Architecture)
o Leandro V. Locsín (Architecture)
o Francisco Mañosa (Architecture)
o I. P. Santos (Architecture)
o Ramón Valera (Fashion Design)
o José María Zaragoza (Architecture)
• Historical Literature
o Carlos Quirino
• Visual Arts
o Napoleón V. Abueva (Sculpture)
o Larry Alcala (Comics)
o Fernando C. Amorsolo (Painting)
o Benedicto "BenCab" Reyes Cabrera (Painting)
o Francisco Coching (Comics)
o Victorio C. Edades (Painting)
o Carlos "Botong" V. Francisco (Painting)
o Abdulmari Asia Imao (Sculpture)
o José T. Joya (Painting)
o Ang Kiukok (Painting)
o César Legaspi (Painting)
o Arturo R. Luz (Painting)
o Vicente S. Manansala (Painting)
o J. Navarro Elizalde (Painting)
o Hernándo R. Ocampo (Painting)
o Guillermo E. Tolentino (Sculpture)
o Federico Aguilar Alcuáz (Painting, Sculpture, and Mixed Media)
• Literature
o Francisco Arcellana
o Virgilio S. Almario
o Cirilo F. Bautista
o N. V. M. Gonzalez

19
o Amado V. Hernández
o Nick Joaquín
o F. Sioníl José
o Bienvenido Lumbera
o Resil Mojares
o Alejándro R. Roces
o Carlos P. Rómulo
o Edith L. Tiempo
o José García Villa
o Lázaro Francisco
• Film and Broadcast Arts

o Lino Brocka
o Ishmael Bernál
o Gerardo de León
o Eddie S. Romero
o Fernando Poe Jr.
o Manuel Conde
o Kidlat Tahimik
Traditional Motifs
Traditional motifs are used by folklorist in analyzing, interpreting, and describing the
traditional elements found in the lore of a particular folk groups and compose the folklore of
the various regions and cultures of the world based on the motif patterns.
In other words, the folklorist identifies motifs in folklore to be able to interpret where, how, and
why these motifs are used so that they can understand the values, customs and ways of life
unique cultures.
The meaning in cultural anthropology encompasses the use of motifs in the areas of music,
literary criticism, visual arts, and textile arts that create recognizable patterns in folk-art
traditions.
According to Dr. Margaret Read Macdonald. Motif refers to the recognizable and
consistently repeated story elements (examples are common characters, objects, actions,
and events) that are used in the traditional plot structures or tale-type of many stories and
folktale.

20
Traditional Crafts
Traditional craft as defined by the Traditional Industry Law should meet the following five
requirements.
A traditional craft should be:
1. Used mainly in everyday life
"Everyday life" is taken as a broad meaning. For example, ceremonial occasions (e.g.,
wedding and funeral) and seasonal festivals that a person experiences only occasionally in
one year or in one's whole life are considered to be part of "everyday life" if they are closely
connected to Japanese life-style and carried out in ordinary Japanese families.
In addition to this, stone lanterns for gardens, dolls, and ornaments are included because
they bring peace and some flavor to the family.
2. Manufactured mainly by hand
Original features and manual labor of a traditional craft are inseparable from each other. If
the manual labor of a traditional craft is carried by machine processes even while preserving
a traditional technique, it has no meaning because the original features of the craft will be
lost.
Therefore, the main processes of a traditional craft must be done manually.
3. Manufactured by using a traditional technique or skill
Here, the term "traditional" is defined as continuing more than a hundred years.
Even if the initial technique or skill from a hundred years ago has not been kept perfectly the
same but there has been any improvement or development, it is considered "traditional" as
long as features peculiar to the craft products are kept unchanged.
4. Made from traditional materials
Similarly to technique and skill, materials are also very significant for features of a craft
product. The term "traditional" used here also means a history of more than a hundred years.

21
In addition, main materials should be natural substances. Since some materials do not exist
anymore or are difficult to obtain these days, other materials are permitted for use in
exceptional cases as long as they do not alter the unique characteristics of the product.
5. Manufactured in a certain area with a certain number of manufacturers
A certain number of workers (more than ten businesses or more than 30 workers) should be
engaged in the industry in a designated area. Namely, a traditional craft needs a certain
scale in manufacture and an established manufacturing area.
Traditional crafts consist of the following:
• Handicrafts
• Weaving
• Embroidery
• Woodcarving
• Musical instrument making
• Earthenware tiles making
• Glasswork
• Stonework
Handicrafts is the main sector of traditional crafts. These are types of work where useful
and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using simple tools.
Handicrafts have been existing in pre-historic times. These traditional crafts have cultural
and/or religious significance. The first examples were man’s necessities such as for
protection or coverings. Items made by mass production or machines are not considered
handicraft goods. But handicraft goods made with craft production process are
considered handicrafts.
Handicrafts were later improved and adapted according to environmental conditions
and accepted as an art that reflects artistic sense, feelings, and cultural characteristics of
society.
Weaving is another art form of traditional crafts. Materials used in weaving consist of
wool, mohair, cotton, bristles, and silk. It can be done with all kinds of cloth. Its products

