/ .. .

92

LUNAR EXPEDITION
PLAN
CLASP rFICATION CHATWC& TO

• B V . A L T ' I j p r i r Or lUy*if I V T™

LUNEX DATE fA/79-^ferfg

MAY 1961

HEADQUARTERS
SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION
AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMANLT
DOWNGRADED AT 12 YEAR
INTERVALS; NOT /.J 1 . L MATICALLY
DECLASSIFIED. DOb D.R 5200.10
WDLAR-S-45S

C (* n4nC
 KHl FCRCE SPACE SYSTEMS DTVISION
AIR FCRCE SYSTEMS CQWAND

29 Jfey 1961

FCREtfCRD

This document provides a plan for a maimed Lunar Expedition.

It was prepared to furnish more detailed Information In support
of the Rational Space Program proposed by a USAF committee
chaired by Major General J. B. Kolzapple. That report pointed
out the dire peed for a goal for our national space program.
The £unar Expedition ¥as cnosen as the goal since it not only"
provides a sufficient challenge to the nation, but also provides
technical fall-outs for greatly improved space capabilities-

Previous editions of this plan have provided guidance and

incentive to Air Force technical groups. Consequently, their
efforts have established a broad technical base within the
Air Force from which rapif - ivances can be made- This capa-
bility has'been taken Into account in laying out the accelerated
schedules in this plan.

CL..' r::iFICAT!ON C^AISFP To

J!W«feP=4S&_..

7- *•*

<

Tail #»»paiit a m a i n infarnMio* uffrttlm (hj anllaaal Arbjiwa 1 Urn UnlMd StM*i w i t l h «m aMntna • ! I k * EiabooM U r n , t u l a
I I , U,S,C aaeliMi 7*3 and 7V4, fh» tramfnltiion mt n H l a H M af which' in any awwar to art unaalborratd M W H prvhibHvd bf law.

G hl*fnL
 ^<«8S^iS^^£*^:

GENERAL LUNAR DATA Ceniial NAMES LEGEND

Thi* i l a contrallad mowic. Position »a»
Dlitont* hoiii north
239,000 datarniinad through H w u i a f Hlonogrophic
mman (BIICF-) Craton
|HloiMl»ri) 387,000 tontml Hrobfahcd primarily hum tnn N O - {dimmrlcr» m ihiloi)
y n of J. h u m vid S > . SoyndMi. A coltuMrf
Bio'todM1 100 and a m CLAVHJS
2140 Hiring of rhna pnitient n w pubHibid imdor
mFJtt SO to 100 m »
lutanMIH 34B0 th* o i m n i of the Morriotionnl Airrononiienl
TamptraturH Union In 1»33.
U » than 5 0 — .
um at Mnnh 101'CtD )30*C MmngtapBy Mountain Rang*!
night -1S3*C Th* moioic » eomprnad of photognjpln (inngth m nilm)
token olY*rfi«.McDonaldandMt. Wihon 400 andovct APENK1NE Kounr»i*s
ObtorvoJorlai. PholDsiniphi with high carwiil- I H I Hon 400 »•(•£(« •!&
llltt hi" ongHH u r n HHrttvd ID maintain
GRAPHIC INFORMATION uniform portrayal of lunar c r a w l and prom- Mountain Poakt. Vallvyn Walk
Nai»i ianrmir and drK*ailU* marlo ragwn*. and Rilln >rrcH» M i l
Thn ftvrurt nanw Hhctid w i n odoptad
frpn th* T935 Inlvmational ArinnOffkal Orrantanoli
OcooM, Girlfl. oayt, Sou, an:
Uniap flpmMKlBturt By"***" with minor Cardrool dltncHont h a n bean M t e b l i i W In
conform *rth tertogrophic tradition, not* to (Ivngth of motor anil in miln]
ihnngMoy Ynkci Obwrralory in I f 5 * .
tea and aatt la fight, rathar than cBtronomLcai MO and«™ MARE IMBRIUM
*re[*diDn canvonlion. Th'k afnmrfltion ^HilroTa 1h* 200 to 400 MAK£ NVBIUM
• s o n in Hi trvt nriaKorahip hi Hit •orlh. km man 2 0 0 SIKU1 MOXB
An wlliuuiBRhk prajtdion porttg^i tnt n o w
n o vh*r* rnHw hun p t y c r i w * troulnd by 1 * 0 * of t h . ™ U . d»< a t moan nbrnnor. i .
inown.
timing (ram a t Inflnlh diUm<x.

thUnL
 CONTENTS

I. SUMMARY

n. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

in. MASTER SCHEDULES

IV. DEVELOPMENT - TEST - PRODUCTION

v. BUDGET AMD FINANCIAL

VI. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

VII. MATERIEL SUPPORT

VIII. CIVIL ENGINEERING

EC. PERSONNEL AND TR/. "SING

X. INTELLIGENCE

Appendix # 1 G l o s s a r y o f Terms

VDLAB-S^58

Ikit daotmaM caMariu nifatmatisfi affaclina ttii notional M i n n of Hit U n I M SfoNi within lha ntentng of tbm EtplWMaa: lowi, Till*
I I , U . I . C , Saclian 793 and 794, Hn bsniniiiien v ranaloHan al which in any mm™r la en anevlhariiad paten i> aiaaibliad ay law.
 PROPOSED EIS1EM EACKfttffi P U N

KR

LUNAR EXFEDITIOH

Prepared toy Support Systeas Plans Dinaion

Approved by l l ^ i t i ^ ^ ^LxJcAjV*^^
Horaix M. Lulejian y
Colonel, USAF
Director, Advanced
Systems Flans And Analysis

Classification c&qnsed t'i

By antfccri ty oT &*tM.tudr
Pate * j A j ^ j _

DOWNGRADED AT 12 YEAR
INTERVALS: MOT AUTOMATICALLY
DECLASsiMra non niR 520010

WDLAR-3^50

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11, U.S.C.. Wlw> 7M « d /»4. H» HaiimtntM *r rmlotl— «f wk>ch i" •«» •>»••> to «• M H H W M IWHH <• pnMbfad «r »•».
 SECTION I

SUMMAHT

LUHAH EXPEDITIOH (U)

(LUHEX)

1.1 TOLAE-S-458

I f * „ ' * " " * " ' t «"™' n » inlariHrtlni ofbcliiM tin M i a m i d*h»w of H H United Hotel within In* wMiiiiD of Ma E i B i m t * lowi, TltMf
t * . U-5.C, Section 793 ond 794, ft* rramfnUfton or mtwtalisn vf whkh in nay •mifwr ta an •ftauthoriMd' panan *• prohibited by tanr.

'^iiC*- < - - - ~ i ~
 + * n3--&

INDEX

TITLE PAGE 1.1

RECORD OF CHANGES . - , . . . , . , , 1.2

INDEX 1.3

1.0 SUMMARY 1-5

1.1 PURPOSE 1.5

1.2 BACKGROUND 1.5

1-3 DESCRIPTION 1.5

l.U MAJOR PROBLEM AREAS 1-7

1-5 MILESTONES 1.7

1.6 CAPABILITIES DEVELOPED 1.8

1.7 MAHAQEHEHT ACTIONS REQUIRED , 1.8
ATTACHMENTS

CHART I-A LUNAR EXPEDmON PROGRAM MILESTONE SCHEDULE

CHART I - B LUNAR EXPEDITION MANAGEMENT MILESTONES FZ6S - FY63

••-a-

.T^-trg*^'
:NTTAL
1-3
wDLAB-s-ii.58

• o - •*.

Tali dacaawnt csntaiai. infanaallM affatlina IKa notional detain* el It™ United Stalaa within iha aiaaniaa el the Eipisnea* towt, Title
I I . U.S.C, Saciiofl 743 and 79*. the tiaainiulea or reveler*" af which [a a n , a g > « i Is on fanaaHietlied partafl !• anhlbitod fay law.

-—-7-
 T **?*n?--

1.0 SUMMARY

1.1 PURPOSE

The Lunar Expedition has as its objective manned exploration

of the moon with the first manned landing and return in late 196?.
This one achievement if accomplished "before the USSR, will serve
--*•'
to demonstrate conclusively that thiB nation possesses the
capability to win future competition in technology. Ho space
achievement short of this goal will have equal technological
significance, historical Impact, or excite the entire world.

1.2 BACKGROUND

Extensive studies by Air Force-Industry teams during 1958*

1959» and i960 examined all facets of the problem and techniques
of sending men to the moon and resulted in a feasible concept
which is attainable at an early date and ie economical and reliable.
•&&? Laboratories within the Air Force participated In this effort, thus
establishing a broad technological base which can-react (illicitly to
an expanded high priority program.

1-3 DESCRIPTION

The lunar mission would be initiated by the launching of the

lunar payload by a large, three-stage liquid or solid propellant
booster to escape velocity on a lunar intercept trajectory. The
payload, consisting of a Lunar Landing Stage, Lunar Launching Stage
*?^- and a manned vehicle, would use a lunar horizon scanner and a
doppler altimeter for orientation prior to a soft landing using
the Lunar Landing Stage. Terminal guidance using prepositioned
beacons would be required for landing at a preselected site. The
Lunar Launch Stage .would provide the necessary boost for the return
to earth of the manned Lunex Re-entry Vehicle. Using mid-course
guidance and aerodynamic braking, the vehicle would effect re-entry
and a normal unppwered aircraft landing at a ZI base.

In addition to the manned vehicle a.cargo payload is Included

» - * - * •
in this plan. The cargo payload would utilize the same three-stage
earth launch booster and the same lunar landing techniques. Hov-
f~&* ever it would not be returned to earth and would be used only to
11II laH
transport supplies and cargo to the expedition on the moon.
The primary concept recommended in this plan is the "direct
shot" method since studies have indicated it could be available
WDLAR-S-458

Tfcit i n i W cwitaim i n l m s t l o n affecting * • nqtiiMat aafaau af Ma I M M SWtai wMiht * • • -aanina at Ik* Etplenai* l o o t , 1Mfe>
I I . U.S.C.. UdU*i 7 M awl 7 M . to tiemntiilen „ n M l r i i M * l * • ! < • In w B » B » M aa • m t t v i i a d aanaa i i arafciMM ht km.
CTSf

--at an earlier date and it vould be more reliable. Another, .concept.

is also suggested which consists of the rendezvous and assembly of
components in an earth orbit before injection into a lunar trajectory.
The techniques and development required for this latter concept are
documented under a separate SSP titled, S1AIHT. Therefore, no
details of this concept are presented in this plan. All schedules
relating the two plans have been coordinated to insure compatibility
and to take advantage of mutual advances. Since neither rendezvous
techniques nor large boosters have been demonstrated, both approaches
£:* must be pursued until it becomes obvious that one of than has clear
advantages over the other.

The following developments are required in order to accomplish

the lunar expedition:

a. A three-man Lunex Re-entry Vehicle. This vehicle

must be capable of re-entry into the earth's atmosphere at velocities
of 37,000 ft/sec. It must also be capable of making a conventional
aircraft landing. Control and improved guidance for entering the
43 earth's atmosphere at the proper place and angle is needed as veil
as improved materials to withstand tbe high surface temperatures.
Adequate life support equipment is also required. The development
of this vehicle is the key to the accomplishment of the LUHEX
program and is one of the pacing development items. A detailed
schedule for its development is included.

b- A Lunar Landing Stage for decelerating and landing the

entire payload. This stage must have the capability to decelerate
13^000 pounds from a velocity of almost 9,000 ft/sec to 20 ft/sec
at touchdown. A doppler altimeter is required to provide information
for ignition and control of the engine. Horizon scanners must be
used to orient the payload to the local vertical.

c. A Lunar Launch Stage capable of launching the manned

Lunex He-entry Vehicle from the lunar surface. Lunar ascent
guidance is required to place the vehicle on the proper trajectory.

d. A three-stage earth launch booster, referenced as a

Space launching system. The first stage will use either L O X / L H O
with six million pounds of thrust or a solid fuel with an equivalent
launch capability. The second and third stages will use LOX/LHg.
The development of this space launching system is considered the
*-
£« pacing development item for the LUHEX program. Because Of the
magnitude of the booster program and the applicability of the

WEIAR-S-U58

thh rfacwmnt twitalni lafomrtla* efbtlins Hw natisMl dataua at Hw United M o m wMita t i n H s n l n i *f H» Etpionop* lowi, Till*
I I . U.S.C., faction W J nod 7W, Hw tiamnaitiian *r nvfiBttwi af vlildi In our mmmr «. M »nii»Jtior!i»iJ parivn It prohibited by taw.
 *•*

•sJzr-T^NTTAi

booster to other programs, the plan for its development is being

presented separately.

In addition to the above listed hardware developments,

additional Information is required about the lunar surface such
as its physical and roughness characteristics. High resolution
photographs of the entire lunar surface may provide this information.
Present NASA plans if expedited could provide the information for
this LUMEX program. HASA's SURVEYOR (soft lunar landing) program
could also incorporate radio-light beacons which vould be used
later in conjunction with a terminal landing system. A core sample
of lunar material is required as soon as possible so that design
of lunar landing devices and lunar facilities can be accomplished.

l.h MAJOR PROBLEM AREAS

The development of techniques for re-entering the earth's at-

mosphere at 37,000 ft/sec is one of the major problems. Guidance
equipment must be very accurate to Insure that the re-entry angle
is within ± 2°. Too steep an entry angle will cause overheating
and untolerable G loads, while too shallow an entry angle may
permit the Lunex Be-entry Vehicle to skip out of the atmosphere
into a highly eccentric earth orbit. If this happens, the vehicle
tn^y spend several days in the trapped radiation belts and may exceed
the time limits of the ecological system.

The Lunar Landing Stage will be a difficult development be-

cause of a requirement for orientation with the local vertical
when approaching the moon- It must also be guided to the selected
landing site. Many tests will be required to develop the necessary
equipment.

The Lunar Launching Stage will be another difficult development.

The prelaunch countdown must be performed automatically and, if the
launching booster is not vertical upon launch, corrections must be
made in order to attain the required moon-earth trajectory.

Although the foregoing developments are difficult, no

technological break-through will be required. All designs can be
based on extrapolation of present technology-
#'•

1.5 MILESTONES

Major milestones in the program are:

WDiAR-s-^58

Tkil dacnaaaf contain Jafamellan affattSaa laa Rattanl dafana at Ibt Unllad M a i n wHhln Hw aao*ti«i af ttv EuianeM l a w l , tlrla
I I , I M . C Sattfon / * 3 awl 794, Hw trontnjMton or nwaJatian «f wtikli In any Biaftnar I D an •MutHorind panan it pfstiibftad br taw.

-,.__-.-- -
 <«*

•-° **•

a. Becovery of 'ft manned re-entry vehicle from 50,000 mllee

in 1965.

b. Manned circumlunar flight in 1966.

c. Manned lunar lunging and return in 1967.

These and other significant events are shown on Chart I-A.

1.6 CAPABILITIES DEVELOPED

•

The development of large boosters, rendezvous techniques and

maneuverable Space vehicles, all required for the Lunar Expedition,
will also provide a capability for many new and advanced space
achievements. For example, the Space Launching System which will
boost 13^,000 pounds to escape velocity will boost approximately
350,000 pounds into a 300 nm orbit, or will launch a manned vehicle
on a pass around either Mars or Venus.

1.7 MANAGEMENT ACTIONS REQUIRED

The major Management Milestones for FX62 and FY63 are shorn
on Chart I-B. Immediate attention by Management to obtain Program
Approval and Funding by July 1961 is necessary if the United
States is to put a "man on the moon" by August 1967.

Throughout the LUHEX program time allocated for management

and Air Force technical evaluations has been kept to a minimum.
This is essential to meet the schedules, and delays In providing
funding as indicated, or in receiving notification of required
decision, will have the direct effect of delaying the program end .
objective.

1.8 UDLAR-S-lt58

•*

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II, U.S.C, Ssdton 7W s*4 7M, A* franimiuiM *r MnlatlMi *f vliich In any m u m to •» ••nHiariiM' Bansa d •nfcHriM •» M«.
 CHART I - A
LUNAR EXPEDITION PROGRAM MILESTONE SCHEDULE

CALENDAR YEARS
I9(51 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 I96S
PRELIMINARY DESIGN COMPLETE ( LUNEX PAYLOAD) "^
PROGRAM APPROVAL AND FUNDING j
'
ENGINEERING DESIGN AND MOCK-UP
INITIATE HARDWARE PROCUREMENT
_3E J—
3>
RE-ENTRY VEHICLE 1 9 0 % ENS REL )
LUNAR LANDING STAGE ( 9 0 % ENG REL) .
0 j
FIRST MANNED ORBITAL FLIGHT
CARGO PAYLOAD ( 9 0 % ENG REL) 9
LUNAR LAUNCH STAGE t 9 0 % ENG REL) ]}
FIRST LUNAR LANDING (CARGO TEST FLIGHT) _
3 C
MANNED CIRCUMLUNAR FLIGHT A

SPACE LAUNCHING SYSTEM FLIGHT QUALIFIED

M A L D LUNAR LANDING A»2 RETURN ::!B£
PtSwANENTLY MANNED LUNAR EXPEDITION
3E;
q t _
n- -
U
LUNAR EXPEDITION FUNDING REQUIREMENTS (MILLIONS) 27 112 350
1 |
710 T19201 |40S
-"-
1760
WDLAR-S-458

v .'•
' * • - *
• - . , -- •
 FROORAM tamau
IB J LUNAR EXPEDITION CV 60 C*61
MANAGEMENT MILESTONES FY62 - FY63 j F n i l JDO R 1 Jf M 11 J JA 1
1
r START PRELIMINARY DESIGN (LRV) )
*
i COMPLETE PRELIMINARY DESIGN (LRV
:: JIIJ
*
1 PROGRAM APPROVAL AND FUNDING - —_ _ U _
1
1 ENGINEERING DESIGN COMPETITION
f AND MOCK-UP
"•
11 Contractor No. 1 (Lunex Payloads)
If
0 Contractor No. 2 (Lunex Payloads)
H
I! DEVELOPMENT - PRODUCTION FUNDING
II
17 DESIGN CONCEPT DECISION
11
If APPROVAL FOR HARDWARE GO-AHEAD
* . ,
11 CONTRACT AWARD
»
23 LUNAR TRANSPORT VEHICLE PROGRAM
M
IS LUNAR EXPEDITION
H PROGRAM
V L,
n REQUIRED FUNDING (MILLIONS)
»
H FY-62
31
::::i"2E==
" ~ j t
- p-.

H FY-63
11
M FY-64
«
«
« -L_
M s*
M - Ofljj
41 LKV - Lunex R e - e n t r y Vehicle
i f M A M 1 J A 5 0fiIIJ F Jl A • J J A S |
FY 6 1 1
 <"* »- •••?.

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i > S0 t M i JA S

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11 u

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u
n 12
^
n ID • n •

a • u

m
FY 6Z
i J F II
FY 63 FY 64
FI
FY

WDLAK-S-458 &u
 -* *, r

SECTION II

PROGRAM BESCRIFTIOH

LUHAH EXPEDITION ( u )

(LUNEX)

sas
«to4i
2.1
~ WDLAH-S-U58

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 : * • * . -

T«*
BECCRD 0 ? CHANGES

INSCRIPTION OF CHAHGE { MOE OF CEABGE

MO.

A
3^*

v »-•
rt*^1

2/2 - VDLAR-S-lt58

1
* • Iiptmaa* l"wi, WH»
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 -"-*•••• *r-->

•*TK- ,
INDEX*-

TITLE PAGE , 2.1

RECORD OF CHANGES 2.2

INDEX 2.3

2.0 BACKGROUND •. 2-5

2.1 LUNEX PROGRAM OBJECTIVE 2.5

2.2 LUREX PROGRAM - DESCRIPTION 2-5

2.3 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 2.7

2.k ABORT PHILOSOPHY , 2.7

2.5 EXPEDITION PLANNING .. 2.11

t**^ ! «*.-..•*.. jjj...,

2-3
WDLAR-S-^58

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It, U.S.C., J»rtFm 7»3 and 7M, MMtommlitis* ar nmrieHoii at vfcrch in any aiamar M aa •MmtharJind' panwi li ataklMM by law.

- - - » * — ° ? r ^ — • • ' -*•-—r=~••
 V;V1

2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

2.0 BACKGROUND

Shortly after the first Sputnik was launched in October 1957,

-Headquarters, AHDC Initiated a series of studies to examine the
military potential of space operations. These studies were
accomplished by Industry-Air Force teams each working independently.
Two of these studies which were the forerunners of this Lunex plan
were "Lunar Observatory*1 and "Strategic Lunar System." The objective
of the first study was to examine an economical, sound and .logical
approach for establishing a manned intelligence observatory on the
moon, and the second study examined the military potential of lunar
operations. These studies showed that It is technically and
economically feasible to build a manned lunar facility.

A third study titled, "Permanent Satellite Base and Logistic

Study" is presently under way and will be completed in August 1961.
This study will provide a conceptual design Of a three-man re-entry
vehicle which will carry men to and from the moon. The three-man
vehicle is the key item in the lunar transportation Bystem as its
weight will dictate the booster sizes. For this reason it is given
special attention in this plan.

2.1 LUNEX PROGRAM OBJECTIVE

The objective of the Lunar Expedition program is the manned

exploration of the moon with the first manned lunar iBpfllng to
occur as soon as possible. The execution of thiB plan will land
three men on the moon and return them during the 3rd quarter of
calendar year 1967, and will establish the Lunar Expedition . '•
In 1968. Completion of this plan will require the development of
equipment! materials, and techniques to transport men to and from
the lunar surface and to provide a lunar facility which will allow,
men to live and work in the extremely harsh lunar environment.

2.2 LUNEX PROGRAM - DESCRIPTION

The Lunar E x p e d i t i o n Program i s p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h t h e

development of t h e equipment n e c e s s a r y t o t r a n s p o r t men and s u p p l i e s
to the lunar surface.