22
include plait, carpets, rugs, and felt obtained by spinning thread, connecting the fibers
together or by other materials.
The Ilocos region, particularly the Ilocos provinces are very well known in the traditional
weaving industry. Weaving as a handicraft has been practiced for many years in the
Philippines and considered primarily as a means of earning a livelihood.
Embroidery is the craft of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to
apply thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such
as pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. In modern days, embroidery is usually seen on caps,
hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, dresses, stockings, and golf shirts. Embroidery is
available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color.
Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand or
a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in
a wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object. The
phrase may also refer to the finished product, from individual sculptures to hand-worked
moldings composing part of a tracery.
The making of sculpture in wood has been extremely widely practiced, but survives much
less well than the other main materials such as stone and bronze, as it is vulnerable to
decay, insect damage, and fire. It therefore forms an important hidden element in the art
history of many cultures.[1] Outdoor wood sculptures do not last long in most parts of the
world, so it is still unknown how the totem pole tradition developed. Many of the most
important sculptures of China and Japan, in particular, are in wood, and so are the great
majority of African sculpture and that of Oceania and other regions. Wood is light and
can take very fine detail so it is highly suitable for masks and other sculpture intended to
be worn or carried. It is also much easier to work on than stone.
Making musical instruments is a traditional craft that existed for many long years. The
materials used for making musical instruments came from trees, plants, ski, bones, and
animal horn. Musical instruments are classified into string, percussion and woodwind.
Glazed earthenware tiles are used for ceramic and art purpose. Artists usually create
animal designs in these tiles. As a ceramic art, it became world famous for their
extraordinary creative workmanship.
Glasswork is another traditional art form. Stained glass was developed many years ago.
Church windows are made of stained glass in different models and forms. Figurines,

23
mugs, drinking glass, utensils made of decorative glass work are very common nowadays.
High quality of glass workmanship is kept alive in this 21st century.
Stonework as a traditional craft plays an important role in exterior and interior decoration
in traditional architecture. Traditionally, products of stonework consist of grinders, stone
tables, and benches, gravestones, human and animal figures, and decorative purposes.
Stonework techniques include craving, relief and statue. Ornamental motifs used are
plants, geometric motifs, writing and figures.
Basket weaving (basketry or basket making) is the process of weaving or sewing pliable
materials into three-dimensional artifacts, such as baskets, mats, mesh bags or even
furniture. Craftspeople and artists specialized in making baskets may be known as basket
makers and basket weavers. Basket weaving is also a rural craft. Basketry is made from a
variety of fibrous or pliable materials—anything that will bend and form a shape.
Examples include pine, straw, willow, oak, wisteria, forsythia, vines, stems, animal
hair, hide, grasses, thread, and fine wooden splints. There are many applications for
basketry, from simple mats to hot air balloon gondolas.
Decorative Motifs
Sir John Summerson, an architectural historian called decoration and ornament as a
“surface modulation”. In prehistoric times, decoration and ornament ate indicated in single
markings on a poetry, but such markings have been lost with the passing of time. A wide
variety of decorative styles and motifs have been developed for a long time in architecture
and applied arts that include pottery, furniture, metalwork, textiles, wallpaper, and other
objects where decoration is the main justification for their existence.
The vast range of motifs used in ornament were drawn from geometrical shape and
patterns, plants, human and animal figures. Traditional ornament from either parts of the
world typically relies more on geometrical and animal motifs.
Decorative Arts
Decorative arts are a range of artistic disciplines concerned with design and ornamentation
of items. These items are usually functional and do not necessarily have any intrinsic
aesthetic qualities.
Decorative arts which are also classified as crafts are parts of the larger category of applies
art.

24
Decorative arts include the creation of baskets, cabinets, ceramic tiles, furniture, and
accessory furnishings, rugs, carpets, tapestry, embroidery, book illustration, floral decorations,
ceramic pottery (earthenware, stoneware, porcelain) goldsmithing work, silverware and
jewelry art.
It also embraces theatrical sets, costumes, mosaic art, stained glass work, precious armor,
and weaponry and masterpieces.
Decorative Symbols
Lines, colors, rectangles and other decorative symbols have no meaning in themselves if
they are not part of the elements of visual arts.
Classification of Decorative Motifs
A motif as previously defined, is an element of a particular subject or type of subject that is
found in any art work. It may also form the main subject of an art work. The related motif of
confronted animals is often seen alone, but may also be repeated, for example in Byzantine
silk and other ancient textiles. Where the main subject of an artistic work such as a painting
is a specific person, group, or moment in a narrative, that should referred to as the “subject”
of the work, not a motif, though the same thing may be a “motif” when part of another
subject, or part of a work of decorative art such as a painting on a vase.
Ornamental or decorative arts can usually be analyzed into a number of various elements,
which can be called motifs. These may often, as in textile art, be repeated many times in a
pattern. Important examples in Western art include acanthus, egg and dart, and various
types of scrollwork.
Many designs in Islamic culture are motifs, including those of the sun, moon, animals such as
horses and lions, flowers, and landscapes. Motifs can have emotional effects and be used
for propaganda. In kilim flatwoven carpets, motifs such as the hands-on-hips elibelinde
symbolizes the female principle and fertility, including the desire for children.
The idea of a motif is widely used in discussing literature and other narrative as an element in
the story that represent a theme.
Textile Art
These are both arts and crafts that use plant, animal, and synthetic fibers to create practical
or decorative objects. Textiles have been a fundamental necessity of human life since the
start of civilization. Methods and materials used to make them have expanded enormously.

25
Textile art started as a traditional craft. Textiles have been used to cover the human body
and protect it from the elements of the atmosphere; to send social cues to other people, to
store, secure, and protect possessions and to soften insulate and decorate living spaces and
other surfaces.
Clothing made of woven cloth, richly embroidered silk, well-knitted stockings, oriental rug of
wool, embroidered table cloth and curtains, felted fur hat, linen shirl are some of the basic
textile techniques in textile art in the Philippines.
Traditional Local Myths
The existence of the soul, the significance and interpretation of dreams and imagination
have their religious, philosophical, and mythological essence and value among the local
folks. These have impacts on one’s personality as well as to society. Those who believe in
the existence of the soul are mostly theists while the non-believers are atheist. Socrates, Pluto
and Aristotle understood that the soul (psyche) mostly have a logical faculty.
Dreams according to Freud are unconscious wish which needs fulfillment. They lie beyond
the subconscious mind. The impact of dreams on waking social interactions is profound for
dreams have significant role to play in shaping interactions between people. Among the
barrio folks, dream are symbols that imply meaning and they are used to signify the game
number that will come out for the day. Daydreams can affect further daytime mood and
behavior.
Imagination can change perception of reality. What a person sees and hear can be
reshaped by our imagination. Researchers have found that our imagination can change
perception of reality. Our mind can literally play tricks on us by changing illusions of what we
think and hear and see into what seems like reality.

26
Application:
Posting/Drawing an Image
Post or draw an image inside the box concerning the following. Then describe
briefly the image/photo (2 points each). The output will be assessed based on the
rubric below.
1. Traditional motif
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

27
2. Traditional craft
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
3. Traditional symbol
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
4. Textile art
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

28

PHILIPPINE ART AS FILIPINO “The idea was that the depiction of scenes of everyday life and
the surroundings without idealizing them was closest in spirit to the Filipino soul and native
soil.” By expressing the cultural richness of the archipelago in all its diversity, Filipino artists
have helped to shape a sense of national identity. Many Malay cultural traditions have
survived despite centuries of foreign rule. Muslims and upland tribal groups maintain distinct
traditions in music, dance, and sculpture.
Ethnic arts in Philippines are labors of love and patience. The intricate carvings on wood,
metal, stone or glass are products of skillful hands and imaginative minds. Indigenous musical
instruments like the flute, drums, rainsticks, native guitars and bells are made of bamboo,
twigs, pebbles, animal skin, seeds and seashells. The careful manipulation of these materials
magically produces sounds and unique instruments used in tribal dances and ceremonies.
Art appreciation on Philippines arts is not only satisfaction of the senses. Each artwork speaks
of the passion and active involvement of the artist in visualizing, connecting the culture and
the creative and skillful manipulation of the objects around.
Assessment:
I. Word Bank
Define the following terms according to your understanding (2 points each). The

29
1. traditional
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. crafts
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. motif
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. handicraft
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. decorative symbol
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
II. Shape Up Your Mind
Answer the following questions briefly and substantially (2 points each). The output
will be assessed based on the rubric below.

30
1. What are the visual elements in traditional motifs?

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. How are traditional motifs used?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. What are the materials used in traditional crafts?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. What are the end-products of handicraft?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. What is the significance of decorative symbol?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

31
Essay: Explain the following briefly but substantially. Your answer will be graded using the
rubric below.
What is the concept of Filipino traditional arts?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

32
Suggested Links (Optional):

Philippines Art
https://www.slideshare.net/johnvincentjose75/philippines-art
Traditional Arts of the Philippines
https://www.slideshare.net/ayesharmanex3/traditional-arts-of-philippines-
final?qid=3647bfc1-f815-4044-a7af-5e4bed8f974f&v=&b=&from_search=2
Traditional Crafts in The Philippines (1965)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXroW8ndWCg&t=30s
Traditional Art Forms in the Philippines
https://prezi.com/7apmqv26nujw/traditional-art-forms-in-the-philippines/
Indigenous Philippine arts and crafts
https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2016/06/30/1598122/indigenous-
philippine-arts-and-crafts
GAMABA Awardees
https://www.slideshare.net/cleisthenes19/gamaba-awardees
GAMABA and National Artist Award
http://mendeleevportfoliog1.blogspot.com/2017/12/gamaba-and-national-artist-
award.html
Manila
Solmerano, Thaddeus M. 2019. Art Appreciation. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong
City

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Lesson 10: The New Art Forms
Lesson Objectives:
• Be able to differentiate and classify each new forms of art .
• Internalize the development of traditional and classical art forms to the modern and
new forms of art.
Discussion:
The history of art is one of the most difficult tasks to pin down. As previous chapters have
shown significant ideas, canons and tradition, preference, and dominance of styles, media,
and mode of production was the definitive characteristics that segment art history into
identifiable periods and movements; identifiable, but not necessarily precise. It is important
to note that the periods and movements of art are themselves a testament to the
connection between art and culture in everyday life. Some claim that modern art by nature
is rebellious and that this rebellion is most evident in the quest for originality and a continual
desire to shock. The term avant-garde, which is often applied to modern art, comes from a
French military term meaning “advance guard”, and suggest that what is modern is what is
new, original, or cutting edge. Having taken note of the information provided by the basic
documentation of the work, we then proceed to the new art forms.
Defining the Contemporary
The complexity of defining the term is attributed to the fact that people have
dissenting views on the interpretation of the “present” of today, what we now mean, these
are often ideas that follow the word contemporary.
Contemporary Art Forms
People think of art, they might think of the great masterpieces made in year long gone
by. However, the world of art is still thriving and always adapting to reflect the changing
world. The art of recent years and present day is referred to as Contemporary art.
Some of the forms of contemporary arts includes: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting,
Literature Music, Performing and Film.

34
Examples of contemporary art:
Marina Abramović, The Artist is Present, 2010. Performance, The Museum of Modern Art, New
York. Photo by Andrew Russeth, via Flickr
The New Art Forms
Throughout history, artist have sought to find new forms of self-expression. At present that
quest continues. During the first half of the twentieth century, artist responded to change in
technology, world politics and culture by creating a variety of approaches to artistic
expression .
A. Installation Art:
◆ It is a kind of an immersive work where the environment or the space in which the
viewer steps into or interacts with (going around installative art) is transformed or
altered.
It is used to describe large-scale, mixed-media constructions, often designed for specific

place or temporary period of time.