The key development I n t h i s program i s t h e Lunar Transport

Vehicle which i s composed of t h e Space Launching System and e i t h e r
t h e Manned Lunar Payload o r t h e Cargo Payload.
The Manned Lunar Payload c o n s i s t s of a three-man Lunex Re-Entry
Vehicle, a Lunar Launch S t a g e , and a Lunar Landing S t a g e . The
same Lunar Landing S t a g e , p l u s a cargo package, composes t h e Cargo
Payload. The r e l a t i v e e f f o r t r e q u i r e d f o r t h e development of t h e s e

WDLAR-S-U58

I M i BHMHfit E M M l a lateaoHsn • f f r t i n i Iht nolienol * * f t m t t f Wit Vnlltd Slorti wiltiln Iht (Msnint •( H M E i p l v M t * lV?l 7"**
I t , U.S.C, S M i t a 7 M antf 7 M , Hw ttommluloo or nvttotkM • ( * M d i in • * » mwitiM to an •titoatliwTnd ptnmti ta pnalbihta kr to"-
 two payloads in comparison with other portions of the complete Lunar
Expedition Program is shown in Figure 2-1. A breakdown of the Lunar
Transport Vehicle Is shown In Figure 2-2.
The Space Launching System consists of a three-stage booster
capable of placing either the (fanned Lunar Peyload or the Cargo
Payload on a lunar Intercept trajectory at escape velocity. This
plan does not contain development information on the Launching System
since such information is contained in a separate System Package
Plan being prepared concurrently. The development schedules in
these plans have been coordinated to insure compatibility.

In operation, the Manned Lunar Payload, weighing 13^,000 pounds,

will be boosted to escape velocity of approximately 37, OCX) ft/sec
on a trajectory which intercepts the moon. Velocity will be sufficient
to reach the moon in approximately 2^ days. As the Manned Lunar Pay-
load approaches the moon it is oriented with the local vertical by
the use of horizon scanners. The Lunar Landing Stage decelerates the
Manned Lunar Payload for a soft landing at a preselected site using
an altitude sensing device to determine time of ignition. Landing
at the preselected site will be accomplished using terminal guidance
equipment and a prepositioned beacon to effect an off-set landing.

The Lunar Launching Stage, using the Landing Stage as a base,

will launch the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle on the return trajectory.
In early test shots before men are included, the countdown and
launch will be effected automatically by command from the earth.
Small mid-course corrections may be necessary to insure re-entry
into the earth's atm sphere within allowable corridor limits.

The Lunex Be-entry Vehicle will re-enter the earth's atmosphere

within the allowable corridor so that It will not skip back into
space again nor burn from excess heat. It will use aerodynamic
braking to decelerate and will have sufficient lift capability to
effect a normal uhpowered aircraft landing at a base such as
Edwards Air Force Base.

Several successful unmanned, completely automatic flights of

the type Just described must be completed in order to establish
confidence in the system reliability before manned missions will be
attempted.

Cargo will he transported to the lunar surface using the same

procedures and equipment except that the Lunar Launch Stage is not
needed. The Cargo Package will have a weight equal to the combined
weight of the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle and the Lunar Launch Stage.

As a separate approach to the problem of placing Large payloads -

on the moon, techniques of rendezvous and assembly in earth orbit .

WDIAB-S-^58

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 are being examined. Use of these techniques would require the launch,
rendezvous and orbital assembly of sections, of the Manned Lunar Payload
and the Cargo Payload along with tde' -required. orbital launch booster
and its fuel. Ike assembled vehicle would then be boosted from orbital
velocity to escape velocity and would proceed as described above. De-
tails of the major developments required such as rendezvous, docking
and orbital assembly are outlined in a System Package Plan titled, SAINT
being prepared concurrently. All programming information and schedules
have been coordinated with this plan to Insure compatibility and
mutual support.
2.3 DESIQN PHILOSOPHY
The Lunar Expedition Plan has been oriented toward the development
of a useful capability rather than the accomplishment of a difficult
task on a one-time basis. The use of a large booster is favored for
the direct shot approach since studies have shown this to be more re-
liable, safer and more economical as well as having earlier availability.
However, another approach using a smaller booster in conjunction with
orbital rendezvous and assembly is also considered.

The manned Lunex Re-entry Vehicle is the key Item in determining

booster sizes. Its weight determined the size of the Lunar Launch
Stage which in turn determined the size of the Lunar Landing Stage.
The total weight of these three Items is the amount that must be
boosted to earth escape velocity by the Space Launching System. In
this manner the size of the Space Launching System was determined.
A 2^ day trajectory each way was selected as a conservative
design objective. Longer flights would have more life support and
guidance problems while shorter flights require higher boost velocity.
An abort capability will be included in the design insofar as
possible. The next section describes the abort system in consider-
able detail.

Development and tests are scheduled on a high priority basis.

Thus, the schedules shown in this plan are dictated by technological *
limitations and not by funds.

The entire program as described herein is an integrated program

In that later development testB build on the results of early tests.
Thus, equipment and techniques are proved out early, and confidence
in the reliability is obtained by the time a man is included.

2.1* ABORT PHILOSOPHY

The insertion of a man into a space system creates a safety and
reliability problem appreciably greater than the problem faced toy

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i
any unmanned BystemT It Is veil recognized that maximum reliability
Is desirable, but also known that reliabilities In excess of 6$ to
9056 are extremely difficult to achieve with systems as complex as
the Lunar Transportation System- Therefore, the need for an abort
system to protect the man during'the "unreliable" portions of the
lunar mission is accepted.

A review of the proposed techniques and equipments to provide a

"full abort" capability has shown that due to payload limitations
this is not practical during the early lunar missions. Thus a
reasonable element of risk will be involved. In order to decrease
this element of risk and to understand where it occurs the lunar
mission has been divided Into six time-periods. These time periods
are as follows: '

a. Earth ascent.

b. Earth-moon t r a n s i t .

c. Lunar terminal.

d. Lunar ascent.

e. Moon-earth transit.

f. Re-entry.

The development and test philosophy for 'this program Is to

launch the manned systems as early as possible in the program, but
in an unmanned status. This will provide experience and allow the
system to be checked out and "man-rated" before the first manned
flight. It also means that the lunex Be-entry Vehicle will be used
for orbital and clrcumlunar flights prior to the lunar landing and
return flight. The propulsion systems used for these early flights
will be used throughout the program and the experience gained from
each flight will increase the probability of success in reaching
the final lunar landing and return objective. Also these pro-
pulsion systems will be used concurrently In other programs and
at the time of man-rating v l U possess greater launch experience
than can be expected for the largest booster of the Space Launching
System. This would indicate that a larger number of unmanned flights
should be scheduled for the larger full boost system than for the
early flights. It also points out the need for a sophisticated
Earth Ascent Abort capability during the first manned lunar iimfl-twg
and return flight. '

VDLAR-S-458

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 In providing an abort philosophy for the Lunar Program it should
be noted that the Lunex He-entry Vehicle, the Lunar Landing Stage -
and the Lunar Launching Stage all possess Inherent abort capability
if utilized properly during an emergency. With sufficient velocity
the re-entry vehicle is capable of appreciable maneuvering and
landing control to provide its own recovery system. The Lunar
Launching and Lunar Landing Stages possess an appreciable ,£v
capability that can be used to alter the payload trajectory to
better accomplish recovery of the man. However, in either case the
maneuvers will have to rely on computingtechniquesto select the
best possible abort solution for any specific situation.

With this background, and with the understanding that in a

future final design effort "full abort" may be required, the
following abort design objectives for the Manned Lunar Payload are
presented:

a. Earth Ascent Phase

(1) On Pad.

Full abort system will be provided.

(2) Lift-ofX Ho Flight Velocity for the He-entry

Vehicle. .

Full abort system will be provided.

(3) Flight Velocity for the- He-entry Vehicle to

Escape Velocity.

The basic Manned Lunar Payload will provide

the abort capability.

b. Earth-Moon Transit

(1) Injection

Abort capability to compensate for injection

error is desired as part of the basic Manned Lunar Payload.
Computing, propulsion, etc., capabilities should be designed into
the basic system to provide for the selection of the optimum abort
trajectory. ,

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 SfiGftcT

Abort capability during Earth-Moon transit is

desired for the He-Entry Vehicle by means of a direct earth return,
earth orbit, or circumlunar flight and earth return. Circumlunar
flight generally requires the least^v.v, but the actual selection
of the optimum trajectory should be accomplished vben required by
a computing capability, and executed by the Lunar Fayload.

c. Lunar Terminal

This type of abort generally results from loss of

propulsion or control of the Lunar Landing Stage. Where possible
the Lunar Launching Stage will be used to attain a direct or circum-
lunar trajectory that terminated in an earth return. When this is
not possible the Lunar Launching Stage will be used to accomplish
the safest possible lunar landing. Recovery of the crew will not
be provided in this system and selection of the above .alternatives
will be accomplished automatically on-board. Crew recovery will
be provided by another stand-by Lunar Transport Vehicle.

d. Lunar Ascent

Maximum inherent reliability by overdesign of

components and systems in the Lunar Launching Stage seems to be
the most logical approach for this phase due to the extreme weight
penalty imposed by a separate abort system.

The early missions will be faced with the highest

risk, but as a facility on the lunar surface is developed, a
rescue capability and the addition of an abort capability can be
developed. Ho specific abort system will be provided for this
phase, but consideration should be given to tbe possibility of
future lunar modifications to provide for abort.

e. ttwn-Earth Transit

This would generally be associated with a gross

trajectory error, or loss of control on re-entry. The only
solution is to utilize the on-board capability that remains to
achieve an earth orbit. After achieving orbit an earth launched
rescue mission would be initiated. This approach requires no
additional abort -system to be provided for this phase.

WELAR-S-458

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 •Vr-F

. : • * & •

f. Re-entry

Exceeding re-entry corridor lljnits, or I O B S of control

could cause an emergency where abort would be desirable. Should
sufficient Zi.v remain from the over-design of the lunar launch stage,
and not he used during Moon-Earth transit this vould he used to attain
an earth orbit where rescue could be achieved. Ho separate abort
capability is required for this phase, hut availability of pro-
pellant should be considered.

2.5 EXPEDITION PLAHNIHG

A detailed plan must be prepared for the complete Lunar Ex-

pedition operation. This plan must start from the first time man
lands on the lunar surface and account for every single effort, or
objective he is to accomplish during his stay on the surface, A
crew of three nien will be sent into a new and hostile environment
where rescue or assistance from other human beings will be extremely
difficult, if not impossible, for the first mission. Time will be at
a premium and all items of equipment must be planned, designed and
delivered in the Cargo Payloads so that they can be used in the easiest
possible manner.

The procedures for first exploring the surface and then for con-
structing the expedition facility must all be derived, demonstrated
and proven by earth operations prior to attempting the desired opera-
tion oh the moon. An environmental facility that simulates the lunar
surface with sufficient Work area to test out equipment and procedures
will be required.

The actual landing operation and the first effort by men on the
surface requires detailed data about the moon's surface. The follow-
ing chart represents the best available data. The chart is a portion
of a Lunar Sectional having a scale of 1:1,000 (l inch equals 16
miles) produced by the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center,
St Louis, Missouri. Present plans call for the eventual production
of lUh charts to cover the complete lunar surface.

The best photographic resolution to date is around one-half

mile on the lunar surface, which provides adequate data for charts
having a scale of 1:1,350,000, Good astronomical telescopes can be
used to Improve on the photographic data and obtain sufficient detail
to prepare sectional charts like the one included. However, larger

2>li
TOLAR-S-I*58

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-»!-' -^.:-
 iflt «a«.[H^.>'' c
scale, accurate lunar charts will be required to complete detailed
plane- Data can be obtained for such charts from a lunar orbiting
photographic satellite which vill provide sufficient resolution and
overlap to enable Btereographic compilation of contours and eleva-
tions. The NASA proposed Lunar Orblter program Is a possible source
of the required data.

Planning for construction of the expedition facility can begin

only after detailed surface information becomes available. Examin-
ation of returned lunar core samples vill be necessary before plans
can be completed.

!---*
m

2.12
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p-«.<_?d - ' - 1
 uoar LUINAK LnAM
SCALE 1:1,000,000
•c
rUWISHED 1Y IHE AE«ONAUTICAt CHA*T AND INFORMATION CENTER.
UNITED 5TATES * ' » fOKCE
ST. IOUI5 la. MO.

KEPLER
LAC 57
Mtrcotor Projection
State 1<1,000,0M o M i * 0 0 ' « "

1ST EDITION DECEMBER 1960

NOTES
Thii chart wat prepared with advisory owslonce from
Dr. Q. P. Kulpar gnd hit coHoboralon, 0. W. G. Arthur
and t". A. WhitaJier.

CONTROL
The position of featurei an fhft chart * a s determined
Through the uie of lelenographic conlrol eitabtiihed pri-
marily from the m w i u r e * of J , From and S. A. Sounder.
A collated listing of thh control wo* pubfished under the
auipicas of the fnternationof Agronomical Union in 1935,
(Named Lunar Formation* - BJagg and Mfiller).

VERTICAL DATUM
Vertical datum is b a w d on on ossumed spherical figure
of the moon and a lunar radius of 1738 kilometers. The
datum plane wot subsequently adjusted to 2.6 kilometers
below the surface described bf the 1738 kilometer rodiui
to minimize the extent of tuner surface or minus eleva-
tion value. Gradients of mojos1 surface undulations were
established by interpolating Schrulko - Rechtenstomm
computations of J. F r o m ' * measurements of ISO moon
craters. The probable error of comparative devotion
values it evaluated at 1000 meters. Vertical datum, so
established, is considered interim and wilt be refined as
soon as an accurate figure of the moon is determined,

ELEVATIONS
All elevations are shown in meters. The ntfalive heights
of crater rims and other prominences above the moria
and depths of craters were determined through photo-
graphic measurement utilizing the 1. Kopal and G .
Fielder Shadow Progression Technique. Relative heights
thus established, have been referenced to the assumed
vertical doluai and have been integrated with the grad-
ients of the surface undulation*, The probable error of
the localized relative heights is 100 meters. Inherent with
measuring technique used, relative height determinations
In general E-W direction are more accurate than in the
N-S direct ion.

Spot Elevation (referenced to datum) .1100

Crohtr Elevations
Rim (referenced to Datum) 300
Depth of crater (rim to floor) (400)

CONTOURS
All contours arc approximate - i — i — — 1 _
Contour interval js 300 meters

, ^ -r-r~^~- •*-i*T*. : '

m u j tVW U
M.»7 TOBIAS MEYER
 SECTIOK I I I

MASTER ECHEDUIES

LDNAR E3CPKDITION ( u )

(LUNEX)

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 TITLE RAGE *- 3.1

RECORD CF CHANGES 3.2

INDEX 3.3

3.0 INTRODUCTION 3-5

3-1 MASTER PROGRAM PHASING CHART 3-5

3-2 LUNAR EXPEDITION PROGRAM SCHEDULE 3.6

3-3 LUNAR EXIEDITION MANAGEMENT MILESTONES JT60-FY63 3.6

3-h LUNAR EXPEDITION TEST SCHEDULE 3-7

3-5 LUNEX SPACE LAUNCHING REQUIREMENTS 3^7

3.6 PERSONNEL AND TRAINING 3.8

3-7 LUNEX CIVIL ENGINEERING FACILITIES SCHEDULE 3.8

ATTACHMENTS

I I I - A LUNAR EXPEDITION MASTER PROGRAM SCHEDULE

I I I - B LUNAR EXPEDITION PROGRAM SCHEDULE

I I I - C LUNAR EXPEDITION MANAGEMENT MILESTONES F T 6 2 - F Y 6 3

I I I - D LUNAR EXPEDITION TEST SCHEDULE

I I I - E LUNEX SPACE LAUNCHING REQUIREMENTS

III - F LUNEX CIVIL ENGINEERING FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAM

I I I - G LUNEX TRAINING SCHEDULE

VDLAR-S-U58

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 It***

3.0 INTRODUCTION

The establishment of the Lunar Expedition Program as a National

objective will provide a worthy goal for the. United States industrial
and governmental organizations. The lunar Expedition program has been
based on extensive study, design and research writ during the past
three years.

A lunar Expedition program will require the use and centralized

control of a major portion of the present military space capability.
M e will have the effect of giving the military program a Bcheduled
long-range objective, and still provide useabla military capabilities
throughout the period. As an example, manned re-entry vehicles for
orbital operations will be available in early 1965- This will be
followed by a manned lunar re-entry vehicle in 1$6S.

Propulsion and Space launching systems will be required to

support the LUNEX program. This program will set orbital and escape
velocity payload requirements ranging from 20 to 350 thousand pounds
in a 300 mile orbit and from 2*f,000 to 13^,000 pounds at escape
velocity. Shis capability will be obtained at an accelerated pace for
the LUNEX program and as a result the same capabilities will be availa-
ble for military use much earlier than could be achieved if the start
of the development programs had to be Justified at this time entirely
on the basis of military usefulness.

The accomplishment of the LUNEX program will require mpy^mnm

use of several presently programmed efforts and reorientation of others.
Dae major programs of direct interest to the Lunex are the SAINT and
BOGS programs. Therefore, these efforts have been coordinated and
Integrated with the LUNEX program. *me BOGS shots will provide the
necessary orbital primate test data to allow the manned life support
package for the lunex Re-entry Vehicle to be designed, The SAINT
unmanned and manned program will provide additional orbital infor-
mation on rendezvous, docking, and personnel and fuel transfer. In
the event that the direct shot approach for the Lunar expedition
requires reorientation in future years to use orbital assembly
techniques this capability will be available from the SAINT program.

3.1 MASTER HtOGBAM IEASISG CHART

This schedule presents the Integrated military program required

to accomplish the Lunar Expedition mission and to develop techniques
for operating In the earth orbital and lunar areas. It was prepared
to indicate the Interface between this Lunar Expedition System
Package Plan and the Space Launching System. The major national
objective of this integrated program Is to land men on the moon and
return than In August of 1967.

WDIAR-S-Jl58

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sww CONHLtLlV'llAL.
3-2 " LUNAR EXPEDITION PROCBAM SCHEDULE

This schedule presents the major Items t o be accomplished as

a r e s u l t o f t h e VJNBX program. She c o s t i n g a s shovn on the schedule
does not include the c o s t of developing the Space Launching System
since t h i s i s provided under a separate System Package plan.
However, the c o s t of purchasing the f l i g h t v e h i c l e s i s included.

Ihe major "prestige" milestones of the program can be

summarized a s f o l l o w s :

F i r s t Manned Orbital F l i g h t April 1965

(3 Man Space Vehicle)

F i r s t Lunar landing (Cargo) July 1966

Manned Circuffllunar F l i g h t Sept. 1966

Manned lunar landing & Return Aug. 1^67

penaanently Manned Lunar Expedition Jan. 1968

3-3 LUNAR EXPEDITION MANAGEMENT MILESTONES FY62 - FT63

.This schedule I n d i c a t e s the major LUHEX program e f f o r t s

required during f i s c a l years 1962 and 1963. 3be time a l l o c a t i o n
f o r management and Ai 'orce technical evaluations have been kept
t o a minimum i n order t o meet the end objective of "man on the moon"
In August 1967.
f
Several c r i t i c a l major decisions are required and are summarized
below:

Program Approval & Funding July 1961

Development-Production Funding S e c . 1962

Design Concept Decision Jan. I 9 6 3

Approval f o r Hardware Go-Ahead Feb. I963

Delays i n providing the funding Indicated, o r In r e c e i v i n g

n o t i f i c a t i o n of d e c i s i o n s required, w i l l have the d i r e c t e f f e c t of
delaying t h e end o b j e c t i v e s . This problem could be e f f e c t i v e l y
solved by a streamlined management structure having a minimum number
of reviewing a u t h o r i t i e s . The present AFSC procedures are a s t e p i n
the r i g h t d i r e c t i o n but^ more .direct channels .are, d e s i r a b l e a t the
higher command l e v e l s . , t , „ - '^--. V,
^ • ^

WDLAR-S-458

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I t , U.S.C Seclnn 793 end 7V4, t h * Ireiumiuion or revelelron o l which hi any manner k> p i uneiflhorixed penon l l protiibiled by law.
 > » *

3A n
LUHAR EJCHKDITION TEST SCHEDULE
* •

This schedule p r e s e n t s t h e major t e s t Items r e q u i r e d f o r t h e

LUHEX program. Upon completion of t h e program manned t r a n s p o r t and
unmanned cargo v e h i c l e s w i l l be a v a i l a b l e t o support t h e Lunar
e x p e d i t i o n . . The cargo v e h i c l e v i l l be capable of t r a n s p o r t i n g
approximately ^5,000 pound "cargo packages" t o t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e
f o r supporting t h e e x p e d i t i o n . This same v e h i c l e would be capable
of t r a n s p o r t i n g f u t u r e m i l i t a r y payloads t o t h e l u n a r surface t o
support space m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s .

A d e t a i l e d high-speed r e - e n t r y t e s t program and an a b o r t

system t e s t program i s scheduled t o provide b a s i c r e - e n t r y d a t a
and t o i n s u r e t h e safety of t h e men I n t h e Lunex R e - e n t r y V e h i c l e .

P r i o r t o t h e f i r s t "manned l u n a r l a n d i n g and r e t u r n ' ' f l i g h t ,

a s e r i e s of t e s t and check-out f l i g h t s w i l l be r e q u i r e d . These
w i l l i n i t i a l l y c o n s i s t of o r b i t a l f l i g h t s , and then very h i g h
a l t i t u d e (50,000 m i l e s or more) e l l i p t i c a l f l i g h t s f o r t e s t i n g t h e
v e h i c l e s under r e - e n t r y c o n d i t i o n s . When t h e s e have been completed,
the f i r s t f l i g h t s w i l l be made around t h e moon (circumlunar) and
r e t u r n t o an e a r t h b a s e . With a completely man-rated v e h i c l e , and
unmanned l u n a r l a n d i n g f l i g h t s completed, man w i l l then make t h e
f i r s t l a n d i n g on t h e moon f o r t h e purpose of s e l e c t i n g a s i t e f o r
the Lunar Expedition F a c i l i t y .

3.5 LUNEX SIACE IAUNCHTNG REQUIREMENTS

"The purpose of t h i s schedule i s t o summarize t h e space l a u n c h i n g

v e h i c l e requirements and I n d i c a t e when t h e launches w i l l be needed.

The THOR-ABLE-STAR b o o s t e r s w i l l be used f o r t h e r e - e n t r y t e s t

program. The Space Launching System b o o s t e r s d e s i g n a t e d a s A, AB
and BC, and s o l i d s a s r e q u i r e d , w i l l be needed as i n d i c a t e d and t h e i r
payload c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e e s t i m a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

Booster Payload

A ItlO 20,000 pounds (300 m i l e o r b i t )

AB 625 87,000 pounds (300 m i l e o r b i t )

AB 825 24,000 pounds (escape v e l o c i t y )

BC 2720 13^,000 pounds (escape v e l o c i t y )

WDIAR-S-458

X&&
Thli dQcunwflf confiiru information effecting Ihe national d > f i n u of Iha Un<i«d State* within the moaning of I h * Espionage Lewi, Title
IB, U-5-C, Section 793 ond 794, (ho tranuniiiion Or revelarion of which in ony manner to on unauthorized person is prohibited by low.
 .*

3.6 ^r
PERSONNEL AND 1RAINING
c
The Lunar Expedition program w i l l r e q u i r e m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l
and a m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g program- D e t a i l s of t h i s program a r e p r e s e n t e d
i n S e c t i o n XX and summarized on t h e Uraex T r a i n i n g Schedule i n c l u d e d
in this section.

The number of p e r s o n n e l r e q u i r e d w i l l i n c r e a s e from a l i m i t e d

s t a f f i n t h e e a r l y ft-ogram Office t o a t o t a l of 6,000 personnel I n
t h e a c t i v e e x p e d i t i o n y e a r . This t o t a l does n o t include "in p l a n t "
• & • c o n t r a c t o r personnel -which i s e s t i m a t e d t o be on t h e o r d e r of 66
thousand.

Training of m i l i t a r y personnel t o meet t h e requirements of t h e

LUMEX program v i l l be done by c o n t r a c t o r and m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g
p e r s o n n e l . Maximum use v i l l be made of program equipment tfeen I t
can be scheduled f o r t r a i n i n g purposes and i n a d d i t i o n } a l l o c a t i o n
of p r o d u c t i o n equipment i s n e c e s s a r y t o meet toainlng r e q u i r e m e n t s .

3-7 XUNEX CIVIL ENGINEERING FACILITIES SCHEDULE

The f a c i l i t i e s development and c o n s t r u c t i o n program I s shown

on t h i s s c h e d u l e . The f i r s t item t o be accomplished i s a s i t e
survey t o determine t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e LUNEX program can be
supported by AMR and B4R. When t h i s has been accomplished i t iti.ll
be p o s s i b l e t o deteimine i f t h e e a r l y LUNEX t e s t launches can be
accomplished by u s i n g p r e s e n t f a c i l i t i e s . F u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i t i l l
be given t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of b u i l d i n g t h e Lunex Lranch Complex
a s an expansion of t h e AMP o r fMR. A more d e t a i l e d p r e s e n t a t i o n
of t h e f a c i l i t i e s program i s contained i n S e c t i o n V I I I C i v i l
Engineering.

3-8 WDLAR-S-J*58

**
Thii document contain! information (Heeling th* national ( M m i : of the Uniitd S t e m within the meaning of Ihe Eipionege Uw>, Title
I S , U S . C , Section 793 and 794, the IteruniitiiOn 01 revelation of which in any manner B an unauthorind pemon i> prohibited by law.

•.-, --3---B---
 MASTER PROGRAM 6CHEDUXE
P R O G R A M SCHEDULE . J

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WDLAR-S-458

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 CHART m - 8
LUNAR EXPEDITION PROGRAM MILESTONE SCHEDULE

CALENDAR
1961 1962 1963 1964
PRELIMINARY DESIGN COMPLETE ( LUNEX PAYLOAD) - <
PROGRAM APPROVAL AND FUNDING
K\)
ENGINEERING DESIGN AND MOCK-UP
INITIATE HARDWARE PROCUREMENT
< c !!
<>
RE-ENTRY VEHICLE ( 9 0 % ENG REL ) <>
LUNAR LANDING STAGE ( 9 0 % ENG REL) '<
FIRST MANNED ORBITAL FLIGHT
CARGO PAYLOAD ( 9 0 % ENG REL)

4 LUNAR LAUNCH STAGE ( 9 0 % ENG R E D

FIRST LUNAR LANDING (CARGO TEST FLIGHT)
MANNED CIRCUMLUNAft FLIGHT
SPACE LAUNCHING SYSTEM FLIGHT QUALIFIED
MANNED LUNAR LANDING ANO RETURN
PERMANENTLY MANNED LUNAR EXPEDITION

LUNAR EXPEDITION FUNDING REOUIREMENTS(MILLIONS) 27 112 350

r-
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 **»?.

PKMIAM K H N U - 6 Years

m D LUNAR EXPEDITION CV-61 CY-62

TEST SCHEDULE J
HIGH SPEED RE-ENTRY TEST
25.000 - 35.000 ft/aec
(Sub-Scale)
35.000 - 45,000 ft/aec"
(Sub-Scale)
.;£*-:
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Static T e s t
Eng., L a b . , and Gnd. T e s t
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n_ E a r t h Launch T e s t
a. Orbital Check-out
Lunar Launch *'^*s
a. Unmanned
Manned
M_ Lunar Expedition
tL.
«_ (Continued)
J f I A • J J I t I I I J]F I M J J A
FY-62

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TEST SCHEDULE J F M Jl • J J 1 S 0i • j r i « i ) i A
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f Eng,, L a b . , and Gnd. T e s t
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iq Lunar Expedition
11 Cargo
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in E [ LUNEX S P A C E LAUNCHING CY-61 CV-62

REQUIREMENTS ra

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I I T - F j LUNEX CIVIL ENGINEERING CY-6I CY-62
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 SECTION IV

lEVELOFMENT - TEST - ERODUCTIOU

LUNAR EXPEDITION ( u )

(LUHEX)

k.X WDLAR-S-lt58

winTV -«-»*/
»***

»M. 4oaimwni taatglni \nfmmf\*lt athctina tha national rfaHjmt al flit I f a l M Statu ITHhln Hi* a m n i a f at |a» Ewianaaa Lawt, Till*
11. U.S.C.. Sactran 7?3 and 794, Ik* franintHiM ar n n l t f i a n af which In • • » manner la on KaMharilad Banan H pnMnnad lijr law.

J
 .RECORD OP CHANGES

T
CHANGE INSCRIPTION OF CHANGE I DA3E OF CHANGE REFERENCE
NO. TO BASIC
*" PARI1
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 DHEX

TITLE PAGE 4.1

RECORD OF CHANGES 4.2
TSDE3L 4-3
4.0 INTRODUCTION 4-5
4.1 EEVELOPMEHT OBJECTIVES 4.5
4.1-1 High-Speed Re-Entry 4, 5
4.1.2 Manned lunar Fayload 4, 6
4.1.3 Cargo Bayload 4. 7
4.1.4 Abort System 4, 7
4, 8
4.1.5 Space launching System
4.2 SUBSYSTEM IEVELOPMENT 4.9
4.2-1 Re- Entry Vehicle 4-9
4.2.1.3-1 Aerodynamics 4.U
4.2.1-3.2 Materials 4.U
4.2.1.3.3 Structures 4.12
4.2.1.3-4 Dynamics 4.13
4.2.2 Propulsion 4-15
life Support 4.17
4.2-3
Flight Vehicle Power 4.19
4.2.4 Guidance and Control System 4.20
4.2-5 Inertlal Platform 4.20
4.2-5-2 Star Tracker 4.21
4.2.5-3 4.21
Long Baseline Radio Navigation
4.2.5-4 4.22
Doppler Radar
4.2-5-5 Re-Entry Guidance 22
4.2.5.6 Adaptive Autopilot 22
4.2.5.7 Computer 24
4.2.6 26
4.2-7 Communications
Environmental Data 4.27
4.2.8 4.32
Materials
4.2-9
4.34
4.3 TEST PLAN
4-3 Test Categories 4, 34
4-3. Research Tests 4. 34
4.3- Design Evaluation Tests 4. 37
4.3. Flight Testing 4. 38
4.3- 4. 39
High-Speed Re-Entry Flight Test
4.3. 4. 39
lunex He-Entry Vehicle Flight Test 4. 41
4.3.3.3
lunar launch Stage Flight Test
4.4 HKXEUCTION PLAN

TOLAR-s-458
Tkh •eamaM r t a l r i n fafenstian affaefhtg rha M ) I M B ! M M . of Ma UnHao1 Stafet viAbi Ma — i h * af Hw I t p l m w Lain, TWa
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 •-**>.

'.J. * * * * * * ' * - • '

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This page intentionally l e f t blank

ifr.4 WDIAR-S-lfjS

.-«»»'w*we»wo«*

TW« d H M n l (anwini fotamstlon affocifet • * • aaflMial dafaina ef H H Unind Slain wiHiM fa* H a n i * * af Ik* f ipiwwaa l a m . Tdta
IB, U.S.C., Stdim 7*3 aaa1 7*4, the homnintwi ar rmlsHan ml vhlih In any anaiHr to an a w H i w l n a ' r*rt** h p a f c l b M • » h M .

v-' - •*-:.
 4. DEVELOFMEHT - 2EST - PRODUCTION

4.0 IHTflODUCTIOH

Implementation of the lunar Expedition v l l l require a

completely Integrated program Involving t h e development, t e s t ,
and production of Items based on almost every known t e c h n i c a l
d i s c i p l i n e . These technical d i s c i p l i n e s are presently being
i n v e s t i g a t e d under a multitude of programs and organixations •
The Lunar Expedition program v i l l require these t e c h n i c a l e f f o r t s
t o be immediately organized and r e - o r i e n t e d where necessary.
This can b e s t be accomplished by preparing a d e t a i l e d development,
t e s t , and production program. Vben t h i s program i s completed
each technical area can be evaluated by comparing I t s present
program o b j e c t i v e s and I t s required output t o meet the Lunar '
Expedition program requirements. In the following paragraphs
the Lunar Expedition development o b j e c t i v e s and t e c h n i c a l p e r -
formance requirements are presented. The scope of the major
e x i s t i n g t e c h n i c a l programs and the necessary r e - o r i e n t a t i o n i s
discussed.

4.1 DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES

4-1.1 HIGH-SPEED RE-SNORT

At the present time high-speed re-entry data In the v e l o c i t y

spectrum from 25,000 f t / s e e . t o 1*5,000 f t / s e e . I s n o n - e x i s t a n t . In
order t o meet the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle development schedule I t " •
w i l l be necessary t o have high-speed r e - e n t r y data during the
engineering design program f o r the manned re-entry v e h i c l e . Thus
a compressed and coordinated teBt program f o r both ground t e s t
f a c i l i t i e s and f l i g h t t e s t i n g i s necessary*

Immediate a c t i o n I s necessary t o schedule and design the

high-speed wind-tunnel t e s t program. This v i l l show the type of
information t h a t can only be achieved by means of f l i g h t t e s t i n g .

The High-Speed Re-entry f l i g h t t e s t program scheduled f o r

the Lunex program i s necessary t o provide b a s i c data on r e - e n t r y
as well as t o f l y s p e c i f i c shapes In t h e l a t e r period of the t e s t
program. This s e l e c t e d shape program v i l l be coordinated with the
Lunex Re-entry Vehicle design e f f o r t .

In order t o accomplish the High-Speed Be-entry f l i g h t t e s t

program i t w i l l be necessary t o design and develop a t e s t v e h i c l e .
Oils v e h i c l e most use e x i s t i n g boost systems due t o time l i m i t a t i o n s ,
but the payload v l l l have t o be designed e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h i s program
since none e x i s t s a t t h i s time. I t I s b e l i e v e d t h a t the A t l a s booster
v l l l prove adequate f o r these t e s t s , but a decision must a v a l t the
t e s t payload d e s i g n .
4.5 ^n>IAR-s-45B

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 * V -9
fc.1.2 MANNED LUNAR PAYLOAD

The largest single development objective for the LUTO3C

program is to provide a payload capable of transporting men and
equipment to the lunar surface and returning them to a selected
earth base, nils payload would consist of a Lunar landing Stage, a
lunar Launch Stage and a 3-man Lunex Re-entry Vehicle.

A typical Manned lunar Payload is shown in a cut-away view in

Figure h~\. Ike characteristics and General Arrangement of the
Manned Lunar Payload are shown in Figures k-2 and k-3. This payload
is 52 feet U inches long, has the e.g. located 33 feet 8 inches from
the nose of the re-entry vehicle and the interface diameter with the
Space Launching System is 25 feet. The complete payload weighs
13^,000 pounds at escape velocity, and a 20,205 pound Manned Re-entry
Vehicle is returned to the earth.

The Lunex Re-entry Vehicle must be capable of entering the

earth's atmosphere with a velocity of approximately 37,000 ft/see.
At the present time, basic re-entry information for velocities Of
this magnitude does not exist. Therefore, engineering design effort
for this re-entry vehicle must be accomplished concurrently with
other major sub-systems developments and integrated with the High-
Speed Re-entry test program and the Abort System test and development
program. This requires close management control of these programs
by the LUHEX Program Office.

Another major problem facing the re-entry vehicle development

program is the life support package. The planned schedule will
require tbe manned life support package to be designed on the basis
of earlier primate shots. Mercury shots and the Discoverer series.
These programs lead toward a manned capability, but this re-entry
vehiwie requires the first truly space life support package.

. The lunar landing Stage must be capable of landing the Lunar

Launching Stage and the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle on the lunar surface.
At the present time this is considered a difficult design problem
because little is known about the lunar surface. Actually the best
photographic resolution to date is approximately <§ mile. Many
theories exist on the formation of the moon and therefore, the
characteristics of its present surface. When these two factors are
considered the only practical design approach is to provide an
alighting system capable of landing on an extremely rough surface.
An automatic leveling, orientation and launching system is required
for system check-out prior to manned flight. Therefore, any
assumption that the Manned Lunar Payload can be moved about on the
lunar surface or that the payloads might initially transfer fuel on
the lunar surface, might be entirely erroneous and Jeopardize the
complete Lunar Expedition effort. The landing stage will also, have
to be developed so that It is capable of landing the Cargo Payloads
on the lunar surface.

^ , - v - . ^ * - ^

IWt * K H » * M ™nofni iflfaruMtlaii nHaclIng Hi* notional d*KnM of rh* Un'li* S I B I M within Ike •.•unlit* si Hw Eipioneo* Law>, Titta
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 The Lunar launching Stage must be developed with a different
philosophy than the previous sub-systems. First, It only operates in
4. vacuum of space and on the lunar surface. Secondly-/ it vlll be
required to function after It has been located on the lunar surface
for an extended period varying from several days to many months.
Therefore, the stage must be developed to launch the re-entry vehicle
after being subjected to a better vacuum then available In our best
earth laboratory facilities, following possible temperature variations
of hOO to 500 degrees, following possible meteorite bombardment and
from a less than optimum launch angle. Specifically the stage
development must consider propellent boil-off, automatic check-out,
self-erection and remote (earth-moon) launching procedures.

Die lunar launching Stage represents the major reliability

problem of the system because an abort capability is planned for
evexy phase of the LUIfflX mission except during launch from the lunar
surface. During the early lunar flights an abort capability for
this phase Is just too expensive payload-viBe for the Space Launching
System. An abort capability during Lunar Launch essentially requires
a duplicate lunar launching capability because the man must still be
returned to the earth by either this system, or a special rescue
flight. Therefore, until lunar support facilities are available a
separate system for abort during lunar launch does not seem practical.
This creates the requirement to develop an extremely reliable Lunar
Launching Stage.

IM.3 CARGO BttLOAD

She successful support of the Lunar Expedition vill require a

capability to deliver relatively large Cargo Packages to the lunar
surface. These Cargo packages vlll be soft landed at the desired
lunar sites by the Lunar Landing Stage. Each Cargo package vlll
weigh approximately 45,000 pounds and vill be specifically designed
to carry the items desired to support the expedition. Development
of the Cargo Payload and the specific packages vill depend upon the
Lunar Landing Stage design and the receipt of lunar environmental
data. The actual design of the Lunar Expedition Facility vill only
be possible vhen detailed Information on the lunar surface is available.
Then vtth the facility design information the required materials,
equipment, and procedures can be determined and a payload delivery
sequence derived. The required payload delivery sequence is essential
before the Individual payloads can be designed and developed, but
timely development of major Items of equipment must proceed as their
individual requirements become known.

k.l.k ABORT SXSTEM

The philosophy of abort has been presented In the Program

Description section of this document. The development of the abort
equipment will require an integrated effort with the re-entry vehicle

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 -«H : -

(
The lunar launching Stage must be developed with a d i f f e r e n t
philosophy than the previous sub-systems. F i r s t , i t only operates i n
a„ vacuum of space and on the lunar surface. Secondly, i t w i l l be
required t o function a f t e r i t has been l o c a t e d on the lunar surface
f o r an extended period varying from several days t o many months.
Therefore, the stage must be developed t o launch the r e - e n t r y v e h i c l e
a f t e r being subjected t o a b e t t e r vacuum then available i n our b e s t
earth laboratory f a c i l i t i e s , following p o s s i b l e temperature v a r i a t i o n s
of 400 t o 50Q degrees, following p o s s i b l e meteorite bombardment and
from a l e s s than optimum launch angle. S p e c i f i c a l l y the stage
development must consider propellent b o i l - o f f , automatic check-out,
s e l f - e r e c t i o n and remote (earth-moon) launching procedures.

The Lunar Launching Stage represents the major r e l i a b i l i t y

problem of the system because an abort c a p a b i l i t y i s planned f o r
every phase of the LUNEX mission except during launch from the lunar
surface. During the e a r l y lunar f l i g h t s an abort c a p a b i l i t y f o r
t h i s phase i s Just t o o expensive payload-vise f o r the Space Launching
System. An abort c a p a b i l i t y during Lunar Launch e s s e n t i a l l y requires
a duplicate lunar launching c a p a b i l i t y because the man must s t i l l be
returned t o the earth by e i t h e r t h i s system, or a s p e c i a l rescue
f l i g h t . Therefore, u n t i l lunar support f a c i l i t i e s ere a v a i l a b l e a
separate system f o r abort during lunar launch does not seem p r a c t i c a l .
This creates the requirement, t o develop an extremely r e l i a b l e Lunar
Launching Stage.

fc.1.3 CARGO BftTLOAD

The successful support of the Lunar Expedition -will require a

c a p a b i l i t y t o d e l i v e r r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e Cargo packages t o the lunar
surface. These Cargo packages v i l l be s o f t landed a t the desired
lunar s i t e s by the Lunar Landing Stage. Each Cargo Package w i l l
weigh approximately ^5,000 pounds and w i i l be s p e c i f i c a l l y designed
t o carry the items d e s i r e d t o support the expedition. Development
of the Cargo Payload and t h e s p e c i f i c packages w i l l depend upon the
Lunar Landing Stage design and the r e c e i p t of lunar environmental
data. The actual design of the Lunar Expedition F a c i l i t y w i l l only
be p o s s i b l e when d e t a i l e d information on the lunar surface i s a v a i l a b l e .
Then with the f a c i l i t y design information the required m a t e r i a l s ,
equipment, and procedures can be determined and a payload delivery
sequence derived. The required payload delivery sequence i s e s s e n t i a l
before the individual payloads can be designed and developed, but
timely development of major items of equipment must proceed as t h e i r
Individual requirements become known.

It.1.4 ABCfiT SYSTEM

The philosophy of abort has been presented In the Program

Description s e c t i o n of t h i s document. The development of the abort
equipment w i l l require an i n t e g r a t e d e f f o r t with the r e - e n t r y v e h i c l e

WDLAR-S-lf58

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 '•• ' ^ i & . s t f l
• : - * * •

design and the test program must be conducted concurrently to provide

a reliable and safe system for supporting manned operations.

It is essential that the re-entry vehicle development be con-

ducted so that the life support capsule csn also meet the requirements
Imposed by the abort system. Additional structural and propulsion
items must be developed to provide for abort during the earth ascent
phase of the lunar mission. She computing and control equipment on
the Manned Lunar Payload must be capable of selecting the desired
abort mode of operation and initiating the desired actions at any
required time throughout the lunar mission.

1**1.5 SPACE LAUNCHING SYSTEM

The Lunar Expedition requires an extensive space launching
capability- The development of this capability is a necessary part
of the LUTJEJf Program. At present this development is being included
under the Space launching System program. It is designed to support
the lev altitude test, orbital, circumlunar, and full lunar flights.

The major problems facing the design and development of the

LUHEX payloads vlth reference to the Space Launching System, concerns
the interface characteristics, trajectory considerations, and earth
launch facilities.

The present prime interface characteristics for the Manned and

Cargo lunar Payloads are as follows:
Interface Diameter 300 inches
Escape Payload Weight 13^,000 pounds
. Payload Length 6y? inches
Center of Gravity kok inches
(Measured from top of payload)
The Space Launching System is required to provide timely
launching capabilities for the Lunar Expedition as follows:

Payload
Weight Unmanned Manned
Pounds Trajectory Flight ' Flight
20,000 300 mile orbit Aug 6k April 6?
87,000 300 mile orbit Dec 65 - -
2^,000 Escape Telocity Dec 65 Aug 66 .
13^,000 Escape Velocity July 66 Aug 6f

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S^*P

k.2 SUBSYSTEM BEVELOFMEHT

The development of a manned lunar payload and a cargo

package requires the development of subsystems and applied
research in many technical areas. Studies have established
that the advances In performance In these technical areas can
be accomplished to meet the overall program schedules and that
no scientific breakthroughs are required. She Important point
i s that items requiring development be identified, that necessary
funds be allocated, and that effort be Initiated without delay.
Die following sections discuss major subsystem requirements,
present capabilities, and development required. Completed
studies conducted by the Air Force and Industry have established
subsystem requirements in sufficient detail to outline develop-
ment programs which should be initiated Immediately. Present
studies will refine these specifications further.