35
Types of Installation arts.
1. Interactive installation - frequently involves the audience acting

on the work of art or the piece responding to users activity.
Example: Mobile-based Installation, Digital-based Installation
2. Immersive virtual reality - with the improvement of technology over the

years, artists are more able to explore outside of the boundaries that
were never able to be explored by artist in the past. That media used are
more experimental and bold; they are also usually cross media and may
involve sensors, which plays on the reaction to the audiences’ movement
when looking at the installation.
3. Conceptual art -The concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the artwork take

precedence over traditional aesthetic, technical and material concern.
Maybe simply by following a set of written instructions.
4. Video Installation - A contemporary art from that combines video

technology with installation art, making use of all aspects of the
surrounding environment to affect the audience. Today, video installation
is ubiquitous and visible in a range of environments ---galleries and
museums to an expanded field that includes site-specific work in urban
and industrial landscapes. The only requirements are
electricity and darkness.
5. Street Installation art - are form of street art and sometimes have an
interactive component.
6. Sound Installation art- (related to sound art and sound sculpture) is an

intermedia and time-based art form. It is an expansion of an art
installation in the sense that it includes the sound element and therefore
the time element. The main difference with a sound sculpture is that a

36
sound installation has a three-dimensional space and the axes with which the different
sound objects are being organized are not exclusively internal to the work, but also
external. A work of art is an installation only if it makes a dialog with the surrounding
space. A sound installation is usually a site-specific but sometimes it can be re-adapted to
other spaces. It can be made either in close or open spaces, and context is fundamental
to determine how a sound installation will be aesthetically perceived. The difference
between a regular art installation and a sound installation is that the later one has the
time element, which gives the visiting public the possibility to stay a longer time due
possible curiosity over the development of sound.
10 Filipino’s Installation Artists

Traditionally, the term ‘visual arts’ refers only to paintings, portrait and drawings.
But more forms of art have been popularized, rediscover from early times or even combined
with other forms.
Leeroy New (@newleeroy)
Born and raised in General Santos City, Leeroy New draws inspiration from anything and
everything around him and even jumps from one medium to another, such as film, theater,
fashion, sculpture, and visual arts. For Christmas 2015, New used the SM Aura Sky Park Lawn
as his artistic venue through an interactive sculpture installation called "Astreopora." Who
would have thought that the colorful structure was actually made up of tacky plastic
household items sourced from Divisioria? He also joined efforts to rehabilitate and restore
pride in Manila's main waterway, the Pasig River, through the Bakawan Floating Island

37
Project. Together with urban designer Julia Nebrija, he made a floating installation where
people could enter and appreciate the long-forgotten river.
Aze Ong (@azeongliwanag)
Aze Ong elevates the craft of crocheting to more than table spreads or bed covers. Her
colorful crocheted creations vary, from a gigantic bell jar to an upside-down tulip, from
funny hats to kimono-inspired robes, from traditional tribal clothing to an out-of-this-world
impression of leaves. Ong also does performance art with her crochet pieces during exhibit
openings.
Nikki Luna (@lunanikki)

38
Nikki Luna describes herself as an artist, feminist, and advocate. She received her degree in
Painting from the University of the Philippines (UP) and attended the Cooper Union Art
Residency in New York in 2008. Her installations, such as a crumpled wall cover, small dolls,
and gun replicas, celebrate femininity and reflect on the struggles of women in a
developing country. She previously collaborated with local clothing brand Human and
produced an exclusive line of shirts bearing statements reflective of her feminist views, such
as “Women Aren’t 2nd-Class Citizens” and “Unlearn Patriarchy”.
Zean Cabangis (@zeancabangis)
Also a recipient of 2015 Thirteen Artists Awards, Zean Cabangis got his Painting degree from
the College of Fine Arts in UP in 2007 and was an Artist-in-Residence at SAGER, Tenggara,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2011. He adds dimension to his canvasses by using colorful frames
and woodwork. Most of his monochromatic landspace paintings are interjected with man-
made structures to create a dialogue on man's incessant intervention with the natural world.

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Patty Eustaquio (@patty.eustaquio)
Patricia Perez Eustaquio explores themes of shadows, fragmentation, and dissonance

through painting, drawing, and installation. Some of the materials that she uses are resin,
crochet, and even silk. She has had solo shows not only in Manila but also Taiwan, Singapore,
and New York, and was part of several group exhibitions at the Hong Kong Art Center and
Singapore Art Museum. Eustaquio was commissioned to work on a site-specific installation at
the Palais de Tokyo in Paris in June 2016.
Raffy Napay (@napayyyyy)
As the middle son of a tricycle driver and a seamstress, Raffy Napay grew up joining art
competitions to help with his family's day-to-day needs. His early works show his talent in oil
painting, but he eventually gave this up as he started feeling suffocated from the fumes. He

40
later used needle and thread and his work, "Ang Mananahi ng Buhay at ang Makinang ng
Makina," earned the nods of the jurors of the 2010 Philippine Art Awards. Since then, thread
became Napay's medium of choice, and it showed in his installations as a featured artist in
the 2016 Art Fair Philippines.
Lou Lim (@louuulim)
Lou Lim, another Fine Arts graduate from UP, employs the themes of relationships and
connections between individuals in her artwork. She often makes use of resin such as in her
artwork "Worn," a sculpture of the legs of a woman with feet shaped like heeled shoes. It
shows how the body does not only strive to conform to what is ideal but is physically
reshaped by it as heels provide the wearer with extra height and leaner and longer legs.