>>-£. 4.2-1 RE-ENTRT VEHICIB

«*&si lr.2.1.1

The manned re-entry vehicle i s a c r i t i c a l item in the

development of the manned payload packages. This vehicle must be
- capable of returning from the moon and re-entering the earth's
(_ atmosphere at earth escape velocity (37*000 f t / B e e . ) . I t must
also have the capability of supporting three men on a 10-day
round t r i p earth-moon mission. This mission would include boost
from earth, coasting in earth orbit, b a l l i s t i c f l i g h t to the moon,
...^ deboost and landing on the moon's surface, remaining on the moon
•<• for one to five days, launch from the moon's surface, re-entering
the earth's atmosphere and landing at a pre-selected base on the
' ~~ earth. Structural requirements imposed by i n e r t i a ! and pressure
*~*— loading during boost, abort, trajectory correction, landing, r e -
entry, ground handling, and wind loading on the launch pad, have
been considered in analyzing desired vehicle characteristics-.
These studies have also included the heating and i t s effect on
- vehicle design as v e i l as the effects of space and lunar environ-
ment including particles and radiation, meteorite penetration,
and hard vacuum. Present deslga studies have estimated the total
re-entry vehicle weight at 20,205 pounds. The weight breakdown
^"^f is as follows;
£z a. Body 7500
(1) Structure 3500
(2) Heat Shield U000
b. Wing Group 2000
(1) Structure ****• -fiOa.-„v
(2) Heat Shield * 1200 ' "— - •
WDIAR-S-^58

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 c." 'ControlSystem"***' TJ5
(1) Aerodynamic 600
(2) Attitude 175
d. Environmental Control 1530
(1) Equipment Cooling 138
(2) Structure Cooling 9^0
(3) Cryogenic Storage ^52
e. Landing Gear 700

f. Instruments & Displays 200

g. Electric Pover system 600
h. Guidance & Navigation 400

1. Communi cations 250

J. Furnishing & Equipment 850

(1) SeatsfcRestraints 225
(£) Decompression Chamber 175
(3) Equipment Compartment 300
(k) Miscellaneous 150
k. life Support hoo
1. Crew (3 men) 800

m. Radiation 1200

n. Abort System 3000

4.2.1 2
Present re-entry and recovery techniques are outgrovths
of the ballistic missile program utilising ballistic re-entry
and parachute recovery. 3hey are not compatible vlth the
velocities associated with re-entry from the moon, vlth con-
trolled landing, or vith manned operation. Present engineering
data associated vith high speed re-entry is not adequate for
vehicle design.

4.2.1.3
A development-test program i s required to obtain
generalized data on re-entry phenomena and to test scale models

WDIAR-B-456

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" ' '•tTT"

 of selected vehicle configurations so that final selection and
design of an optimum vehicle can be made. Concurrently with
this test program the projects within the applied research
program will be directed so as to carry out the following
investigations to provide necessary data for the Lunex Re-entry
Vehicle Design.

4.2.1.3.1 AERODYNAMICS

(1) Study hypersonic-low density aerodynamics

including dissociation and ionization, non-equilibrium flow
phenomena.; and the influence of radiation non-equilibrium on
vehicle aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics.

(2) Initiate an extensive ground based facility

program directed at obtaining aerodynamic and heat transfer
data up to Mach Ho- 25 (the maximum useable available capability).
ttiese tests would Include the G.E. hypersonic shock tunnel in
the M = 18 - 25 range; Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory hypersonic
shock tunnel If = 12 - 18; Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory heated
hydrogen hypersonic shock tunnel at M - 20; AEDC tunnel "B",
"C", at M = 8 - 10; AEDC E-l and E-2, M = 1-5 - 6; AEDC super-
sonic and subsonic facilities. Ibis effort will be coordinated
with the Lunex Engineering Design program and the High-Speed
Re-entry test program-

(3) Correlation of wind tunnel tests in ve-uns of

prediction of free-flight vehicle performance characteristics
in order to provide correlation between ground tests facilities
and free-flight vehicles-

(k) Complete vehicle static and dynamic stability

analysis.

(5) Investigate local critical heat transfer problems

Including those associated witli flaps and fins. The use of re-
action controls, in order to alleviate critical heating areas,
for vehicle stability and control, will be investigated-

4.2.1.3-2 M&IERIALS

(1) Materials Develoratent

(a) Low conductivity p l a s t i c material develop-

ment.
(1) Uniformly distributed low conductivity.

4.11 —***»-. • Wtt AB-s-458

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 (£) Tailoring conductivity d i s t r i b u t i o n
in material in order t o obtain high ablation performance a t -
surface and l o v thermal conductivity i n structure bond l i n e .
(3.) Develop materials with low ablative
temperatures -

[h) Investigate bonding of m a t e r i a l ! t o . '

hot structure.

(b) Develop minimum shape change materials

for aerodynamic control surface and leading edge applications.
flieee materials will include pyrolytic graphite, alloys of
pyrolytic graphite, and ceramics.

(2) Materials Analysis

(a) For selected materials above, develop

analytical model to predict ablation performance and Insulation
thickness.

(b) Experimentally study material performance

under simulated f l i g h t environments with the use of high
enthalpy arc f a c i l i t i e s (b/RT0 = 700 t o 800).

(c) Study the influence of space environment

on selected m a t e r i a l s . This will include the influence of
vacuum, u l t r a v i o l e t radiation, and high energy p a r t i c l e s .

4.2.1.3.3 STRUCTURES

(1) Primary effort will be in the development of

load-bearing radiating structures. For this structure, the
following areas will be investigated.

(a) Ihermal s t r e s s analysis and prediction.

(b) Dynamic b u d d i n g

(c) Strain gage applications t o high tempera-

tures.

(d) Experimental simulation on large scale

structures of load temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n , and h i s t o r y . She
WflBD Structures f a c i l i t y would be the one most appropriate t o
these t e s t s .

WDLAB-S-458

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 ^iia^djajj^fi'

li.2 1.3A DYNAMICS

(l) Analytical studies In the following areas should

be undertaken.

(a) Unsteady aerodynamic forces at hypersonic

speeds.

(b) Aeroelastic changes In structural loading

and aerodynamic stability derivatives.

(c) Flutter
(d) Servoelastlc coupling with guidance system.

(e) Fatigue due to random loading-

(f) Transient dynamic loading.

4.2.1.k

Present projects -within the Air Force applied research

program will be reviewed and reoriented or e f f o r t increased, as
appropriate, t o provide the necessary data. Projects which can
be used for t h i s purpose are l i s t e d below;

6lT3*(U) Study of Controlled Final Deceleration Stages

for Recoverable Vehicles.

1315 (U) Bearings and Mechanical Control Systems for

Flight Vehicles.
1366 (U) Construction Techniques and Applications of
Mew >feterials.

1370 (U) Dynamic Problems i n F l i g h t Vehicles.

1395 (U) Flight Vehicle Design.

6lU6 (U) F l i g h t Vehicle Environmental Control.

1309 (U) Flight Vehicle Environmental Investigation.

6065 (u) Performance and Designed Deployable Aero-

dynamic Decelerations

4.13 WJ1IAB-S-45S

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 ffiBF.^-U. H
' v.

. , * * * •

4.2.1.5

In addition to the applied research efforts referred to

in Paragraph 4.2.1.1* an intensive study of re-entry vehicle
characteristics required for the tunex mission is being ac-
complished under project 7990 task 17532- 2fcis study will
define an optimum vehicle configuration and present the most
feasible technical approaches to solving the various re-entry
problems. For example, the desirability of ablative and/or
radiation techniques for cooling will be determined.

i.^

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 cdia - • • * < ' 4f t

4.2.2 HIOFULSIOH

4.2,2.1

m e Manned Lunar Payload requires a booster capable of

placing ft 134,000 pound package a t escape velocity on a s e l e c t -
ed lunar trajectory. This booster development has been included
in the Space Launching System package Plan and i t s development
will be done for the Lunex program.

4.2.2.2

Propulsion systems for the Manned Lunar Payload which vill

be developed under this plan are those required for the following
operations:

lunar Landing

Lunar Launch

Trajectory correction

Attitude control

Abort

4.2.2.3

The Lunar Landing Stage must be capable of soft landing a t

approximately 20 f t / s e c . a 50,000 pound payload on the moon.
This payload consists of the Lunar Launching Stage and Lunex
He-entry Vehicle. Preliminary design data from studies completed
t o date show t h a t the manned re-entry vehicle will weigh approxi-
mately 20,000 pounds and a launch stage of 30*000 pounds will be
required. Similar estimates for the Lunar Landing Stage indicate
t h a t i t w i l l weigh 85,000 pounds- During lunar landing, i f an
i n i t i a l t h r u s t to weight r a t i o of ,45 i s assumed as consistent
with the deceleration desired and time of deboost, an i n i t i a l
r e t r o t h r u s t of 60,000 pounds i s required. At f i n a l touchdown
on the moon, with a l l & v cancelled and assuming e s s e n t i a l l y a l l
deboost propellent consumed, approximately 10,000 pounds of t h r u s t
i s required: Some t h r o t t l i n g or gimballing of the engine may be
required a t the 10,000 pound l e v e l t o reduce the a x i a l component
of t h r u s t . The requirements on the landing engine are for a
60,000 pound engine with a 6 t o 1 t h r o t t l i n g r a t i o , or a cluster
of four engines of 15,000 pounds t h r u s t and a t l e a s t one with a
t h r o t t l i n g range of 1.5 t o 1. Assuming a t h r u s t t o weight r a t i o
of 1.5 (Moon weight) for t h e Lunar Launch gtage, a 12,000 pound
t h r u s t engine i s required for lunar launch. "An engine of the

4.15 VDLAR-S-458

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 4.2.3 I2FE SUPPORT

4.2.3-1
The l i f e support package for the Manned lunar Rtyload
vLll be required t o function for a "ilplitniw of 10 days* Bile
i s based on the premise that a one-nay t r i p to the noon will
require 2^ days, and the stay on the lunar surface will be on
the order of 5 days. Die l i f e support system must be capable
of supporting three men during high acceleration boost, approxi-
mately 2 i dayB of weightlessness, one t o five days of l / 6 earth
weight, 2f days of Weightlessness, re-entry deceleration and
return t o f u l l earth gravity- At the sane tine i t mist provide
a shirtsleeve cabin environment under the space and lunar
environments, including extreme temperature gradients, absence
of oxygen, radiation, e t c .

4.2.3-2
Studies of the l i f e support system weight requirements
indicate that the l i f e support package can be provided within
the weight allocation for the 20,000 pound Lunex Be-entxy
Vehicle. She l i f e support system weight analysis was based on
physiological experiments under simulated space f l i g h t conditions
such as confinement, special d i e t s , reduced pressure, e t c At
the present time approximately 65 to 70 percent of the knowledge
required to design the three man package i s available. However,
to obtain the additional data experimental laboratory and f l i g h t
testing i s required. Most information i s presently obtained by
piggyback testing aboard experimental vehicles but t o support
the lunex program and to meet the desired schedules the BOSS
primate program must be i n i t i a t e d and adequately supported.

4.2.3-3
Most of the data available today consists of physiological
support (nutrition, breathing oxygen, pressure s u i t s , and restraints
for limited periods), but there i s a lack of knowledge on prolonged
weightlessness and the biological effects of exposure t o prolonged
space radiations. One BOSS program i n i t i a l l y w i l l support a chlmpan-
xee for periods up to 15 days and has been programed to provide a
l i f e support package of sufficient else and sophistication t o
support a man. Ems, with the BOSS^xrogram the data w i l l become
available so that the Lunex program can design and construct the
l i f e support package as required for April ^965^

4-17 VDLAR-S-458

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4.2.3.4
Shroaghout this development all life support knowledge and
techniques will be fully exploited. Techniques, learned In the
work with the Discoverer package were utilized in building the
Mercury package. In turn, experience end knowledge gained from
Mercury is being fully exploited in the development of the present
BOSS package,

4.2.3-5
The l i f e support program (BOSS) i s v i t a l t o meet the ob-
jections of the lunex program. However, other AFSC programs
bust be considered for possible application t o Lunex and the
following are nov being evaluated:

6373 (0) Aerospace l i f e Support

7930 (U) Bib-Astronautics

4,18 KDLAR-S-458

4
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 4.2.4 FLIGHT VEHICIB ?OWEfi
4.2.4.1

Electrical pover will be required to operate the Lunex

Re-entry Vehicle subsystem such as l i f e support, navigation
and guidance. Instrumentation, and communications. She pover
requirement for these subsystems has been analysed and de-
termined t o je approximately 3 kv average during a ten-day
manned t r i p to the moon and return. Jteak power requirements
will be approximately 6 lev.

4.2.4.2

Solar, nuclear, and chemical powered systems were eval-

uated against these requirements. Vhile all of these systems
may be capable of meeting these requirements the chemically
powered systems have been selected for early adaptation Into
the program. Specifically, fuel cells and turbines, or posi-
tive displacement engines appear to offer the most advantageous'
solution. The final selection will be made during the final
re-entry vehicle design when a detailed analysis of the trade'
offs between various available systems considering relative
velgit, efficiency, reliability, and growth potential la
available. The optimum system may be a combination of fuel
cells and chemical dynamic systems with one system specifically
designed to supply peak demand. MLth this approach the system
to provide peak load capacity, will also provide backup power
in the case of equipment malfunction during a large part of the
mission. A battery supply may be used to furnish emergency
power required for crev safety during critical periods in the
flight.

4.2.4.3

Present level of technology i s such that a satisfactory

f l i g h t vehicle pover system w i l l be available when required for
the LUNEX mission. Additional development effort should be
Initiated In certain specific areas, such as a r e l i a b i l i t y
evaluation program for fuel c e l l s and an Investigation of the
problems of operating chemical dynamlc^systeafi la-a-zero-**0"
environment. "

Close coordination must also be maintained with the manager

of project 3145 (U) Energy Conversion, t o Insure the availability
of the required secondary power sources.

4.19 WDLAR*S-45fl

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 ""•H<oi*l^

ii.2-5 GOTDWCE AHD CCmKOL EISTKM

fc.2.5-1
A study of the guidance and control requirements far
toe lunar vehicle indicates that the mission can he accompli-
shed by reasonable extensions at present state-of-the-art
equipment. The complete lunar vehicle guidance package should
be capable of furnishing guidance and control during the follow-
ing phases of the lunar mission.

Ascent and Injection

Outbound Mid-course

lunar Landing
Lunar Ascent

Inbound Mid-course

Earth Be-entrjr

Earth Landing
present state-of-the-art equipment i s capable of handling
portions of the guidance and control problem associated villi
the above phases of f l i g h t . However, in order to obtain s com-
plete guidance and control system, i t i s f e l t that development
of the following items should be undertaken.

4.2.5,2 ITJERTIAL PLATFCRM

Guidance requirements for both the manned and unmanned

vehicles can be met with the use o f guidance concepts based on
the use of i n e r t i a ! and corrected i n e r t i a ! data in a combination
of explicit and perturbation computations of present and pre-
dicted trajectories. Consequently, an Inertia! platform con"
figuration suited t o the space environment I s needed. This
platform should be l i g h t In Height, hifdtfy reliable, and capable
of maintaining a space-fixed reference over a long Interval of
time. Rresent gyroscopic devices and accelerometers are neither
accurate nor reliable enough t o accomplish the space mission.
An inertlal platform which holte great jirpmise^MMise In lunar
missions-is one rtGlzing^Iectrlcally suspended gyros in con-
junction with advanced accelerometera capable of operating i n
a space environment. Present e l e c t r i c a l l y suspended gyros are
capable of operating with a d r i f t rate of .0005 deg/ar/g, and
I t i s anticipated that by 1966, a drift rate cf .0001 deg/hr/g

H>LAB-S-1*5Q

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I I , U.S.C., Sarljafl 7W and'TV*. A t IraAiaJliian m mtJaHah af which in any aianaar fa an •MMtfiarfoaa' p a n * . H DrahttiHatf by low.

-'-..»-•<••V - S - ' > •

 will be attainable. Also, no d i f f i c u l t i e s are foreseen In
maintaining suspension of the rotating member In an acceler-
ation f i e l d of 1? g's with 30 g's being possible. Developaent
of a small inertial platform u t i l i z i n g e l e c t r i c a l l y suspended
gyros will be required for the lunar mission.

4.2-5-3 STAR 5RACKKR

In order to Increase the reliability- and the accuracy
of the inertial platform, a compact star tractor for use vitb
the platform during the outbound and Inbound mid-course phases
of the lunar f l i g h t I s desired. Also, the star tracker should
be capable of operating i n a lunar environment so that I t can
be used for s t e l l a r alignment during the lunar launch portion
of the mission. The accuracy of present s o l i d state star trackers
i s approximately 10 seconds of arc and their w i g h t I s approxi-
mately 15 pounds. However, these trackers are' untested In a
space environment and must be developed for the lunar mission
and for use with the small i n e r t i a l platform. In particular,
tile star tracker must be capable of furnishing accurate s t e l l a r
alignment Information to the inertial platform during the lunar
ascent portion of the mission- I f I t I s possible t o develop a
controllable thrust engine In time t o meet the launch schedule,
the boost and Injection guidance problem for the lunar ascent
will be simplified as i t w i l l be possible t o time-control a
predetermined velocity path, abit development could possibly
reduce the accuracy requirement of the star tracker.

4.2.5-4 LONG BASHJKB RADIO MAVIGATICfr,

Since manned as v e i l as unmanned f l i g h t s are planned fox
the lunar mission, i t Is necessary to have a navigation system
to back-up the inertial system and t o Increase the over-all
accuracy of the guidance and control techniques. Long baseline
radio/radar tracking and guidance techniques offer great possi-
b i l i t i e s for tracking and guiding vehicles in cislunar space.
ftresent studies show that there are a number of problems yet
t o be solved t o give the long baseline radio navigation technique
the desired accuracy. Among these problems are l ) the accuracy
with which coordinates can be determined for each tracking
station, 2) the accuracy vith which corrections can be made for
tropbspberic and ionospheric propagation effects on t h e ^ r s t e a _
measuremejits^_and_3D_t^-aco4ira^^ can be
synenr^Szeo^at^the several stations. Reasonable extensions
of the state-of-the-art should be able t o overcome these
problems however, and i t i s f e l t that the development of a
long baseline radio navigation system w i l l be necessary for
the lunar mission.
TOLAR-S-458
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 4.e.5-5 DOPPUK RASAS
«*
Anticipation that radio beacons iti.ll be In place on the
lunar surface has somewhat simplified the lunar landing phase of
the mission. She use of mid-course guidance w i l l enable the
vehicle to approach the noon within llne-of-sight of at least
one of the radio beacons, and the beacon can be u t i l l i e d for
the approach phase of the lunar landing. However, for final
vertical velocity measurement, a sensing technique particularly
sensitive t o snail velocity changes Is required. A small CM
doppler radar I s ideally suited for t h i s requirement- Therefore
: development of a small, reliable doppler radar which can operate
AHa
in the lunar environment i s needed. In order to decrease the
power requirement for the radar i t should not be required t o
operate at a range of over 300 miles.
-1.2.5-6 RE-OHBT amuses
Major emphasis must be placed on the guidance require-
ments for the re-entry phase of the lunar mission. Position,
velocity, and attitude can be measured by the inertial system,
however, other measurements i n i t i a l l y required w i l l be tempera-
ture, temperature rate, structural loading and air density.
Extensive further study i s needed to define these measurements
villi any accuracy. Early earth return equipment Bhould furnish
the data necessary to develop the required re-entry guidance
package for the lunar mission.

*.2.5-7 ADAPTIVE AUTOPILOT

The control of the re-entry vehicle will require an
adaptive autopilot due to the vide variation in surface effective-
ness. Adaptive autopilots such as used In the X-15 are available,
but extensive development i s needed t o ready them for use in the
lunar mission.

4.2.5-8
TJie following projects or specific tasks within these
projects can be u t i l i z e d to provide the development required
for the LUNHX program.

klkk (0) Guidance and Sensing Techniques for Advanced

Vehicles

JfOl6"5"ttf) BataTiConversion Techniques

508^5 (U) Guidance Utilizing Stable Timing Oscillators

WMAIHH58

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II, U.J.C. SKIIM 7W "1* 7M. Hu hoaiaiiiafe* ar lawotofraa •> *rMA hi any «™mw la en unaiilliarliBiI ptnmn h rnfciblM Iff low.
 50899 (u) Molecular Amplification Techniques

W27 (u) Self-Contained Electromagnetic Techniques

for Space Navigation

4431 (U) I n e r t i a l System Components

H169-II (U) Space Adapted Celestial bracking System

W169-III (U) J t t l t l -Headed Solid S t a t e C e l e s t i a l

Tracker

WI69-IV (U) Solid State Celestial Body Sensors

5201 (u) I n e r t i a l Systems Technique

5215 (U) Military Lunar Vehicle Guidance

50320 (U) Military Lunar Vehicle Guidance Systems

58321 (U) Military lunar Vehicle Terminal Guidance

WDLAR-S-458

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LUKI'lkDflU'
4.2.6 COMPUTER
,?
4.2.6.1

The United states has the ability to provide a suitable

computer facility at the present tine to support the LUNEX
mission. As the milestones in the program are realized and
requirements become more complex, the computer capability
will improve to meet the Be more stringent requirements.
Detailed studies on the specific needs of the missions,
time-phased, will be conducted to determine trade-offs
among possible techniques to insure that machine sophisti-
cation does not become an end unto itself. 3be following
guidelines providing adequate flexibility, have been followed
in arriving at -the required development recommendations:

a. Manned vehicles will require extensive data re-

duction to give an operator real-time display of the conditions
around him and solutions to problems such as, velocity and
attitude corrections, etc.

b. Sensor control (aiming and sampling rate} and data

processing will be accomplished on the vehicle either on
ground command, or by operator direction.

c. Kid-course and terminal guidance requirements will

make severe demands upon vehicle-borne computational systems.

d. Badlatlon hazards and effects which are unknown at

present could influence the technology that will be utilised
for lunar missions.

e. Emergency procedures must be available in the event that

the operators become incapacitated and Incapable of returning
to earth at any time during the mission.

4.2.6.2

me Computer Capability can be expanded in two basic ways

by improved hardware, or nev concepts. Examples of nev approaches
which w i l l be reviewed prior to s e l e c t i o n of the final vehicle
design are the following:

a. Standardized computer functions incorporated i n t o

modules so that they can be used t o "build" the capability
each mission requires. Such e concept would allow a vehicle
designer to fabricate a coatputational^facllity without resorting
to extensive redesign and/or re-packaging. The modularized con-
cept noted above I s particularly adapted t o unmanned missions.

4.24 WDIAB-S-458

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 rrttjiMiinrirnii
1
uuui n f e m m f

b. For a manned mission two fixed programs could be

permanently placed in storage; these would be an overall
command, or executive routine to direct the sequences of
operation, and the other vould be an emergency return-to-base
routine that could be actuated by the master control, thus
a 5~pound tape unit vould replace a larger core memory and
provide a higher degree of flexibility. 3ne principal advantage
In this system is that the computer is general-purpose in design
and therefore useable on a large variety of missions and unneces-
sary capabilities will not be carried on a particular mission.

c. An optimumlzed hybrid of analog and digital devices

combined to use the better features of each, i.e., speed of
problem solution from the analog and precision, flexibility,
and data reduction from the digital.

4.2.6.3

Substantial Improvements in computer capability, develop-

ments, reliability, volume, weight, and power consumption will
be available for the LUHHC program by effort expended in toe
following areas:

a. Core-rope memories to be used in fixed memory appli-

cations.

b. Functional molecular blocks. By 1963, the date of

earth orbit, it is expected that more than 80$ of all computer
functions can be performed by this method. Advantages are
numerous; high memory densities, extremely small size, small
weight and proper consumption.

c. Self-healing, or adaptive programming techniques as

a means for back-up on component reliabili-ty.

d. Electrolumiaescent-photoconductive memory devices

should be considered for their radiation and magnetic invulner-
ability. In this regard, pneumatic bl-stable elements should
be considered for the same reason.

e. Pbotochromic storage devices have advantages In

high storage densities, 1 billion bits/cubic inch. Certain
applications, such as Bend -permanent storage could benefit
from this feature.
4.2.6J»_ _
The following projects In the Applied Research Area will
be utilized to obtain Improvements in computer technology;
3176 (U) Space Borne Computation fc Control Techniques
4421 (U) Digital Computation Methods & techniques
a>~..«-. ,.-.rfiai 4.25
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 4.2-7 COMMtflOCATTOBS

4.2.7-1

Die manned lunar mission vill require coramuni cations

channels between the vehicles and earth and on the lunar
surface for telemetry, T.V., voice, and vehicle control.
Specific system parameters vill depend on the characteristics
of the ground tracking network and communications stations
vhich vill be used to support the lunar missions.

4.2-7-2

There are no significant technical problems associated

v i t h the development of equipment t o perform the required
communications operations. One exception t o t h i s general
statement i s t h a t during re-entry radio transmission may not
be possible a t the lover frequencies u t i l i z e d elsewhere i n
the mission because of the plasma shield s e t up by aerodynamic
heating. One possible solution may be t o provide a separate
system operating a t 10,000 mcs f o r re-entay. Overall savings
i n equipment weight, and pover requirements will r e s u l t from
careful analysis and identification of requirements for i n f o r -
mation transfer and naxinmm u t i l i z a t i o n of system components
In a dual r o l e . This v i l l be done during the vehicle design
phase. While not a requirement for early missions the c a p a b i l i -
t y to Txrovide a secure communications l i n k i s desirable and w i l l Cf
be considered during f i n a l design of the communications systems.
A secure communications l i n k will be a :-*=.uirement i n l a t e r
missions, throughout a l l phases, communications l i n k s c r i t i c a l
t o mission success should Incorporate a high degree of protection
against natural o r man-made interference, or deliberate Jamming.

4.2.7-3
Ihe following Air Force projects vill be revleved and used
to provide the necessary results required for the Iunex mission:

4335 (U) Applied Communications Research for Air Force

Vehicles

4519 (17) Surface & Long Range Communications Techniques

5570 (U) Communications Security Applied Research

4.26 KDiAB-s-458

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II. U.S.C„ trnttian 7*3 tad 7W, * • hMimiiifBii ar ravalallaii af whit* In nay naanar (a an BMiinWiMf a*run b arahiblMd ** •«"-

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. V - "*- .*•
•I'
/
 4.2.8 EWIROHMEimL DATA

4.2.6.1

ft-esent knowledge of the lunar environment le extremely

limited end it is necessary to obtain detailed information con-
cerning the lunar composition., subsurface structure, surface
characteristics, meteorite flux, level of BOlar and cosmic
radiation, and magnetic field. This knowledge is required to
design the equipments for the lunex program so that personnel
nay be protected and the mission accomplished.

4.2.8.2

The importance of lunar composition in manned exploration

of the moon lies largely In the ability of the moon to provide
fuel for vehicles and secondary power, as veil as to supplement
life support systems vith additional water, radiation shielding
material, and semi-permanent shelters. Of these lunar resources,
water appears to be of major importance both as a fuel and in
life support. Water vill probably be present both as ice in
permanently shadowed zones and as water of hydration in certain
minerals such as serpentine.

4.2.8.3

iYesent knowledge of lunar composition is almost entirely

theoretical. The relatively low lunar density (3-34) indicates
low metal content. By analogy with the compositions of meteor-
ites it is generally assumed that the moon is composed of ehan-
dritic (stony meteorite) material. That this assumption is only
partially valid is demonstrated by the fact that chondritic
meteorites would have to lose about 10J6 of their iron content
in order to attain this lunar density.

4.2.8.4

The Air Force and NASA are presently trying to determine th

lunar composition indirectly through study of tektltes, which may
be fragments of the moon, and through study of micrometeoritic
dust captured above the atmosphere. (Air Force efforts are
funded under project 7698).

4.2.8.5

The Air Force I s trying-to-determine the lunar composition

d i r e c t l y by means of spectrometric analysis of the natural X-ray
fluorescence of t h e moon due t o t h e bombardment of the lunar
surface by s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . The f i r s t knowledge of lunar compos*
i t l o n i s a n t i c i p a t e d i n March of 1962. (This work i s a l s o funded
under Rroject 7698).
WDLAR-S-458
4.27

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 4.2.6.6
C
NASA intends to measure the lunar composition directly
by means of Its Surveyor lunar probe now scheduled for Bid I963.

4.2.8.7

Neither Air Force measurements of overall lunar composition;

nor NASA measurements of spot compositions will satisfy the
requirement f o r location of lunar resources. Una NASA Prospector
vehicle scheduled for 1966 w i l l obtain store widespread data,
but vti&t I s urgently needed i s detailed knowledge of the v a r i -
ation of lunar composition over the whole surface. Ohis can
only be accompli shed by & lunar orbiting vehicle with appropriate
instrumentation. NASA presently has t h i s planned for 1965 and
the appropriateness of their Instrumentation remains in doubt.
Also t h i s i s too late to meet the requirements of the LUHEX
program.

4.2.8.8

2he Importance of lunar subsurface structure in exploration

of the moon lies largely In a possible collapse hazard under
vehicles and personnel, and in the possibility of utilizing -
subsurface structures as shelters and storage facilities.

Present knowledge of lunar subsurface structure 1 B based

on a theoretical extrapolation from the presumed origin of the
surface features. The majority of lunar geologists believe that
lunar craters vere formed by means of the impact of large meteor-
ites, and that only limited volcanlsm has occurred in the lunar
highlands. 3he maria, en the other hand, are thought to be giant
lava pools; although the melting is assumed to have been triggered
by asteroldal impact.

Based on these theories of origin for the lunar surface

features, it is thought that the subsurface structure of the lunar
highlands will consist largely Of overlapping layers of debris
ejected from the impact craters. One collapse hazard of such
material is negligible. 3he maria should be covered by no more
than kO feet of vesicular (bubble filled) lava, -with "«^"i""
vesicle (bubble) size about six feet in diameter. Such terrain
could present a collapse hazard, the severity of which will
depend- upon-actual ^rather than maximum) vesicle size.

It should be noted, however, that a rival theory for the

origin of lunar craters holds that they were produced by volcanlsm
as calderas. Should this theory be correct, the collapse hazard
in the highlands would probably exceed that on the maria.

TOLAS-S-458

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 •** tWKfltWTlAIr
In order t o determine the lunar subsurface structure, I t
is necessary to place instruments on the noon. 31ms, the Air
Force, although contributing theoretical evaluations as described
above (under Project 7698), has no program for directly determin-
ing lunar subsurface structure. NASA plans to place seismometers
and a coring instrument In the Surveyor vehicle In mid-1963 to
determine these parameters. Again, point measurements are not
sufficient, and geophysical instrumentation adequate for de-
termining subsurface structure from the lunar orbiting vehicle
(1965) should be developed.
k.Z.B.9
2ne importance of lunar surface characteristics lies In
their critical importance in design of both rocket and surface
vehicles and in lunar navigation* Critical Burface characteri-
stics include gross topography, microtopography and the nature
of the lunar dust. Of these characteristics, knowledge of
gross topography will be Important In overall rocket design
end in design and operation of rocket landing and navigational
equipment. The microtopography (relief less than 20 feet) will
be important in the design of rocket landing equipment and the
vehicle for surface exploration. The nature Of the surface
dust will be most important in design of the vehicle for surface
exploration.

Present knowledge of gross topography shovs that slopes

are generally gentle, and topographic profile have been deter-
mined over a limited amount of terrain. Present knowledge of
microtopography is very limited. Radar returns, once thought
reliable indicators of low microrelief, are nov considered by
most space scientists to be so poorly understood that conclusions
may not be drawn from them. Photometric data appears to Indicate
a rather rough surface, but this data is also subject to more
than one interpretation. Present knowledge of the nature of
the lunar dust is entirely theoretical. The leading school of
thought holds that the dust is compacted and sintered. An
opposing school holds that the dust bears an electrostatic
charge. Should the dust bear an electrostatic charge, it would
be very loose and probably subject to migration. The hazard
to surface vehicles and even personnel is apparent.

Gross lunar topography on the visible~face is presently

being mapped by the Aeronautical Chart and Infoxnatlon Center
based on techniques developed under Project 8602. Maximum
resolution is about 1/3 mile, and average resolution is about
one mile. Higher resolution photography and photography of the
back side of the moon will be obtained by the lunar orbiting
vehicle planned by NASA for 1965. A cooperative effort by ACIC
and NASA is presently envisioned to produce the necessary topo-
graphic lunar c h a r t s . ^ ^ .mi^rU^l*. U |

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 • •^teiJn*^;^*,*

Mlcrotopograpby 1 B being studied by the Army Corps of

Engineers through radar experiments, (The Air Force work is
being done on the Millstone radar equipment) The nature of
the lunar dust is being studied primarily by the Air Force
under Projects j6$Q and 6602 by means of radiometric studies
from high altitude unmanned balloons and results are antici-
pated early 1962. NASA anticipates obtaining at least partial
data on the nature of the dust from Surveyor {mid 1963) by
television observation ot the lunar surface and by the landing
characteristics of the vehicle.

k.2-8.10

The meteorite flux and level of solar and cosmic radiation

near the lunar surface are important for the survival of personnel
either on the lunar surface or in vehicles and shelters -

Present knowledge of these parameters is fairly precise

as a result of satellite and deep space probe experiments by
NASA and the Air Force- Only the radiation environment within
the first fev meters of the lunar surface is still speculative
as a result of uncertainties in our knowledge of the interaction
of solar and cosmic radiation with the lunar surface materials.
It seems likely that a cloud of ions will be produced by radiation
bombardment as veil as secondary X-rays. Dae density of the
electron cloud is unknown, and may be critical for lunar communi-
cations.

The Air Force is studying the lunar and cislunar radiation

environment under Projects 6687, 6688, 7601, 7&9, and 7663 hh
means of satellites, deep space probes, and vertical sounding
rockets. The NASA Surveyor vehicle (mid-1963) should give de-
tailed knowledge of the radiation environmeiit at the lunar surface.

k.2.8.n
The lunar magnetic f i e l d may be important t o space and
lunar surface navigation, and In i t s e f f e c t s on ionized l u n a r
materials.

The Russian lunik I I indicated t h a t t h e lunar magnetic

f i e l d must be very small.' The Russians were not c l e a r on how
small, but I t i s generally thought t h a t t h e moon does not possess
a magnetic f i e l d . Thus, a l l magnetic e f f e c t s should be derived
from the very low i n t e n s i t y Interplanetary f i e l d and magnetic
f i e l d s , "frozen" I n t o s o l a r plasmas.

^.30 WDIAH-S-458

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 ^!C» w

4.2.9 MATERIALS

4.2-9-1 the Lunar expedition imposes rigid requirements

on materials to maintain their characteristics vfaile subject to
radiation, vacuum, temperature- extremes, and meteorites. Ibis
problem must be considered by the individual subsystem design.
It is intended to point out here the overall material problem
and programs which will contribute tt>. its solution*

4.2.9.2 The absence of an atmosphere on the moon increases

A^wt; the radiative flux (particle and electromagnetic) from the sun
and as such potentially Increases the possibility of damage to
man and light-weight plastic structures through the formation
of free radicals and subsequent depolymerization. 5he need for
light-weight shielding is apparent. The vacuum conditions of
the moon would aggrevate the problems associated with moderately
volatile constituents of plastics, lubricants, etc. Tor
instance, the relatively volatile plastlcizers la a plastic
material could evaporate and interfere with the plastic
function. Finally, the results of impact of mlcrcmeteorltes
on structural materials must be determined* All desirable
properties must be acquired without penalty of weight. In
addition to the problems encountered on the Moon, similar
problems are encountered while In transit. In particular the
heating encountered on re-entry into the earth's atmosphere
at 37.000 feet per second presents a severe material problem.

4.2.9.3 Sane of the specific material requirements

that can be identified are:

a. Lubricants that will function for long periods of

time In a vacuum and temperature conditions such as exist In
the moon.

b. Jfaterials that will not sublimate In a vacuum at

moon temperature.

c. Light-weight shielding material against meteorites.

d. light-weight, radiation shielding.

e. Shock-absorbing material that will function at

3309P,

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f*.
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f. Coatings that will resist radiation, especially

during periods of solar flares-

g. Glues and adhesives that v i U function with lunar

materials.

V.2.9-^ Present projects to raise the level of technology

in materials are listed below, Ihey will be supported as
required to insure success of the lunar mission.

7312 (U) Finishes and Materials Preservation.

7320 (U) Air Force fltextile Materials.

73*10 (U) Non-Metallic & Composite Materials.

7351 (U) Metallic Materials.

7371 (u) Applied Research in Electrical, Electronic,

and Magnetic Material.

7391 (V) Energy Transmission fluids.

if.2.9-5 While work in the basic research program cannot

be counted on to provide technical break through within the
time schedule of the LUHEX program, materials study of this
type Vill be monitored so that all technical advances can be
integrated into the IWMEX program. Specific examples Of
projects of this type are:

8806 (U) Research on Materials at High Temperature.

7022 (U) Surface and Interface Phenomena of Matter.

9760 (U) Research in Properties of Matter.

U.33 WELAR-S-U58

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 <X0t

k-3 TEST PLAN

The development and production of the equipments for the Lunar

Expedition will require a concurrent end detailed test program.

She test program vill be carried out on the basis of research

tests to establish design criteria, materials, tests, component •
tests and finally, a progressive series of tests as components are
assembled into subsystems and major systems and structures. Inte-
gration tests for flight suitability vill be conducted for all
functioning systems and the complete vehicle. Fayload effects on
the booster structure will be determined vlih a simulated payload.
Subsequently, a flight-type payload vill be used to demonstrate
booeter-payload system compatibility, reliability, crew- safety,
and mission performance.

Emphasis vill be placed early In the program on research tests

to derive basic design criteria, define the configuration and de-
termine aerodynamic parameters.

Tests are to be run at progressively higher levels as the design

evolves- 3hus, entire subsystems, combined subsystems and complex
major structures are to be subjected to evaluation tests as necessary
to investigate component end subsystem interactions, or to prove out
complex structural designs.

A captive-test-vehicle firing program vill be the culmination

of ground development testing. 3he over-all objective of the captive-
firing program is to demonstrate satisfactory integration of the
propulsion system vith other vehicle systems that have an interface,
direct or indirect, vith the propulsion system* Ihe early tests
vill be conducted in a simulated vehicle vith the airborne vehicle
systems Installed on a heavy-vall propellent tank section. She
tanks vill be supported by a test stand structure vhich vill also
restrain the tanks against propulsion system thrust forces- For
final testing a flight-type configuration vill be used during
captive tests.

Flight testing of the High-Speed Re-entry Test Vehicle, ths

Abort System and Orbital, Circumlunar and unmanned lunar Lending
and Return Vehicles vill complete the development program.

4.3*1 TEST CATEGCRIES

4.3.1.1 RESEARCH ZESTS

Tests vill be run in appropriate research laboratories

to define basic designvcriterla In at least the folloving technical
areas: * - -, .
•* »

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 jr..-»£:j*«*W'»-M- .».-

a. Propulsion

b. Heat transfer

c. Aerodynamic forces and pressures

d. Materials

e. S t a t i c s (structures)

4 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 Propulsion Tests—Wind and vacuum tunnel t e s t s will be

conducted t o Investigate the problems of multiple r e - s t a r t In a
vacuum environment, t o develop t h r o t t l e a b l e techniques, to de-
termine lunar landing problems, and to determine the d e s i r a b i l i t y
of using the same engines for lunar landing and lunar launching.

Tests v l l l be made to evaluate the propulsion stage f o r

the clrcumlunar f l i g h t s and t o determine the capability of t h e abort
propulsion system t o accomplish i t s objective-

4.3.1.1.2 Heat Transfer Tests—Testing will be required on the

Insulation for the liquid hydrogen tanks t o determine:
a. Optimum material thicknesses and velght

b. Bie amount of liquid hydrogen bolloff

c- The a i r leakage through seals

d- The airload effect on s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y

- e. The thermal bowing of insulation panels

f. Toe separation distance between panel and tank skin

Scale-model or modified f u l l - s c a l e air-conditioning t e s t s

v l l l be conducted on engine compartments, adapter sections and f l i g h t
equipment storage areas.

Heat transfer c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for selected materials,

structures, and surfaces will be required t o support the engineering
design.

4*3*l-l-3 Aerodynamic Force and Pressure Wind-Tunnel Tests—Wind-

tunnel model t e s t s of the launch vehicle and payload configuration
Will be required t o accurately determine t h e aerodynamic forces
and moments imposed on the vehicle during t h e boost t r a j e c t o r y .

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 «**&

2heee t e s t s v i l l provide data f o r determination of s t r u c t u r a l design

c r i t e r i a , aerodynamic s t a b i l i t y and control parameters, and the p e r -
formance penally incurred by aerodynamic drag. She t e s t program w i l l
include both force and pressure measurements through the f l i g h t Mach
number range f o r which these e f f e c t s are s i g n i f i c a n t .

Hind tunnel t e s t i n g of s e l e c t e d shapes a t v e l o c i t i e s never

before studied w i l l be necessary t o determine re-entry v e h i c l e character-
i s t i c s . particular emphasis w i l l be placed on control surface c a p a b i l i t y
and heating problems. Maneuverability l i m i t s * g l o a d i n g s , r e - e n t r y
corridor c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and subsonic landing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s must be
determined i n support of the engineering design program.

Integration and c o r r e l a t i o n of the ground vind-tunnel

t e s t i n g with the high-speed re-entry f l i g h t t e s t program i s e s s e n t i a l .

U - 3 - l ' l ' ^ Material Tests--A materials development t e s t program V i l l

be undertaken t o determine the allowable design strength values and
provide design information on the s e l e c t e d s t r u c t u r a l materials over
the appropriate temperature ranges f o r the b a s e m e t a l s , a b l a t i v e
surfaces, and welded J o i n t s . Particular emphasis w i l l be placed on
tendency toward b r i t t l e fracture under s e r v i c e conditions and i n
s e l e c t i n g materials f o r re-entry a t 37.000 f t / s e c . The t e s t i n g program
w i l l c o n s i s t of at l e a s t the f o l l o w i n g :

a. Smooth and notched s t a t i c t e n s i l e t e a t s of the s e l e c t e d

materials.

b . S t a t i c t e n s i l e t e s t s of welded J o i n t s , both f u s i o n -
ana resistance-welded, f o r the s e l e c t e d Joint configuration f o r each
type of sheet m a t e r i a l .

c . Smooth and notched s t a t i c t e n s i l e t e s t s of the s e l e c t e d

extrusion end forging m a t e r i a l s .

d. Notched impact t e s t s of the e x t r u s i o n and forging

materiels.

e . Low-cycle, high s t r e s s f a t i g u e t e s t s of welded J o i n t s

made by the fusion and r e s i s t a n c e methods f o r the s e l e c t e d Joint con"
figurations i n sheet m a t e r i a l s .

This data v i l l be accumulated f o r the appropriate temperature

ranges, i . e . , from e l e v a t e d r e - e n t r y temperatures t o the cryogenic
temperatures i n the t a n k s , as d i c t a t e d by t h e projected environmental
requirements. In a d d i t i o n , supporting t e s t s such as metallographic
examinations and chemical composition determinations v i l l be made a s
reouired-
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 4*3-1-1.5 Static Vests—The static-test program will include
design and structural substantiation testing to demonstrate
structural integrity of the Manned lunar and Cargo Fayloada.

Structural substantiation testing to design loads and

temperatures will be accomplished on a full-size stub tank, identi-
cal (except for length) to the Lunar Landing Stage tank, this
will ensure that load introduction and takeout will be representative
of the flight article.