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Lyra Garcellano (@galacticleelee)
Lyra Garcellano does both paintings and installations. She holds two degrees—in Fine Arts
(Major in Painting) from UP and in Interdisciplinary Studies from the Ateneo de Manila
University. Her previous works reflected on the struggles of immigration, trauma of a
collective experience, racial stereotyping, and delineation of identity and conformity.
Hanna Pettyjohn (@hannapettyjohn)
Manila-born Hanna Pettyjohn now lives and works in Dallas, Texas. She combines wall-bound
paintings with sculptural installations to make sense of her own Filipino-American narrative as
part of the global diaspora and uncover her own family's history. She also dabbles into
stoneware art to explore themes of isolation, diaspora, identity, heritage, and inheritance.

42
Pettyjohn is daughter of pioneering contemporary Filipino ceramicists Jon and Tessy

Pettyjohn.
Isabel Gaudinez-Aquilizan (@aqsisabel)
Isabel Gaudinez-Aquilizan is one-half of the Aquilizan duo of artists. Along with her husband
Alfredo Juan Aquizilan, she now resides in Brisbane with their kids while still engaging in
performing arts and installation art. Their exhibition at the Sherman Contemporary Art
Foundation in Sydney in 2012 called In-Habit: Project Another Country reflected on the plight
of the underprivileged Badjao children jumping from one jeepney to another all over the
Metro. Through cardboard boxes and steel scaffolding, they exposed this truth to viewers in
New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia, where the show was toured. In 2016, the
couple came back to the country to be part of Art Fair Philippines. They collaborated with
Pampanga-based artist Antonio Calma to focus on the so-called "Mabini artists," a
derogatory term used in the Philippine art scene to describe someone who does populist art.
By putting Calma's art side-by-side with the Aquilizan's appropriation of the former's art, they
raised the question: is there really a difference between the two forms?
Characteristic of Installation Art

1. It is often installed for a finite amount of time and is usually temporary.
2. It is about the experience of the person immersed in it.
3. It can be sensory experience involving sight, sound, smell, and sometimes touch

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B. Fashion
The manifestation of human art and communication. Historically, fashion has rarely
elevated to the same stature as painting, music, sculpture, or architecture. But fashion is one
of the purest expression of art because it is art lived on a daily basis.
It is an art form-you might call decorative or applied arts opposed to fine art.
Because, the same amount of artistic expression goes into clothes, a piece of pottery or
painting.
Fashion as an Art Form

Art is a way that one expresses his views, his ideas, and his personality. Art can be displayed
through paintings, poetry, music, etc. One form of art is fashion. The way one dresses can
represent different aspects of his personality. People often try to express themselves through
the clothing and accessories that they wear. Designers are artists who piece together
garments using fabric and creativity; your body is a canvass to express yourself using
different colors and styles of clothing, one of them is Zandra Rhodes, designer and the
director of the Design Museum,
New York is one of the largest fashion capitals in the world. Fashion Week, held in
Bryant Park, is a popular world-renown event in which famous designers can display their
newest creations on the runway. Both designers and viewers alike only dream of being
invited to Fashion Week.
Is Fashion part of the art?
Quibbling over whether fashion is more or less important than art is just as pointless as
questioning whether or not it is art. Similarly, fashion adapt at fulfilling another traditional
function of art by reflecting changes in contemporary culture but only to a point.
Types of Fashion Styles:
1. VINTAGE FASHION STYLE

Vintage clothing is all about the old, classy looks and
exquisiteness. Old is gold and rightly so and once you go
through my recommendations of some of the old school
fashion. Denims, Capris, High boots, Skirts are some of the
vintage fashion styles that are quite in trend.

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2. ARTSY FASHION STYLE

Artsy is one style trend that has caught my eyes and attention. It is
wonderful to see women who like to wear stuff that makes a style
statement of their own. The idea is to create something
unconventional away from traditional styling. This may involve
some very bold and bright colors, with exaggerated prints.
3. GRUNGE STYLE CLOTHING

This clothing type is a result of the grunge music and originated in
the 1980s. There was a heavy emphasis on creating oversized and
layered silhouettes. This style specifically included flannel shirts,
leather jackets, ripped denim, metallic jackets, crop tops, combat
boots, slogan tees, fishnet stockings, mom jeans, slouchy sweaters,
and beanies. Baggy clothing, torn and ripped and messy clothes
are the characteristics of this style.
4. GOTHIC FASHION STYLE

Black is synonymous with this style. Everything about this style is
black - black hair, black lips, black shirts, and black boots. Gothic
fashion includes wearing tight-fitting outfits with tons of other gothic
accessories and jewelry. The style looks to be straight from a Game
of Thrones episode.

45
5. HIP HOP FASHION STYLE

Hip hop as a music genre has become so popular in the last
few decades, that fans copy their favorite singers and
musicians like crazy. The hip hop fashion wardrobe includes
bomber jackets, baseball jerseys, jeans, chains, caps,
accessories, etc.
C. MULTIMEDIA ART
In visual art, mixed media is an artwork in which more than one medium or material
has been employed. Mixed media art, a visual art is distinguished from multimedia art which
combines visual art with non -visual elements such as recorded sound, literature, drama,
dance, motion graphics, music, or interactivity.
Duties of Multimedia Artists and Animators

⚫ Use computer programs and illustrations to create graphics and animation (images that
appear to move)
⚫ Work with a team of animators and artists to create a movie, game, or visual effect
⚫ Research upcoming projects to help create realistic designs or animation
⚫ Edit animation and effects on the basis of feedback from directors, other animators,
game designers, or clients
⚫ Meet with clients, other animators, games designers, directors, and other staff (which
may include actors) to review deadlines and development timeline

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New Media Art

A range of new forms of contemporary art are enabled by modern technology,
referred to generally as media art. As a culture we tend to equate art with the products of
film, television, and popular music. While these are well known, new areas for expression in
art have greatly expanded in the past few decades.
Classically we tend to think of art as consisting of drawing, painting, printmaking,
sculpture and more recently photography. In the modern world we might also including the
production of film and television. The developments of computer graphics have brought
digitally-based art to the general public through modern film making. However, there are
many novel art forms arising from digital and physical medium which are still largely unknown
and relatively invisible, but which have been in production from many decades now. Some
fields of New Media Art include kinetic sculpture, information art, organic and algorithmic
art, interactive art, machinima and game design. Yet many forms of new media remain
relatively unknown probably due to a lack of context and general theory in Media Arts.

47
Digital Art
We talk a lot about it, and yet its scope and embrace are hard to pinpoint, “Digital art”
describes technological arts, with fluid boundaries offering many possible interpretations of
the terminology. The term itself has evolved through time and whereas computer art,
multimedia art, and cyber-art were standard in the 1960s-90s, the rise of the World Wide Web
added a layer of connectivity resulting in a shift in language. As such, we now prefer the
terms digital art and new media which can be used interchangeably with some nuances.
Art historians often categorize digital art as twofold: object-oriented artworks and
process-oriented visuals. In the first scenario, digital technologies are a means to an end, and
function as a tool for the creation of traditional objects like paintings, photographs, prints, and
sculptures. In the second case, the technology is the end itself, and artists explore the
possibilities entailed to the very essence of this new medium. This latter category — often
associated with the term “new media” — refers to all computable art that is digitally created,
stored and distributed. In other words, while some works rely on digital tools to magnify an
already-existing medium, others use digital technology as an intrinsic and indissociable
component in the making of the artifact. With these definitions in mind, the list below presents
current practices linked to the digital medium.
This digital painting was created with the use of MS paint and Photoshop, among other
software.
Scope of Digital Art:
1.Digital painting appeared in the 1990s and embrace traditional painting techniques like
watercolors, oil painting, and impastos. While the artist develops a graphical design with the
use of a computer, tablet or stiletto, the process itself is similar to painting with traditional
materials and result in painterly aesthetics. Digital paintings also share features that are
specific to computer art visuals like the repetition and distortion of elements and can result in
abstract imagery. The last year has also seen the rise of 3D painting entailed to the use of
virtual reality with Google’s app Tilt Brush and its artists in residence. Our first gallery Laffy
Maffei specializes in this segment with the promotion of artists like Andrej Ujhazy, and
Alexandra Gorczynski.

48
Andrej Ujhazy, Ljjkbkjbkjbkjbkjbk, 2016. This digital painting was created with the use of MS
paint and Photoshop, among other software.
2.Digital photography includes the use of images taken from reality through photographs,
scans, satellite-imaging, and other possible records of what exists. This segment often mixes
what is and what is not, blurring boundaries and distorting our understanding of truth.
Traditional techniques of collage and the assemblage of elements, as well as the overlaying
and blending of visuals through morphing technology, are part of this strand of digital
imagery led by artists like Nancy Burson, Daniel Canogar, Thomas Ruff, and Andreas Gorsky.
Andreas Gursky, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, 1997, chromogenic print face-mounted to

acrylic, 185.42 cm x 248.29 cm. © San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Gursky manipulates
images digitally to create fictions that reflect on globalization and mass consumerism.]
3.Sculpture results from a design on computer-aided software, which can later be either
displayed as physical objects/models or shown as virtual images on screens. Computing

49
allows for the manipulation and controlling of complex geometry, as well as their 3D
visualization, significantly enhancing traditional design abilities to foster grander creative
ideas. Robert Lazzarini’s use of anamorphisms demonstrates this new realm of possibilities,
while artists like Tony Cragg, Wim Delvoye, Birch Cooper, Jon Rafman, and Anish Kapoor use
IT technology for the development and assemblage of complex and intricate elements, as
well as organic shapes.
Wim Delvoye, Twisted Dump Truck Clockwise, 2011, chemically-nickeled, laser-cut steel with
glass-pearl finish. This sculpture highlights the potential of digital technologies for the
distortion and merging of complex elements. The artist mixes traditional and contemporary
industrial imagery, here combining the architectural details of a gothic church with the
shape of a truck.
4.Digital installations closely relate to the sculptures for their 3D nature but offer a new
typology in their relation to the viewer. Mostly, this type of artworks can be interactive — that
is responding to visitors’ inputs (e.g., body movements, voices, touch). Alternatively, these art
pieces can be immersive, presenting viewers with a new spatial environment or altering the
nature of their surroundings. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are typical
examples of the technologies promoting this kind of experience. Nonetheless, these
installations require expensive material, logistical, computational, and architectural planning.
Ultimately, this art form is now suited to museums, and institutional and public spaces, offering
the vast areas and infrastructures for people to experience the medium entirely. Leading
protagonists in the design of installations include Team.
5.Videos, animation, and the moving image constitute the most obvious scene for the
questioning of reality. This technology allows the full recording of an event through both