One complete interstage adapter will be tested to ultimate

design loads under appropriate environmental conditions, The adapter
will be attached to a stub tank Identical to the Lunar Launching
Stage tank section in every respect except length, to ensure realistic
load introduction and takeout-

A stub tank will also be used to demonstrate the integrity

of the Lunar Launch Stage tank construction under design loads and
environments. Methods of introducing the payload vehicle loads into
the adapter section and thus the Lunar Launch Stage tanks will be
determined.

Tests will also be run on full-size tank bulkheads.

These will be attached to a segment of typical tank structure,
adequate to allov the bulkhead behavior to be representative of
that of the flight article under design conditions. These bulkheads
will be tested to ultimate design loads to ensure their structural
reliability at all points within the fligit regime.

Ground handling equipment tests will cover critical

fittings and Joints for structural substantiation of these items
under design conditions.

4.3-2 DESIGN EVALUATION 3ESTS

Component design evaluation testing is defined here as In-

formal testing conducted by the vehicle contractor, or vendor test
labs, for the purpose of basic design evaluation prior to production
release, and to pinpoint critical areas in prototype packages.

Qualification testing is defined as those formal tests per-

formed on flight-type hardware to demonstrate compliance with design
specifications. A qualification test plan will be prepared approxi-
mately_9Q_days-after engineering-go-ahead outlining the" qualification
test conditions. The qualification tests are to be performed in
strict accordance with written and approved detailed test procedures,
and witnessed by the Air Force, of an approved representative.

^-37 j^^TOiAR-S-458

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 «,..*.»<— ' ftMHPP ^^i

She vehicle contractors test laboratories will conduct these tests,

or subcontract and supervise then at an Independent testing agency.
Components to be tested ""111 be determined daring the engineering
design effort'

Controlled environmental conditions will simulate conditions

that airborne and ground support equipment are expected to experience
during manufacturing, shipping, storage, prefllght and flight.

Environmental testing conditions vill be established based

on data already obtained in research and development programs on
large rocket-powered vehicles and associated support equipment.
Conditions for shipping, storage and handling environmental tests
are established in current military and commercial specifications,
Subsystem, combined subsystems, and structural evaluation tests
will be run in appropriate laboratory facilities to Investigate
component and subsystem interactions, and to prove out structural
designs. Acceptance test procedures will also be developed for use
in the factory on deliverable hardware.

A test plan describing the basic conditions and test objectives

of each factory system test, along with the checkout parameters and
recorded evaluation data, will be prepared.

A final acceptance test will be required .t the time the con-

tractor delivers the vehicle to the Air Force. lest conditions will
be as close to the flight conditions as is feasible and. safe. All
systems will be energized and operated simultaneously.

A final acceptance test evaluation document will be prepared

for use by the Air Force and the contractor in determining compliance
with test requirements.

Systems acceptance test procedures will be based on all critical

parameters required to determine proper functioning of each system in
accordance with design specifications and drawings. M s will assure
a coordinated effort of vehicle design,. test equipment design and
factory acceptance testing.

fc-3*3 FLIGHT 5ESTISG

Ihe LUNEX flight test program represents a long and expensive

effort leading to the first manned landing on the moon, it requires
basic research flights, equipment checkout flights., capability
demonstration -flights ana finally the manned and cargo Lunar Expedi-
tion flints. This type of effort can only be achieved efficiently
and at a minimum cost if the end objective Is always clear and the
program is designed to meet this objective.

fc.38 WDIAB-S-458

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• «•£!*«—-*• - ~ " - - . • ' - 3—— " i -

 The Lunar Expedition f l i g h t t e s t program w i l l provide
many side* b u t important space c a p a b i l i t i e s , f o r example; i n
A p r i l 1965 t h e f i r s t o r b i t a l f l i g h t c a p a b i l i t y i n a t r u e space
v e h i c l e w i l l be p o s s i b l e ; i n September 1966, man v i l l make h i e
f i r s t f l i g h t around t h e moon i n a f u l l y maneuverable and r e c o v e r a b l e
r e - e n t r y v e h i c l e ; and i n August 1967 the f i r s t man w i l l l a n d on t h e
moon- E s s e n t i a l l y t h e s e can a l l be c a l l e d t e s t f l i g h t s , b u t i n
each case t h e system i s o n l y a t t h e beginning of i t s c a p a b i l i t y
I n s t e a d of being a dead-end Item. Each of t h e s e c a p a b i l i t i e s may
r e a d i l y be expanded t o provide a m i l i t a r y c a p a b i l i t y i f n e c e s s a r y .

The f l i g h t t e s t program i s summarized on t h e Lunar E x p e d i t i o n

Test Schedule. The following major o b j e c t i v e s w i l l be accomplished
i n t h e i n d i c a t e d . p a r t of t h e t e s t program.

1*.3*3-1 HIGH-SPEED RE-ENTRT FLIGHT TEST

S i n c e p r e s e n t -wind-tunnel c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e l i m i t e d t o
approximately 18,000 f t / s e c , i t i s necessary t o perform r e - e n t r y
f l i g h t t e s t i n g a t v e l o c i t i e s t h a t range from 25,000 t o ^5,000 f t / s e e .
The major o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s t e s t program a r e t o :

a . Verify o r disprove p r e s e n t t h e o r i e s on b a s i c r e - e n t r y
techniques a s e x t r a p o l a t e d t o t h e s t a t e d v e l o c i t y r a n g e .

b . Determine problem a r e a s and develop nev fundamental

t h e o r y , numerical procedures and t e s t i n g t e c h n i q u e s vhere r e q u i r e d
f o r t h i s re-entry range.

c. Identify the following:

(1) Items t h a t can be i n v e s t i g a t e d f u r t h e r on a

laboratory scale-

(2) Specific laboratory f a c i l i t y reauirenents.

(3) A d d i t i o n a l f l i g h t t e s t s t h a t must be performed.

d. Support t h e e n g i n e e r i n g design program f o r t h e LUHEX

by p r o v i d i n g t h e above d a t a and s p e c i a l shape t e s t i n g i f r e q u i r e d .

4.3.3.2 LUNEX KE-EHTRT VEHICLE FLIGHT TEST

The Lunex B e - e n t r y Vehicle -will be f l i g h t t e s t e d b y

v a r i o u s t e c h n i q u e s and i n v a r y i n g environments. Each t e s t w i l l
be designed t o allow t h e v e h i c l e t o proceed t o t h e n e x t more

4-39 WDIAR-S-U58

>Mt d * c » M I iMHstsi infanneNu alt«tliw Mi* national detail* *f <l» UnfHd SlsMi wirtiln ffc* swenina el • * • ttpkuw** l o w , THIs
I I , U.S-C. S M K M 7 M W 7 M , Ik* troaintluisa or nnlsJie* tl vhitfc in snr »nnns> Is an ••wrilwrtisa' p*no» It preliibtM by lav.
 r%
difficult step. Jhe major testing steps axe presented below with
the major test objectives for each step.

a. Prototype Drop Test

Prototype vehicles will be drop tested from a B-52,

or equivalentj. In both an unmanned and a manned series of tests.
Bach series will be designed to;

(1) Establish landing characteristics.

(2) Measure inherent subsonic, transonic, and

hypersonic s t a b i l i t y and control characteristics of the vehicle.

(3) Explore the flight characteristics of the re-entry

vehicle in every possible portion of the Mach number spectrum.

(It) Train LtfflHC Crews.

b- Orbital Test:

Maximum use will be made of SMBT orbital t e s t infor-

mation and unmanned and manned f l i g h t s w i l l be accomplished. These
t e s t s will demonstrate:

(1) One capability of the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle to

operate In the orbital area.

(2) Re-entry capability at v e l o c i t i e s of 25,000 f t / s e c .

(3) She maneuverability of the re-entry vehicle and
i t s capability to land at a preselected earth base.

c. Circumlunar Test

This flight w i n use the Circumlunar Propulsion Stage

and the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle. The major teBt objectives are:

( l ) To send an unmanned and then a manned vehicle

around the moon and return far an earth landing at a selected base.

(g) To check out guidance, flight-control, communis

cations and l i f e support sub-systems in a true space environment
prior to landing on the lunar surface-
(3} R> perform manned reconnaissance of the lunar
surface.
'»>

F
lUt H a n i laatahn Intemallan of*etlns • » , national aVfeua • * f t * Unfed Slafai v M I n Urn Manliai a t «aa EiptaneaV L a m . Thia
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• ir - •- ~'f * J' * *~:-'•*-*—*—jr~ '• . P ^ 1 - - . " ^ * K ^ ^ . - » - • . • • • ^ •

 d. lunar Landing -and Return
The unmanned vehicle flights will check out the Manned
Re-entry Vehicle and related systems to provide a completely auto-
matic system before man first tries the most difficult step In the
LUNEX program. Hie major test objectives for these flights will be
to:

(1) Check out the lunar landing and lunar launching

Stages.

(2) Check out the Cargo Payload's ability to deliver

cargo packages to & preselected site on the lunar surface-

(3) Place three men on the lunar surface so that the

initial surface reconnaissance can be accomplished prior to the
arrival of the lunar Expedition.

fc.3-3-3 IUKAR MUNCH STAGE FLIGHT TEST

The Lunar Launch Stage vill be Initially checked under
orbital conditions to:
a. Demonstrate space environment operation.

b- Demonstrate engine restart after "soaking" in space

for an extended period.

c. Demonstrate automatic checkout, communications, and

remote control capability.

The Lunar Launch Stage vill then be flight tested with the
complete Manned Lunar Payload for the unmanned and manned Lunar
Landing and Return Missions.

h.3.3.h LUNAR LANDING STAGE FLIGHT TEST

The Lunar Landing Stage will be initially checked out by

drop testing. These tests will;
a. Demonstrate landing techniques and the capability of
the selected landing system.

b. Evaluate the effects of unexpected .terrain variation.

c. Determine the effects of malfunctioning equipment

during the landing maneuver.

k.kl HDLAR-S-U58
•v.

Tdl> toammil c«wh» inlnnaTiHi sffanina lb* >otioMl d*tai»a ef nW UnlMd Stum w«Mii « • M » I I I « •> to Euriwxv* l « , THto
IS. U.S.C.. faction 7*3 ind 794, MM ManiMbilwi «r raoilMlait *f which In any nanmr t« •" wwtlw'md frum H (raliikM br •«•.
 a. Evaluate the effects of engine b l a s t on landing
surfaces similar t o the predicted lunar surface.

The lunar Landing Stage v i l l receive i t s f i r s t space

evaluation in o r b i t . The major objectives a r e :

a. Correlate drop-test data with o r b i t a l or space

operations*

b. 5b determine the effects of space environment on the

stage.

The f i r s t Lunar Landing v i t h the Lunar Landing Stage w i l l

be accomplished vith a cargo package as t h e payload. When t h i s has
been completed a Lunex Re-entry Vehicle v i l l be landed unmanned.
The t e s t objectives axe t o :

a. Demonstrate the f e a s i b i l i t y of landing large cargo

packages on the lunar surface.

b . Demonstrate the f e a s i b i l i t y of automatically landing

a "manned vehicle" vhile unmanned.

c. Provide a man-rated system f o r the Lunar Expedition.

4.3-3-5 CARGO BACXftGB CONFIGURATION FLIGHT TEST

Various configurations for the Cargo Package of the Lunex

Cargo Payload v i l l b e t e s t e d . . The objectives are t o :

a. Determine the Cargo Payload aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

b . Demonstrate t h a t the Cargo packages can be delivered

vhere desired on the Lunar surface.

4.3.3.6 ABCRT SISTEM FLIGHT TKST

The fact t h a t a system of t h i s magnitude must possess some

measure of "unreliability" i s recognized and a "fail safe" abort
system I s required t o Insure the s u r v i v a b i l i t y of the crev. The
t e s t objectives for the Abort System Flight Test Program are t o :

a. Demonstrate t h a t crev members in the manned Lunex

Re-entry J^icle_caaJje__recoyered-safeIy in the-eveat-of—ft^alfunctjoo.

b . Demonstrate t h a t the Space Launch System i s capable of

shirt-dovn, or t h r u s t vector change, so t h a t crev abort i s p o s s i b l e .

TTOLAH-S-458

Tliti M r n l twHaiM fahfaotiM affcctfef Mm -otiml ttfen* e» Urn Ualtad Shrtw »IHit» Hw •inmini * H» Eipiona** lawa, THtt
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/
 ".JU'JUI

k.^.k CHECKOUT AMP TEST BJUHMBJT

wmrnr
The test equipment will be fully automatic -with quantitative
readout capability for all critical functions. The Lunex checkout
equipment will be the same, or compatible with the Space Launching
System checkout equipment. The equipment vlll be capable of checking
mmmm out the complete booster and payload system as veil as any individual,
•--..ji.;.' or Isolated component, o r subsystem. I t shall b e fully capable o f
checkout o f any one stage, or the re-entry vehicle, as a n isolated
;=::;-:-.-;- unit, and vlll mate with the stage Interface functions and furnish
appropriate operational o r simulated error inputs t o the stage
systems.
F o r the time period of interest, it Is entirely practical t o
incorporate malfunction prediction capability for preventative mainte-
nance. This will entail a computer function which will accurately
control and record the input and output signal values to each system
~" o r component. Variations in operation will b e recorded a n d compared
to predetermined failure values, o r characteristics and will forecast
;>$*«, the remaining service life of the system under test.
The checkout equipment shall be installed In each blockhouse
and it may °e usc& In conjunction with the launch area. This same
equipment shall be utilized in the vehicle manufacturing checkout
( and test functions, as veil as I n the launch complex, receiving,
inspection, and maintenance facilities.
The blockhouse equipment will monitor the launch control system
commands and Inputs as veil as those o f the payload. Because the
launch control equipment will display only go/no-go signals, the
checkout and test system will furnish quantitative displays of any
function under question for human appraisal and decision.

When the systems are flown unmanned and on the early manned
lunar flights it -will be necessary to provide automatic checkout
where appropriate via a telemetry link. A s an example, prior and
during lunar launch the checkout procedures will b e monitored a t
the earth control station v i a the telemetry linjt.

kM teDLAB-S-458

r*****
Tab tffttiiMilf < M M i u Inlonnatlaii •Hntiiw t * . natt«al « • ) • • • • oT M» United Statu within Nw aiMnina •» tto [ < p l m n Loin, Tit)*
IS. U.S-C, SMM.HI 7 M and 794, H » tfsrowFilled at mrakrtlM ef whldi ia mymanmt M *n • M i t t w t w a ' • * » • • • h arahlbHad' • * taw.

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I
 '**^4
**i

k.h mODJCTim PLAff

At the present time a detailed Production Elan is not

available. However, the present preliminary design study.will
be completed on 30 June I96I and the final report to be
provided by six Independent contractors will include their
proposed Production Plan. When the study results have been
evaluated a Production Plan for the Lunar Esgwditlon will be
prepared.

Several points are apparent at this tine and they are

presented for completeness In this plan.

k.k>l QUANTITY

Limited quantities of early equipments will be required

until the test program improves and Increases the capability
of each item and production quantities become possible. Thus,
as development and testing proceeds the equipments will become
more standardized and production techniques will become more
applicable. When the Lunar landing and Return flights are
initiated it will be necessary to launch vehicles at rates
that vary from one to two flights per month. When the Lunar
Expedition is actually underway the launch rate will remain
at a rate of two per month for an extended period. Considering
the size, weight, complexity and importance of these vehicles
this represents production rates even when compared to past
aircraft or missile production programs.

K.k.S QUALITy

The inherent reliability of the systems required for the

Lunar Expedition program will be maximized by good design
practice. Reliability testing represents a major effort of
the test program, but the achieved reliability of these systems
can only be maintained during production by an excellent
quality control program. Ufcis means that good organization,
adequate manning and early recognition of the quality control
problem is essential. Close coordination is required between
the quality control personnel and the reliability personnel
in _the jfleBlgn^deVelopment, and test prcgr&m-lf the reliability
program and the test results are to provide the proper
guidance so that quality Qggi be maintained throughout the
production effort. ;_..- "'

kM WHLAR-S-U58

r*i#*l
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U , U.J.C., hdlMi m v r f m , « K (rammiuiwi ar nutation af vUch Hi an? monnar to an «ia«thorliad panaR it waMHM VI law.

W.
*--i_.K.-.----'-i^-;<::;± -'*%•- •
•* +-.P-1-""-*- » n i - - j =
 4.U-3 LOCATION

It is anticipated that most of the major systems and

sub-systems can be manufactured at facilities, or locations
presently l» existence and available to the aerospace industry.
However, the possibility does exist that certain items, such
as the first stage solid propellant stage, may be manufactured
at the lunar launch Complex due to its size and transportation
limitations. 5hese particular items have not been specified
at this time, but this will be done as soon as possible.

J*«,

k,k5 WDMR-S-U58

Milt Bacumsnt oataini iolinaiotim nMsrtlni •*• notUmal aiTim ml M* ( M M KBIH VMIII MM M—lm pt HW ttgiwrnti ttnn, THf*
II, U.S.C, SKtim 7M and 794, Hi* ttaflinliifea w nmlalfan af irkkh In w>i H U M I to *• HairiharlHd panon i> RMktMhWfcVI"".

' -%.
 I.

. F K O H E 4-3 ' i
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT '
MANNEB LUNAR PAILOAD WDLAR-S-^58
 c

-tnautt jaait
-BAJKV *&/*
 FIGURE lf-1
MAHHED LUNAR FAILOAD WBMR-S-U58

: :
"•- ;i.- :>-"''

"7
* " 4 C ' " "-?••

:>••--
RE k-1
JNAR PAZLOAD TOLAR-S^58

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; ' 1 -"'••':. —- , * r.t&i;-* •"^?r , _ T "/'•-SBfBW^'H" -- -—J *r
—/
 **-*

S3CTIC5I V

BODGST /JH) FIHAI7CIAL

LUIJAB ITCP^ITIOH (u)

5-1

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I I . U.S.C. S*ctlwt 743 and 7 W , fto hanwr»[aa ar ran<aHaa a l which in any aiBaaw to an unwiHwiiaa panan (• prshlbltod br low.
 *e*fff ?*i
-iisri'tfSMii"" RECORD or CHANGES

CSAMGE INSCRIPTION OF CHANGE BASE OF CEABGE REFERENCE

HO. TO BASIC
PART

M' ^-w^i*
wDiAR-s-^58
5.2

I M i d a w a i n l letlalm hrfoowttt™ aHactl*a ft* M t l m l rfatma. af Hi. U n i M H « ™ wHain ifca •wontn* at ft* furionota l o - . , THw
IS. U.J.C.. S M t l « 7KJ and 7*4, Hi* franiniiilsn « ia»leti*n af «.ni«li in <p>[ mvmr la an inairthsriiad panan h arakibiM b> law.

» - » - * " * * ' . - - • • • r.^.

 ***•••*: ; 2 *

&f?J
INBEX

TITLE PAGE 5.1

RECCED OF CHANGES 5.2

INDEX 5.3

5.0 INTRODUCTION 5.5

5-1 BUDGET ESTIMATE AMD FINANCIAL PLAN- 5.5

5-2 COST ESTIMMES- 5.6

5-3 FT 62, 63 FINANCIAL PLAN 5.7

5-3 WDLAB-S-*t5S

Tki> tfacamant (aMaTiu tnfanstlan nffartina Mia nallsnal tfalaiua al It™ U n I M Slatn - t » I » M>a manias at HHJ tiaianaaa Lewi. Tflta
IB, US.C. Wction 7*3 and 7 M , Iha tiamnliilan mt W r t t o l l * . af wale* in our nm.n.r te an • • a a H » r [ » d sanan 1. praalaliad ar t a * .
 ."W.-»»
\ -a • \ ^

Ihis psge intentionally l o f t blank

V
' ^ l i M K K . *%?**•

5.4 WDIAB-S-45S

Tkh aanwant m l n l n j n l « s t r » aHaclfai tto aatieaol dafana al tin Un»td StWai wHfcin Hw •aonina a l Hw Eipleaacw tawm, TBI*
I I , U.S.C.. Saclian J?3 a r t 744, Mw lrt»»»iiiioii ar mnalnilan af which In any laannai ra aa •nouHwtiud partan i i ixotiibitad a t law.

I
 5- BUDGET AND FINANCIAL

5.0 IN3BODUCTTOH
The funding estimates for the Lunar Expedition Program are
based on results obtained from previous concept, feasibility, and
preliminary design studies. These results were published in the
Lunar Observatory final Report, Volume I - Study Summary and
Program flan, numbered AFBMD TR 60-hk and dated April i960. Hie
**!-<•' costing of this program was accomplished by the Rand Corporation
and was based on a completely integrated program.

One funding estimates for the Lunar Expedition represent

all the costs of establishing a habitable facility on the moon
except the cost of developing the Space Launching System.
---- This funding would include s. Lunar Transport Vehicle de-
""- velopment program that would give the U.S. the capability of
using the moon and space. Then if the need should develop in the
^&& future, the Lunar Expedition Facility could be expanded to support
l™*"-*7 military operations. Studies have shown that the moon possesses
real military potential and it could support a recallable deterrent
C capability. Bie development of the Lunar transport Vehicle repre-
sents a minimum program for the Air Force to obtain control of the
cislunar volume and the lunar surface.
5.1 BUDGET ESTIMATE AND FINANCIAL H A H
A preliminary design for the Lunar Transport Vehicle is
presently being accomplished by six contractors on an active
study program. This program was funded for $300,000 in FY 6l
and three of the contractors are each performing the design
under a $100,000 contract. The other three contractors ere
participating on a voluntary basiB. * Tile final reports for this
preliminary design will be submitted to the SSD on 30 June 1961.
Evaluation of these reports will follow immediately and the results
will be used to revise this document where necessary. The LUNEX
program has an Engineering Design competition scheduled for initi-
ation in January 1962. This competitive effort would be evaluated
and a decision on the manufacturing approach would be possible by
*«* January 1963- To accomplish this program the following funds will
. be required:

FY-62 FY-63 S f f i W H i
"26T9 112.2 ^ - - . . ,.
Should the above funds not be made available, the schedule for
establishing the Lunar Expedition w i l l be delayed proportionally t o
the delay I n funding.
5-5 WDLAR-S-45B

TM> rfacmnmr ceatn'M lnfe«natlan atfadiBt ft* HMioMil 4 * t a « * of N H U n l M Stem w M I * Hw M a s i M • ! Hw E i p i w i M l m » , TIN*

t l . U . I . C , b c H n 7 M and 794, M* hanmtutaa m i t l a l l e o «f wtirch in any Honnr M * i iMNtlnrliad p*ran H prahibftidtotow.
 • * *

5-2 COST ESTIMATE^.

5he funding requirements for the complete LUNEJC program are as

follows:
w
F.Y. COSTS (In m m ions)

1962 1963 19& 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971

R £ D Ig6.9 IfA 335 660 108W 1608

Launch F a c i l i t i e s 8 6k 6b
Expedition Costs 1131 1053, 798; 631 j
Annual Total ja6.9J US 399J 1& 108411608' 1135 1Q23J 798 631 '

Program Total • 751*3

To accomplish the LUNEX Program, additional information about the

lunar surface is required at an early date. This means lunar surface
photographs from a lunar orbiting vehicle and the delivery of a radio-
light beacon to the lunar surface by a soft landing vehicle. Present
M S A programs vill provide some information and capability. However,
to meet the KMEX program schedule, the following additional funding
will be required by either the XIASA or the Air Force:

Unmanned Vehicles P.Y. COSTS (In millions)

1961 1962 1963 196k 1965 1966 1967

Lunar Photographs and i i !
Radio-Light Beacon 15 75 85 15 I I :
1 ' l
Recovery of Lunar
Core Sample i 12 35 85 J »85 !265 .85 ! 21*
ANNUAL TOTALS ! 27 '.no 175 300 .265 - 85 ! *

5.6

WDLAR-S-lt58

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II, U-S.C. feclian TO and 794. ifca hiiiHuiiuhm ar WMIOHIW «f «ki(k in any monnar to « maattiariBtd W w i b afoMMtad by lew.

*:1 -—">"
 5-3 FY 62, 63 FINANCIAL PLAN

$ In Thousands
FY-62 FY-63
MANNED LUNAR PAYLOAD
Lune'x Re-entry Design & Mockup 16,000 80,000
(2 cont'r, 8 M ea)
Lunar Landing Stage 2,000 10,000
(2 cont'r, 1 M ea)
Lunar Launching Stage 2,000 10,000
(2 cont 'r, 1 M ea)

SECONDARY POWER
Manned Vehicle power System 600 1,000
Surface Vehicle Power System (15 kw) 100 300
Nuclear Lunar Facility Power (300 kw) 1,000 1,500
(Spur Program Support)

GUIDANCE
Mid-course System 200 450
Lunar Terminal System 300 450
Lunar Ascent System 100 300
Earth Return System 200 500

LIFE SUPPORT
Crew Compartment Design too 1,000
Ecological System 1,000 1,200
Moon Suit or Capsule 500 800
COMMUNICATIONS & DATA HANDLING.
Manned Vehicle Video System Design too 1,000
Wide Band Moon-Earth Link Design 200 llOO
Secure Narrow Band Link Study 100 300
Man-Man Lunar Surface 300 650
Materials and Resources
Re-entry Materials Research 1,000 1,300
Lunar Natural Resource Dev- 500 1,000

26,900 112,150

5-7 WDLAR-S-^56

Tkli < « « M «Malm JotoiMotiHi nfbcMni * • notional driMit of MM United Stetoi -IDtln tk* H » I I « •! rtv Eiplono** 1 m , Tttto
II, U.J.C., Stafen 7M «id T», It* tranniubn m imtotSwi of which rn an? •ornwr K> in nnoultnuiwo M M it BTMIMM by tow.

I
 CONFIDENTIAL

WDLAR-S-45B
DIVISION OF LUNAR EXPEDITION PROGRAM - LUNEX
 .:,fcc<wn^-73
• *w

EECTIOH VI

PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

LUNAR EXPEDITION (U)

(LUHEX)

6.1

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)>. U.S.C., Sadiwi 7 M and 794, ttn naBiatiuIan at tanlstlDn af which In any • o n w r to an nMnrtlwiInl pcnsn b pfeWbltad ay law.
 •;42££*#». -
RECCRP OP CHANGES
e

VHUR.S-U58

• ^ -

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 INDEX

TITLE PAGE .- 6.1

RECORD OP CHANGES 6-2

INDEX 6.3

6-0 MANAGEMENT FOCAL POINT 6-5

6.1 RESPONSIBILITIES 6.5

6.2 PROGRAM OFFICE MANNING 6.6

6-3 ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 6.7

6.fc AIR FORCE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORT 6-7

6.5 OTHER AGENCIES 6.8

6.6 MANAGEMENT TOOLS 6.6

6.7 PEP 6.8

6.3 WDLAR-S-U58

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 TJTWT- "»

£i

Intentionally Left Blank

* - . * • *

6.4 WKLAR-S-1*58

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I I , U.S.C., Stctlan f93 aal 7 W , Ifea trsntHiiilan at nvalaltoa af whlcli in aaf »i la on wiairittariiMJ aanaa h a r a M W M by law.

_ _ > . .,_ f-
'-* - -.•'-. ->f-.--r- -'.I-'..
 6. ' HUX3RAM MANAGEMENT
6.0 MANAGEMENT FOCAL POUTT

Tie focal point for management of the Lunar Expedition program

will be a Lunex program Office within the Space Systems Division,
AFSC. The Director of the Program Office will coordinate, integrate.
monitor and direct all activities of the Lunar Expedition Program.
Subordinate to the Director vill be managers fox major parts of the
program. A tentative organizational chart fox the Program Office
is show in Figure 6-1.

6.1 RESPONSIBILITIES

a. The Earth Launch Complex Office v i l l be responsible for the

c i v i l engineering aspects of building up the earth launch base.
The immediate problem of this office w i l l be a s i t e selection
surrey.

b. The Earth launch Vehicle Office w i l l be responsible for

a l l earth launch boosters required for t h i s program.

c. The Lunar Landing and Launch Vehicles Office will be

responsible for a l l development and testing of the lunar Trifling
Stage and lunar launch Stage.

d. The Manned and Cargo Payloads Office w i l l be responsible

for the development of the 3-man Lunex Be-entacy Vehicle and. the
Cargo Package. This w i l l be one-of the key offices i n the entire
program since i t v i l l be concerned with such major technical areas
as l i f e support equipment, re-entry problems, secondary power and
structures.

e. The Communications and Data Handling Office v i l l be

responsible for establishing the ccnmunications network and
centralized, data handling organization. I t w i l l a l s o concern
I t s e l f with communications problems between the earth, the moon,
and the lunex Re-entry Vehicle and. point-to-point on the lunar
surface.

f. Guidance and Flight Control Office will be responsible

for developing: ascent, mid-course, terminal, lunar ascent, and
re-entry guidance equipment.

g. The Lunar Expedition F a c i l i t y Office block (shown In

dotted outline) indicates that that office w i l l be established, at
a later time since the problems associated with the expedition
f a c i l i t i e s are not of immediate concern.

6-5 W)LAR-S-fc58

IWi demMM (Minim mfnimtiwi aKadtiii Ha) national aahiua •* Mw UniM b e t a wbaln nW M I I I I I af It* b p l « n | i tawi, nil*
II. U.S.C.. SKfiw 7V3 and 7M, tka tnmnaSiiten ar nnlarnu af whick in any aanaar M on BMattwiiad aansa li prohibited' hf low.
 h. 5he Flans Office will be responsible far examining other
potential uses of equipment developed for the lunex Program. For
example, - the Bflme equipment could be used far sending sen eround
Mare and Venus, or perhaps effecting a landing on Pboboe. Con-
siderable planning also needs to be done regarding the exploratory
phase of toe lunar Expedition.

i . Programming Office will be responsible for scheduling

and budgeting of the entire program. This office will have under
i t s control a network of computers designated as the H3p program.

J. The Technical Integration and Support Office will be

responsible for insuring the technical compatibility of a l l com-
ponents of the system, such as, that the vibration Is within t o l e r -
able limits during the boost phase when a l l components of the
system have been put together. This office w i l l also provide
technical assistance to each of the main component offices. The
component office such as the Manned and Cargo Payloads Office will
not rely entirely on the Technical Integration and Support Office
for assistance, but will be free to obtain the best technical
advice available in the nation from whatever source i s necessary,
such as other government laboratories or universities. This
Technical Integration and Support Office will be manned by
Air Farce officers *ho will be responsible for the various
disciplines and for technical support from the Aerospace
Corporation.
k. The Reliability Office will insure that a strong
r e l i a b i l i t y and safety program i s followed by a l l contractors
throughout the program. Since r e l i a b i l i t y and safety i s of such
extreme importance in this program every effort must be made to
insure the r e l i a b i l i t y of the final equipment- Shis can only be
done by giving proper recognition t o the problem at a high organi-
sational level where policies and recommendations can be recognized
and implemented.

6.2 HHX31AM OFFICE MAHNEKJ

A Program Office must be established immediately after program
approval i f planned schedules are to be met. I t i s estimated that
an i n i t i a l buildup to 72 officers plus 35 secretaries will be
required. A requirement for 100 MIS w i l l be established with the
Aerospace Corporation. In view of the magnitude of the program,
which will bulla up t o more than one b i l l i o n dollars a year* a
larger Program Office w i l l be required. .Planning for these I n -
creased manpower requirements will be accomplished by the Program
Office, after i t i s established. Suggested I n i t i a l distribution

Kill a x w H i caalahn intonation affecting tha aatiaBal dafaiua af Ida Unltad I t o M i wiAiit Ida M e a l M at rha E|«tana*a I s m , Till*
I I . U . I . C , ftttlan 793 mi 7*4. Ik* tiaanalittaa a . maloHaa a( wtikt ia any aiannar ta aa saavHwrliad aafwn H amMWtad by I t * .
V"? personnel within the Rrogram Office Is as follows:
a. Lunex Program Director k

b. Plans k

e. Programming 6

d. Technical Integration and Support 20

e. Reliability 2

f. Earth launch Complex 5

g. Garth Launch Vehicle 5

h- lunar Landing and launch Vehicle 5
i. Manned and Cargo Reloads 15
j. Communications and Data Handling 3
k. Guidance and Flight Control 3

6.3 CBG/iNIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

There will be a continual and energetic exchange of direction
and Information between personnel of the Lunar Program Office and
development contractors• Because of the complex nature and magnitude
of the program, the Program mrector will be required to deal with
many contractors from diverse technical areas. It is envisioned
that an associate contractor will be selected fotr each major portion
of the program, who will, In turn* use many supporting contracting
various technological capabilities. Technical Integration and
support vill be accomplished by the Aerospace Corporation under the
overall guidance and control of the Program Office.

6.k AIR KQRCE BEVELOBMBNT AMD SUPPCM

Toe Lunex program office will work with the Technical Area
Managers within AFSC. The Technical Area Managers have project
responsibility for development of solutions to technical problems
such as those associated with guidancej materials, rocket engine
propulsion, life support, etc. Each Technical Area Manager will
identify and emphasize those critical technical, problems to vhlch
specific effort must be directed in order to attain a capability
required by the Lunex program.

6 , 7
WDIAB-S-45Q

. - M l * ' " *

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!!; I M M M 793 OIHI TV*. M M h m i » ! i i ! « i w nntotiaN rl wHiiti in art) aanMr to an •MUIborlnd pan*" « p a h i b l M fcr low-
 ^* ^J-iUKi
(
6.5 OTHER AGENCIES

Specific arrangements vill be made vith other agencies as

requirements arise in the development of the Lunex program.

6.6 MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Die basic philosophy of developing all elements of this

program on a concurrent basis Introduces rigid scheduling require-
ments. Specific tasks must be defined and scheduled. However,
-when development problems dictate that many factors be varied to
keep abreast of advancing state-of-the-art, concurrency and even
the end objectives are affected and possibly delayed. A management
tool vhich uses an electronic computer vill be used to support the
Program Director in planning, operating, and controlling the Lunar
Expedition Program. It vill be initiated in the early stages of
the Program and will continue to be used throughout the expedition
phase. Ibis management tool called Program Evaluation Procedure *
(PEP) vill assist the Director by providing:

a. A method of handling large masses of data quickly,

efficiently and economically.

b. The capability to locate, identify and this correct

trouble spots.

c. A capability of integrating the many varied and compli-

cated facets of the Lunar Expedition Program.

6-7 PEP

Die PEP management tool i s made possible through the use of an

electronic d i g i t a l computer. The scheduling and monitoring of many
thousands of items required in the Lunar Expedition Program make
the use of t h i s computer technique imperative. Hie PEP approach
employs linear programming techniques with a s t a t i s t i c a l concept
in conjunction vith the electronic computer. Diis procedure
facilitates the analysis of interrelationships of many thousands
of program elements. Uhe results axe presented as program summaries
upon which the Director can base decisions. (See Pig. 6-3)

3he f i r s t step In using the PEP management tool i s t o make a

detailed analysis of the overall Lunex Program. Each major event,
milestone, or accomplishment that must be achieved i s l i s t e d i n
chronological order. 2he events must be v e i l defined and should
occur at an instant of time union can be identified. A network,
or "a program plan chart, i s laid, out i n vhiclTtne events are shown
as points or c i r c l e s whose positions roughly represent their
chronological order. Interrelationships between the events ( c i r c l e s )
6.8 WDLAR-S-458

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IB, U.S.C.. taction 7*3 w f TM. MH •wme.HiiM •> mlolkM •> «*«li <• " > » " ' M — —••Wi.rH-d B M M H • M M W * ' hr k » .

. , * • : • - .
•'--'~---:' '•". . - - ;.-=-s-.;v - - -.'.- .6-i-
 c and sequence of events are B b o w by connecting lines. The line
between the events represents work that must be done to proceed
from one event to the next (See Figure 6-U). 5he computer then
totals all of the expected activity times along every possible
(in the thousands) route of the netvork from start to the end event.
Die rep computer then examines the total times of the large number
of paths in order to find the longest nhich ifi called the critical
path. The critical path defines the sequence of events which vill
require the greatest expected tine to accomplish the end event.

• 3 K effects 01 a delay for any particular milestone or event

an the entire program or on any other event can be quickly and
efficiently determined so that corrective action can be taken if
required.

6.9 HDLAR-S-1*58

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*SJffi
 mirv

7W
c
LUNEX PROGRAM
DIRECTOR

TECHNICAL
PLANS PROGRAMMING INTEGRATION RELIABILITY
a SUPPORT
-V'-

r ^ 1 LUNAR
I LUNAR i EARTH EARTH
EXPEDITION • LAUNCH LAUNCH LANDING
I FACILITY | COMPLEX VEHICLE a LAUNCH
VEHICLE

fc

MANNED
COMMUNIS. . J N S GUIDANCE B
a CARGO
B DATA HANDLING FLIGHT CONTROL
PAY LOADS

FIGURE 6-1 LUNEX P R O G R A M O F F I C E

WDLAR-S-456

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T, SltlJon 7VI ond 7 M , rht I r a n million or mnlotioii • ( wliTdi in o«r « « w M on anrMMiarlml ptnen i i pronlbJM by I n -

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''" * "- - ~ - - 3 t j ^ -: L '-" ""•• '.^'-\

 vunrraoffifiL

I MATERIALS |

I
 ?*
ATER1ALS
l**;*
FACILITY
DESIGN
AND
CONSTRUCTION PROPULSION

ION
CONSTRUCTION I

MANUFACTURING

GOVERNMENT AGENCY

CONTRACTOR

FIGURE 6 ^ PEP INFORMATION FLOW RATTERN

:,,r. : [ WDLAR-S-458
 SECTION V H

MATERIEL SUPPORT

IHNAR EXPEDITION (U)

(LUNEX)

M WDLAB-S-1J58

Tkh a K u n M I i w M M Jnf««ofion aflaclina Mia notional a*t*ma *f tka U n ) M Stern within tat manning t» Hi* n s i M O t * l a m , Tttta
)>, U.S.C., Sudlan 7 M and 79*. Hw trgnnlitian ar faailattan af wkick In any naniw te an •nauHisfiBd pansn l i arahiaiM » r law.
 fjAMHffiT''"'"
.\','. A—-J-S*'-*: .•
RECORD OF CHANGES

CHANGE : IESCRIPTIOH OF CHANGS 21AIS OF CHANGS REFERENCE

NO. 1 0 BASIS
PART

,->

; * • • ;

WDLAR-S-1*58
7-2

•-*•£*

Tkh d « M « l (DMQIIH M H H O I I H •fbaina th. noting! v i f i w • ( t h . United R i t e viHifri Itej i M i t a *f H M E i t l m m low), Tl|te
I I . U.S.C., Satfcaa 7 M *nd ni, Iha heropiu inn *r n n k t i w i af w(tTch' iB_-*jjiir nonwr M an mnitliBrind p i m i H prahlbiM b» law.
 «**'.w-i
-***.

nnsx

TITLE PAGE 7.1

RECORD OF CHABGES 7.2

INDEX 7- 3

7.0 INTRODUCTION • 7^5

7.1 SUPPLY 7-5

7.2 DISTRIBUTION 7-7

7.3 STORAGE 7-7

7.U REAL PROPERTY INSTALLED EQUIPMENT (RPIE) 7-8

7-5 MAINTENANCE \ 7-8

7.6 MAHUFACTORIN3 FACILITY CRITERIA. 7-8

•Cfl.VriDHffilk
7.3 ^WDLAR-S-^58

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II. U.S.C. SKIIBII 793 and 7M, fln tionniuion at imtdllmi at which In any BaRMr M M atmrttiatiiad t a r n h arahibllad b* law.
 l*J*
,.!...-."-••• ••

&f>

sfiiHe

Intentionally left Wank.

£•.•*

S&-

WDIAR-S-1»56

Tkli aKitWftt contain frfamatlW .ffwllnf ft* notlmal a a f m a at tha Unitoa » M « wllfcto Ma H » T a a at Ik* b r X a a * tan. JHW
l i , U.S.C.. S M I I M W3 owl 7W. Ma l ™ n . i n i m i ar rmtattan af wkick In • • » M a w to • • «™itlM»r™i — i- — " M U fc- t —
 7- MATERIEL SUPPORT

7.0 IHTflODUCTION

It is intended that this program use two significant

concepts that will result in better management of the materiel
support program. These are the Delayed Procurement Concept and
the Responsive Production Concept. UndertiieDelayed Procurement
Concept, the ordering and delivery of high-cost insurance-type
spares is deferred until the final production run must be made,
allowing for the accumulation of maximum operational experience
with the new item before a final spares order must be placed.
Under the Responsive Production Concept, a portion of the
requirement for high-cost operational spares Is procured In
unfabricated, unassembled form. When the spares demand can be
more reliably predicted, based on actual usage experience,
additional complete spare items can be produced within a very
short lead-time period. When experience fails to justify a
requirement for additional complete spares, the materiels and
parts involved can be utilized In end article production.
The policy shall be to buy minimum quantities of high-value
spares and maintain close control over their transportation,
storage, issuance, and repair until they finally wear out,
or are no longer required. Simplification of procedures and
relaxing of restrictions on low-value items will provide the
means (man-power, machine time, etc.) for more precise management
of high-value items.

7-1 SUPPLY

Maximum utilization will be made of existing assets.

Where practical, equipment and parts will be reclaimed from
completed test programs, repaired, modified and overhauled to
suitable condition for use in later tests and operational
tasks. The procedures and paperwork Involved with procurement
of spare parts must be streamlined to permit maximum flexibility
in planning and responding to a continually changing configura-
tion^ Immediate adjustment or inventories and reorder points
must result from test program and engineering changes.
Selection of spare parts should be made at the time of initial
design to enable procurement of spare and production parts
concurrently to eliminate reorder costs resulting from separate
procurements.

7-5 -VDLAB-S-l^B

Tkli d a u M M (antiiai trilatntqlloii oHMtina Ma M l l a M l dafMM sf I h * Unllad JtohH niHiin Hw Menrng •» Hn Ciplonoti l a w i . Till*
I I , U.S.C-, Smalm 793 sad 79a, Hw franmunicn er lavaleUen af which In any mmmr la an •nnrlharlaMl ptrtMi i> erahibiml br l a v .
 "Stal^

Determination of quantities, reparable-cverhaulHBodiflca-

tlon planning, control etc., shall be accomplished and directed
by a permanently organized and active groin) composed of personnel
representing the engineering, production, materiel, reliability,
quality control, procurement and contract departments, and the
mm various affected sections within these departments such as
, design, test, planners, etc., attending as required. Die A U K
vlll have a member assigned to this group for surveillance
i\i purposes and to provide logistic guidance on problems which may
__ require advice from the Air Force.
Persons assigned to the group shall be veil qualified by
- reason of experience and technical ability.

Ihe procedures and paperwork involved shall be streamlined,

taking due cognizance of the powers and capabilities of the
- :; above group to permit maximum flexibility in planning and the
~*^~ quickest possible response to changes and emergency situations.

J^ Ihe group will pay particular attention to control of

hi-value items and Items critical to the needs of the expedition
and test program. Such items, particularly those potentially
subject to imminent redesign, will be rigorously screened to
assure economical Inventory and the best possible repair,
overhaul and modificai v.on planning at all times.

She group shall be responsible for the following:

a. Immediate adjustment of inventories and reorder

points resulting from changes to the delivery schedule, the
test program, and for engineering changes.
b. Inventory review and adjustment of initially
established stock levels and/or reorder points in light of
latest experience gained from the test program every time
reorder or minimum stock levels are reached.

c. Review of stock levels, and adjustment and/or

disposition of non-moving Items on a continuing basis, but at
intervals not to exceed sixty (6*0) days for any individual hi-
TftlUe i t e m s and 180 d a y s f o r otft™* j **>!«, w «••*-. n t V r Intmrmla.
"as agreed upon by the Contractor and the Contracting Officer.
Shis i s t o Include the return t o production of axqr surplus
quantities for^jework t o later design requirements.