50
space and time, while simultaneously dealing with montage and the transformation of what
honestly happens. Two strands define the moving image: live action on the one hand, and
animation and 3D Worlds on the other. The moving image is often the privileged medium for
the development of virtual reality and immersive environments, which explains its close link to
installation art. Examples of digital artists working with video include Pipilotti Rist, Ryoji Ikeda,
6.Internet and networked art are process-oriented objects looking at the functioning of
computing structures and networks. The web is an intricate net of information similarly to any
network, and artists working in that field mean to highlight or challenge the complexity and
nature of these systems (e.g., Mark Napier, Olia Lialina). Beyond this pure stamina, internet art
also includes all works that are meant to be distributed on the web, or that take inspiration
and information from the net as a basis for their artistic development. Krist Wood stands as an
excellent example of the latter practice, both because of his artistic practice and his
involvement with the Computers Club and Internet Archeology.
Krist Wood, Inivichrys i, 2011. This narrative is built from the artist’s virtual “travels” through
search engines’ image libraries, and exploring the visual qualities of the web and screen
culture.
7.Software art focuses more specifically on computational engineering as in the machine’s

language, communication systems. These works can either be connected — interfering in live
action with visitors — or auto-generated — meaning visuals result from set algorithms and
codes. Whereas the artist encodes following an idea/concept, the resulting images and
other stimuli entirely depend on the computer process. Artists such as Adrian Ward and Casey
Reas are notable for their use of programming languages.
8. Mixed Media is essential to the digital medium. As opposed to traditional creation,

computation implies elements of different nature can be associated and coordinated to

51
produce a whole experience for the viewer. Artworks can thus combine, still and moving
image, augmented reality, sound, photographs, and so on. One medium of the artwork can
also be singled out meaning one digital creation can result in various physical outputs,
depending on the joint wishes and purposes of commissioners, artists, and curators.
Advantages of digital art:

• It’s faster than traditional media. When painting an aquarel for example, you will
need all kinds of tools like paper, water, paint, paintbrushes, tissues. It takes time
to prepare all of this and it takes time to maintain all of the tools. When painting
digitally, you don’t need to worry about your water turning a funky color, or your
paintbrush accidentally falling on your painting. Everything is already there and
you only need to get comfortable in front of your pc and you’re good to go. On
top of that, digital art doesn’t need any more extra editing for online publishing.
• It’s more forgiving than traditional media. Once you make a mistake you can
just do Ctrl + Z or click the undo button and you can try again. Traditional art
cannot be deleted like that, everything you put on paper or canvas or wood will
most likely stay there. There isn’t a lot of room for mistakes when working
traditionally.

52
• It can be duplicated with precision. Digital art is perfect for publishing since it will
always look the same, it will not be affected by the physical world in any way.
• It provides endless possibilities. Digital art can be explored endlessly, there are so
many different kinds of brushes or functions that it would take you forever to try
them all out. Digital artists can easily create things that traditional artists would
never be able to do.
Disadvantages of digital art:

• It can be duplicated with precision. This the biggest disadvantage of digital art.
Many people don’t consider digital art to be genuine or authentic since it can
show up anywhere in exactly the same way. There is no original copy, no real
physical thing to touch. It can be printed but even then it is not the same as a
painting done by hand. This also means that it is a lot easier to ‘steal’ artwork or
to violate the copyright laws.
• Since it’s so forgiving it is considered as being too easy because it doesn’t
demand any artistic skills. In most cases this is not true since digital artists still
need that typical artistic feeling to create good work, but in some cases this is
sadly the truth.
• It’s faster than traditional media. This is also a disadvantage because it takes
away the magical feeling while working on a painting or a drawing done by
hand. When working traditionally, you’re creating something tangible and real
with flaws, digital art takes this authentic feeling away for the most part. It is in
the progress of an artwork that the real magic happens. Imperfection is what
makes traditional art so valuable and charming.
• It provides endless possibilities, but one still needs the creativity to something with
those possibilities. It doesn’t suffice to simply copy things from other artists. You
need to be able to think artistically and be original yourself even when it seems
like everything has already been done.

53
Here are some of the benefits of traditional art making methods:

three ceramic pieces:
1. Hands-on Experiences
Learning to manipulate a paintbrush to create different paint strokes or using carving
tools to create a sculpture provides a physical, tactile experience. Through this experience,
you gain a broader view of how materials can be used. The physical creation is good for
hand-eye coordination as well as motor skills. Mixing yellow and blue paint to create green is
an experience one cannot get the same way by digitally mixing colors.
2. Unique Pieces
Because of the handmade nature of traditional artworks, they aren’t easily reproduced.
Each creation is truly a one-of-a-kind piece, unlike a digital creation that can be reproduced
and shared instantly. Because of this, traditional art pieces typically have more value than
digital art pieces.
3. Increased Versatility
Digital is only one medium while traditional art methods allow you to create with
different media. Creating an image with graphite compared to pigmented paint will yield
different results and experiences. The outcome of digital art creation typically produces one
look of a clean finished product, whereas using different art materials does not.
4. Forced Problem-Solving
Unlike the undo button on a digital device, mistakes can’t always be easily erased. This
restriction forces an artist to problem-solve their solution to physically fix their error. Better yet,
it encourages an artist to no longer make those mistakes and ultimately improves their skills.

54
Application:
If you were an artist, how would you express /reflect your emotions and ideas in your
artwork using Installation art?
Site the medium you are going to use and how are they relevant to each other. Explain
in (5) sentences.
Rubrics Score:
CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
There is one There is one There is one The topic and

Focus and clear, well- clear, well topic ideas main ideas are
Details focused topic. focused topic. are clear. not clear
Main ideas are Main ideas are
clear but are clear but not
not well well supported
supported by by detailed
detailed information.
information.
Sentence All sentence Most of the Most are well Sentenced

structure are well sentence are constructed sound
and constructed well but they awkward, or
Spelling and have constructed similar are difficult to
varied structure and have structure and understand.
and length. The varied length. The They makes
student makes structure and student make Numerous
no errors in length. The several errors errors in
grammar and student makes in grammar. grammar and
spelling. few errors in spelling that
grammar and interfere with
spelling, but understanding.
they do not
interfere with
understanding.

55
New Art Forms through history, artist have rough to find new form of self –expression
at the present that quest continues. The artist continues to use varied vocabulary of abstract
and representational forms to convey ideas. It includes the Installation Art. Fashion Art and
Multimedia or Media Art involve in the world in which he lives.
Installation art is relativity new genre of contemporary art-practiced by increasing

number of postmodernist artist. It involves the configuration of object in space, such as
room. The resulting arrangement of material and space comprises the artwork.
One form of art is Fashion. They represent different aspect of his personalized. People
try to express themselves through the clothing and accessories that they wear. Our body is a
canvass to express yourself using different colors and styles of clothing.
Multimedia art is an umbrella term for artwork produced using new media. It includes
a diverse set of categories such digital art, computer graphics, computer animation, virtual
art, Internet art, interactive art technologies, but may also pertain to such fields as
computer robotics or art as biotechnology. New media art is characterized by spanning
practices ranging from conceptual and virtual art to performances and installations. Very
often, new media art acts like a platform for communication and interaction rather than a
closed work.
The three new art forms have different meaning to an art. Factual meaning the most
rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted from the digital age that identifiable
forms of arts.
The analysis of the new generation of the artwork was adapted to use however when
you use this, it has a limit.

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Assessment:
A. Write the correct answer on the blanks. (ERASURES MEANS WRONG)

________________1.Refers to visual art form that combines a variety of media in a single
artwork.
________________2. The cultural construction of the embodied identity.
________________3. The technology allows the full recording of an event through both space
and time.
_________________4. Filipino installation artist introduced the colorful tacky plastic from
Divisoria.
_________________5, The ‘Art of Today’, or modern art.
_________________6. The art is used to describe large scale construction, often designed for a
specific place.
_________________7. The process-oriented objects looking at the functioning of computing
structures and network.
_________________8. The type of fashion that styles are old, classy looks and exquisiteness.
_________________9. The Filipino installation artist used needle and thread for his artworks.
_________________10. 3D object on a computer with material similar to digitized clay,
B Define the following terms according to your understanding (2 points each). The
1.Multimedia Art __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2.Contemporary Art _______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
3.Digital Installation ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Software Art_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Arts Fashion_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

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Explain the mural which can be seen in EDSA. What do you think inspired the Filipino
artist to create the street art? Why do you think they choose that location to serve as their
Canvas?
Rubrics Score:
CRITERIA 5/EXCELLENT 4/VERY 3/AVERAGE 2/NEEDS 1/POOR

GOOD IMPROVEMENT
Ideas The papers is This paper The writer is Topic is nit The paper has
clear and is mostly beginning to well-defined. no clear sense
focused. It focused, define the of purpose or
holds the and has topic even central theme.
reader’s some good though
attention. details and development is
Relevant quotes still basic or
details and general.
quotes
enrich the
central
theme

58
Organization The order Paper are The Sentence The writing

structure of mostly organizational within lacks of clear
information organized structure is paragraphs sense of
is in order, strong make sense direction
compelling and make enough to but the order
and moves sense to move the of
the central the reader paragraphs
idea or reader. through the does not.
theme. text without
too much
confusion.
Sentence Sentence The writing The writer The text Paragraphing
Fluency are well mostly shows seems repeatedly
built, with flows, and reasonable choppy and distract the
strong and usually control over is not easy to reader and
varied invites oral the limited read orally. make the
structure reading range of text difficult
that invites standard to read
expressive writing
oral convention.
reading.
References/AttributionS
Caslib ,B et.al (2018,2017)Art Appreciation .Rex Book Store

Icreative ox.xy /2017/o8/22/Installation –art
Dela Cruz, C. hhtps://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/Arts-10 Filipino InstalltionArtist
Brandable.com blog>types of fashion styles with pictures-b65 html
DANAE, medium.com>digital –arts
https://bloggingforonlinepublishing.wordpress.com/2016/01/02/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-digital-art/
hhtps://www.truity.com/career-profile/multimedia-artist or animation

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ART APPRECIATION

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

No reproduction of any part of the module may be used, sold or distributed

- earn different implications of art and the underlying

2. The module is designed to assess student understanding

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Lesson 1: Understanding Humanities, Arts, Art history & Art Appreciation

How important is Humanities?

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

IMPRESSIONISM (KEY DATES: 1867-1886)

“Luncheon of the Boating Party”

Artist: Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

“The Starry Night”

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

“The River Seine at Chatou”

CUBISM (KEY DATES: 1908-1914)

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

• Led by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

DADAISM & SURREALISM ARTISTS

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

ABSTRACT ART (KEY DATES: 1910)

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Summary of the Lesson:

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Lesson 2: Basic Assumptions, Functions, Philosophies and Nature of Art

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

• Art is not nature

• Art involves experience.

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

One function of sculpture and painting is the commemoration of important personages in

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

ART AS A DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT

HOW ARE THESE TWO STATEMENTS DIFFERENT?

ART AS A COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Summary of the Lesson:

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Number 1 (Lavender Mist)

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Different Levels of Meaning

• Subjective meaning. When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meanings may

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

 Subject: biblical art

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

2. Robert Delaunay, Le Premier Disque, 1913. _______

3. Fernando Amorsolo, The Fruit Gatherer’, 1950 _______

Learning Module on Art Appreciation

4. Jose Joya, Granadean Arabesque’, 1958 _______