VDUR-&-k5Q

Tkh tfwwM cWtohs W m m t a i aBcttim Ha nailaMl M M •* M> tMMd ftotx >HMI M* W * I < M 1 Ito ElptMM I n * . TM*
I t , U.S.C., M W 7W mi 794, MM IroMHiSi.lon «r n n k b af -kltb hi anr ma*mr f m unmiHwlmi mmun y nmMblfi kr h™.
 d. Control of repalr-overhaul-modlfication planning.

7-2 DE5THIBUTI0B

The Contractors shall develop Internal working procedures

vhlch encompass the following requirements;

a. Inventory levels snail be programmed to vary

with anticipated utilization. Shipments In advance of estimated
requirements will not be made except when it is clearly In
the best Interest of the program to do so.

b. Stock levels shall be minimized by maximum

economical reliance on repair, overhaul, and modification of
reparable items. Repair, overhaul, and modification turn-
around time will be a prime determinant in establishing the
minimum stock-level period for each Item.

c. Where feasible (vlth particular emphasis on

hl-value and critical Items), inventory cost will he minimized
by stockage of repair, overhaul and modification bits, pieces
and components (relatively low-cost items) In conjunction with
a pre-planned and flexible expedited repair, overhaul, and
modification program, as opposed to stocking sub-assemblies
and end items themselves "(the relatively high-cost items).

d. Stock levels will be determined on basis of

overall program needs and will be independent of the site
location of the stock. Maximum utilization will be made of
available contracted air transportation to minimize "pipe-
line" time.

7.3 STORAGE

Farts whether required for the test or expedition programs

should not be segregated from production stock. This merely
adds an unnecessary stockage' cost-burden. By combining storage
facilities with a co-mingling of stock, considerable cost
savings can be effected. Spares and production stock serve as
buffer stocks for each other. If multiple activities such as
Tnanufaeturing, test, and tne expedition are supplied from a
single storage facility the chance of stockout would be

7*7

n i l Bacnaitt taiitalm tafafauttoa articling tiw national 4*f*ma •» H M UaHad State within Ik* •woitlni al tfca fwlaaaaa Lava, TMa
I t , U.i.C, Sacttan m and W * , tha ironunjuion at t a n l e t t o i af which hi anr » » * ' •» aa imaaiHwIvtl aanaa t> atahlfcHad by l » -
 minimized •

7 .k REAL PROPERTY INSTALLED EQUIPMENT (RPTE)

Each contractor Is charged vith the responsibility of

identifying, as veil as determining the criteria for all
items required for successful mission accomplishment. When
the requirements have been determined the responsibility for
accomplishing the required HPIE materiel support program vill
be assigned. This materiel support vill include the necessary
selection of spare parts to be stored at the manufacturing
facility or at the launch site.

7-5 MAINTENANCE

The proposed operational mode of the ItfREX program is

unique in that it retains all the features of a research and
development program. In the time period designated as
"expedition", it can be expected that in addition to a variety
of missions the systems vill be modified and improved.,, the
launch facilities and support equipment may require modifica-
tion, and technical development may force program changes.
Since the expedition period Is actually a continuation of the
development and test program it is apparent t&at the systems
and techniques developed during testing may also be continued
for the Expedition.

An evaluation vill be made to determine the feasibility

of having contractors support the program throughout its
entire life. However, in determining the total task, considera-
tion must be given to the available Air force manpower, equipment
and facilities that may be used to support the LUNEX program.

7 .6 MANU7ACTORING PAClLITr CRITERIA

The equipment production facilities vill preferably

consist of an existing large aerospace plant convertible to
LUMEX production vith a minimum modification program. It nay
be necessary to find a facility that is adjacent to, or easily
accessable to navigable waterways. The facility should obviously
be located in an area containing an abundance of skilled manpower.
Manufacturing Test facilities adjacent to the manufacturing
facilities would be very desirable to reduce transportation
problem.

TOLAR-S-lf58

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:
*.--.-
 ^ _ ,(,OlW-i

Certain Items, such as the large liquid and solid boosters

and propellant, will probably be assembled at the Lunex launch
Complex and special facilities for manufacturing these items
will be required at the launch complex. Thus checkout and
acceptance test facilities vill also be required at the
launch complex.

Many major manufacturing items, such as the Lunar Landing

Stage and the Lunar launch Stage, will be produced at the
manufacturers' facility. This will require propellant storage,
or a propellant manufacturing capability at the plant, plus
various test and check out facilities to support manufacturing.

As an example, the following test facilities will be

required to support the manufacturing of the Lunar Landing
and lunar Launching Stages:

a- Configuration—Far each of the two stages a

Propulsion Test Vehicle Test Stand and two Flight Acceptance
Firing Stands will be required. In addition, cold flow-test
facilities conslstelng of one pad and three structural towers
will be required.

Two separate test complexes will > ? .needed - one for

each of the two stages. There will be only one centrally
located blockhouse with control and instrumentation capability
for operating both complexes. Each hot firing stand would
be located in accordance with a 2 psi explosion overpressure
criteria. An explosive force calculated on equivalent LHp
caloric content to TKT, shows that the hot stands should be
no closer than 2000* to any other hot or cold stand.

b. Test Pad Configuration and arrangement — Each

hot test pad will consist of a concrete pad containing the
launcher structure. The stage is erected by a mobile eonmeVcial
type crane, and personnel access for maintenance is by work
stand and ladders, or a cherry picker. Ho service tower will
be required.

c. Thrust Level Measurement - - Thrust l e v e l s w i l l

be detcrmined-by measuring the chamber pressure and applying
•Hie result to the engine manufacturer's calibration curve.
Tanking level Is determined by the Propellant Utilization
System.

7.9 WBLAfc-8-458

m
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II, U.S.C., M " < 7*3 and 7*4. Iht tramfflkilM m rmtotbM *f whkh in any monmt M an naiHiorlnd mmm i> prefcibrMd a, law.

-^•^-jf-;
 v ~ - - ' - *• '«'.'**•

HJIEX

TITLE PAGE 8.1

RECORD OF CHANGES
...*:,
IKDEX 8.3
8.0 nnRonjcnoN 8.5
8.1 LUNAR LAUNCH COMPLEX 8.6
8.2 LOGISTICS 8.7
8.3 AEROSPACE GROUND EKVIBOHMEBT 8-7

•*P:

8.3 WDIAR-SA58

h i . d e c n m l csMahn hfomatioit eHecHni tfe* natiaMl < • « • • • el Ifc. United Stem "H*in Hw wonlne el H H t u K n e j t t e n , 1W»
11, U.S.C,, SMtien 793 md 79*,. H H | m » " i | | t M er f w t o t i e o * f ^hi«k in eny « e n w to « I (neiHiBrtwl B*rfwi it eroMfciM k f • " .
-J&3,
 d. Altitude Simulation Unit - - A plenum chamber,
containing steam jets u p stream of its exhaust bell, shall b e
attached to each engine for altitude simulation.

e. flame Deflector - - The design is a conventional

configuration elbow shaped, shield cooled with a firex water
injection system.

f. Propellent Storage and Handling Equipment - - A

central LOg storage and transfer facility shall b e provided for
each of the two test facilities. The Lunar Landing Stage
facility shall store 350,000 lbs. of LQa- Spherical, vacuum
Insulated devars shall b e used. Ihe transfer unit shall b e a
motor operated centrifugal pump vith 500 gpm and 1 0 0 psi
discharge head capacity. Die lunar launch Stage Vest facility
LCU storage shall contain 18,000 gallons in spherical devars
vith a transfer pump capability of 200 gpm and 1 0 0 p s i discbarge
head. Distribution lines for both complexes would be prefabri-
cated, static vacuum, insulated steel pipe.

An LHjj storage and transfer facility will b e provided

at each hot firing test stand and the cold flow test pad. One
transfer system Is an LHg gas generator system vith air being
the thermal source. Pressuring level in each tank would b e 1 0 0 _
psi. The L H 2 storage capacity requirement for each lunar Launch
Stage facility is. 15,000 lbs. and at each Landing Stage Site is
35#000 lbs. Again the storage facilities would b e spherical
devars vith segmented, prefabricated, static vacuum insulated
stainless steel pipe distribution lines.

•fcrr**,*

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 •*-*-r'
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CIVIL EHGISEERING

-£•'• -

JUNAR EXPEDITION (U)

j£&a (UJNEX)

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8.1 WDLAH-S-^58

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 • • • •- As --r*; •*
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8.4 WDIAR-S-U58

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 8. ' CIVIL ENGHJEERIBG

8.0 nnBOKJcnoN :

As part of the Lunar Transport Vehicle study, consideration

vas given to the facilities required for the launch and support
of the Space Launching System and the Lunar Bayloads. It vas
assumed that the manufacture of all boosters and the payload
vould be accomplished at existing factories, facilities and
equipment required for the manufacture of large boosters may
be readily Installed at factories having clearance sufficient
to handle the booster. Large boosters such as required for
this prograis must necessarily be transported over long distances
by specially constructed barges, By selecting manufacturing
facilities and launch sites adjacent to navigable waters,
a minimum of overland transport vould be required. A signifi-
cant savings may be effected by providing launch capabilities
at selective areas where existing support facilities, personnel
housing, and assured tracking capabilities are available.

The logistic support for the launch rates indicated in

this plan dictates that new propel! ant manufacturing facilities
be constructed at the launch site and that transport barges and
other vehicles be available to 'transport vehicle components
from the manufacturing plants.

A modified Integrated Transfer Launch System is envisioned

for the Lunar Transport Launch System. The size and weight of
the Space Launching Vehicle, designated the BC2720, precludes
the transfer of the entire Lunar Transport Vehicle after
assembly, but the Integrated transfer of upper stages and lower
stages separately with a minimum mating and checkout on the
launch pad may provide increased reliability and appreciable
cost savingt

In order to achieve the highest launch pad utilization

possible and to make maximum use of specialized capital
equipment and highly skilled manpower, the application of
operations research technology will be required. To handle the
test load and the complex sequencing requirements presented
by the three-stage Space launching Vehicle plus the Lunar
Payload, a computer controlled, integrated launch sequencing
and checkout system will be needed. It 1 B desirable to
accomplish the maximum amount of systems testing In a protected
environment prior .-to locating the vehicle on the launch pad,
and to use the launch pad, in so far as Is possible, for its
prime purpose, that of preflight servicing and launching the
vehicle.
8.5 ^WDLAR-S-fcsa

KGfitf-
Thti rfaciimni contoiu information affadini tbt n t t a n a l satania af Iha Unltarf atofcn wtthtn tha awanint at I k . bplanaa* lawm, TMa
IS, M.I.C., Mellon 793 and 794, l a * t r o n i n i i i l o n or mvalatien a ! wfcich In a n * poriMlr to * • anamfcartino' pwrta* h praaiblrad ay l a v .

I
 8.1 LUHAR LAUNCH COMPLEX

The Lunar Transport Vehicle System has a requirement for

launch and support facilities suitable for maimed lunar flight
of a vehicle using a BC 2720 Space Launching System. Investi-
gation of the launch pad requirements for a launch rate of two
per month indicates that from k to 6 launch pads vould be
necessary depending on the launch site location and the means
available for handling the booster- There are no existing
launch pads capable of handling this vehicle, nor are there, at
this time, facilities capable of conducting static testing of
the "C" booster and the launch of the complete Lunar Transport
Vehicle. It is possible that by combining the capabilities
for both static firing and launch in two of the pads required,
a significant coat saving may be gained and an accelerated
test program may be effected. This vould provide a capability
for the launch of the "C" booster with or without solid boost
during R&D flight test and for early test missions of the
Lunex Re-entry Vehicle- The development and flight test of
the "B" booster is planned at AMR during the development program.

It was assumed in the Lunar Transport Vehicle study that

the manufacture of all boosters and the payload vould be
accomplished at existing factories. New and added facilities
and equipment such as large forming brakes, special welding
Jigs, fixtures and machines, and large processing facilities
vould be required. In plants of sufficient size these
facilities and equipment could reau-ly be installed. Further
Investigation comparing the relative economics of manufacture
at the launch site versus manufacture at existing facilities is
required to insure an economical choice.

Assemblies having a diameter exceeding 12 feet or

veighing over 200,000 pounds cannot be transported over
United States railways. A load of 78,000 pounds is considered
to be the limit over selected highway routes. In as much as
both the "B" and "C" boosters of the Space Launch Systems have
diameters In excess of Ik feet, transport from manufacturing
plant to the launch site must be by barge. The large quanti-
ties of boosters and the special environmental protection
required suggest that specially designed barges be constructed
to transport these assemblies. Harbors and docking facilities
vould be required near the manufacturing facility and at the
launch Bite.

By locating the launch facilities at or near Cape Cana-

veral for an easterly launch significant savings may be

8.6 WELAR-S-458

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I.C., fatttaa 7*3 am* 7W„ laa trammtuton ar » « f a t | * * *f vhfeh in a n , »Bt)Mr M on MOithorius' p t n M h prakiblted hr low.
 -S* * .
c
effected. The use of existing administrative capabilities,
personnel housing, assured tracking facilities, and technical
support areas will provide a saving In costs and in leadtime
required for construction of support facilities. Similar
gains Bay he made hy locating launch facilities at Point
Arguello for polar launch- This does not mean that Cape
Canaveral and Point Arguello are the only reasonable locations
for the launch site. In fact, by extending the Atlantic
Missile Range in a westerly direction across the Gulf of
Mexico it is conceivable that a launch site in the vicinity
of the Corpus Christ! Naval Air Complex would provide the
full use of AMR Range facilities with minimum overfly of
foreign land masses. Likewise, extension of the AMR Range
In a northerly direction to the coast of South Carolina
would provide a similar accommodation.

8.2 LOGISTICS

The logistic support for the launch rates indicated in

this study dictates that new propellant manufacturing plants
he constructed at the launch site. Existing propellant
manufacturing plants are inadequate and the launch rates
mentioned would use the full capacity of a separate propellant
manufacturing facility.

a. Propellant use rates for a 2 per month launch

rate are estimated as follows:

(1) Liquid Hydrogen manufacture 50 tons per day.

(2) Liquid Hydrogen storage .

@ launch pad 1-5x10° pounds.

(3) Liquid Oxygen/Nitrogen

Manufacture 120 tons per day.

{k) Liquid Oxygen storage -

@ launch pad U x 10° pounds.

Barges will he required for transport of boosters

from the manufacturing plant to the launch complex-

8.3 AEROSPACE GRQUHD ENVIRONMENT

A modified Integrated-Transfer-Launch System is envisioned

for the Lunar Transport launch System. This approach would
allow the complete integration and checkout of the "B" booster
together with the lunar Transport Payload in a protected

8.7 TOLAR-S-lt58

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II, U.S.C.. (action m aad 7W, IIH Kmxmli.lim M m l a l l M af atfcicli In aor •a*n«r to ao oMoUwIiad parian h amWbltad by lao.
 environment simultaneously with the assembly and checkout of the
C2720 booster combination at the launch pad. The else and
weight of the BC2720 Space Launching Vehicle precludes the
transfer of the completely assembled Lunar Transport Vehicle
from an integration building to the launch pad. It Is feasible^
however, to mate and Integrate the "B" booster with the lunar
Transport Payload Inside the protected environs of an Integration
building and vhen completed transfer the "B" booster and payload
assembly to the launch pad for mating with the C2720 assembly.
(See Figures 8-1 and 8-2). This can best be accomplished by
a ellffslde location or extending a ramp from the integration
building to an elevation at the launch pad approximately equal
to the height of the C2720 stage. The assembly and checkout
of -the nC2720n vehicle may be accomplished in two vays
depending on the specific location of the launch pad and its
accessibility to navigable waters. For a launch pad having
no direct access to navigable waters, the assembly and mating
of the solid segmented motors to the "CM booster would be
accomplished at the launch pad. The extended time necessary
to accomplish this assembly and checkout accounts for the
difference in the numbers of pads required. It is estimated
that 6 launch pads would be needed for this plan. For a
launch pad having direct access to navigable waters,- the
assembly and mating of the solid segmented motors to the "C"
booster could be accomplished at an interim integration
building located some distance away from the launch pad. After
assembly and checkout, the "C2720" combination would be trans-
ported by a barge to the launch pad and mated to the "B" booster
and payload assembly. By using this approach it Is estimated
that k launch pads would be adequate for the 2 per month
launch rate. Final confidence checks and Integration of the
booster and facility interface would be accomplished at the
launch pad.

The TNT equivalent of vehicle propellents was estimated

in the following manner. The THT equivalent of the liquid
propellents was taken at 60$ of the total LOX/lSjj load for
all stages. This is the figure currently used at AMR for TNT
equivalence for LOX/lflg. In this case, because of "the great
quantities of propellant Involved, this degree of mixing Is
unlikely and the 6o# figure would be conservative. Solid
prppellants are taken at 100$ of the propellant velght. It
Is also considered that detonation of the solid propellants
may cause the subsequent detonation of liquid propellants and
vice versa; but, the simultaneous detonation of all propellants

WDLAR-S-U58

Tki> tenHM C W I M I M iahmMton affatllna tt> notional M i n n * f tfca United Statn wHM» Ac •MaMw ti Hw I.pltnoa* L a m . TirW
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e
1E not likely to occur. Skis philosophy resolves to consideration
of THT equivalents of liquid propellants and solid propellants
separately and they are not additive. Ihe THT equivalent of
one of the four segmented solid assemblies is 680,000 pounds.
The 60$ TNT equivalent of the total liquid propellant
load 1B approximately 1,300,000 pounds. Using the highest
TNT equivalent (1,300,000 pounds) the inhabited building
distance must be approximately 2| miles from the launch pad and
minimum pad separation must be approximately 1 mile. For an
inhabited pad adjacent to a launch operation, pad separation
would be Q§ miles. It Is obvious that the real estate problem
will be extensive. For a coastal location of "C" launch pads
up to 18 miles of continuous coast line would be required, for a
distance of 3 miles inland. 3hese distances can be decreased by
creating a buffer between the pads. Locating the launch pads
in ravines or indentations In cliff side launch locations might
substantially reduce the land areas required. The selective
location and orientation of the Integration building and other
support facilities to take best advantage of topography would
do much to decrease distances and reduce costs.

Hie repeated launching of similar payloads in the lunar

Transport Launching System and the extended time between launches
from each pad indicates that a central launch control for all
pads might tt desirable• To avoid analog signal- line driving
problems and to allow greater distances than normal between the
pads and the common blockhouse it is possible to use digital
control for launch pad checkout and launch. Analog to digital
conversion would essentially be accomplished at each launch
pad and transmitted to the blockhouse via digital data link.
With vertical mating, assembly and detailed checkout In the
vertical assembly integration buildings, only gross, survey type
testing or a simulated countdown and launch would be performed
at the launch pad, since test and vehicle subsystem sequencing
systems could be Installed in both areas. Present day checkout
methods, because of the many manual controls and long-time spans
involved would not provide sufficient assurance of the high
reliability of the complex Integrated systems expected In the
Lunar Transport Vehicle.

8.9 WDDAR-S-U58

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 *"- 'WWW'

WDLAR-S-458
CONFIDENTIAL
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 - ^ • • ^ • V • - * .

»MHBfiimfc
I'-V-Iwf^,,,.,.,^... . WDLAR-S-458
 •-"•*U^

SECTION IX

• - ' * : . & &

PERSONNEL AND ORAIRING

LUTJAR EXPEDITION (U)

(UWEX)

a*?'**

•fCJ M V

V0UR-S-l£8

' pw •
-*
 RECORD OF CHANGES .

CHANGE IESCRIPTIOH OF CHARGE DAUB OF CHANGE REFERENCE

NO. TO BASIC
PART

******* **m*»r<»m

vDiAR-s-458

Tnh a a o M t i t cMMim Intonation affatHni tfea aatiaonl M u x «t tfea Unltad Sfotoi wlttiia Ma mawiina • ! Hw Eipl.www l a m , TBI*.
' I S , U.S.C., S«tl«i'W3 eirfTW, A * ftaH-'ula* ar mwlallM aLvhlfli la Jay t n i m la on enauttiarliaa' aaraan )t pioMbltait br lav.
 v -li.

Txnsx

TITLE PAGE • * 9.1

RECORD OF CHARGES 9.2

INDEX , , 9.3

9.0 HJTROEUCTION ,,. „ 9.5

9-1 PERSOHHEL , , 9.5

9.2 TRAINING PROGRAM 9.6

9.3 PLANNING FACTCBS AMD GROUND RULES , $.f

9.k TRAINING 9-10

9.5 TRAINING PERSONNEL , 9-H

9.6 TRAINING EQUIPMENT PACKAGE , 9.11

9-7 FACILITIES , 9-1^

9.8 HJDGET AND FINANCE 9-15

ATTACHMENT
IX - A PROJECTED MANNING AFSC'S ,,, 9-l6

IX - B EUNEX/SPACE LAUNCHING SYSTEM , 9,20

IX - C RE-ENTRY VESICLE
IX - D LUNAR LANDING STAGE

IX - E' LUNAR LAUNCH STAGE AND CARGO PAYLOAD

PACKAGE

K - F INTEGRATED SYSTEMS -

•*>**

9-3 WDLAR-E-U58

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 Intentionally Blank

9.4 WDLAR-S-458
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 '***?&
T

VRRCF
>*••>. * • » ! * • - ;

9. PERSQHHEL AND HtAHttJB

9.0 IHBTOEUCTOQH

Oils section of the Lunar Expedition Program Plan (Lunex)

Includes estimated personnel requirements to support the program
and presents the training required to Accomplish the end objective.
The personnel requirements were derived on the basis of the
scope of the complete program and the personnel would be comprised
of civilian and military personnel-
The training program was prepared by the Air Training
Command and based on the Lunar Expedition Program Plan.

9.1 PERSOHHEL

The accomplishment of the Lunar Expedition Program vill have

a manpower Impact on the Air Force that is quite different than
previous programs. The number of personnel actually on the
expedition will be relatively small compared to the number of
personnel required to support the operation. The actual contractor
"in-plant" personnel required to accomplish this program are not
Included in the following figures. However, a general estimate of
the total contractors' effort, based on the average estimated
annual expenditure for the complete Lunex program, would be the
equivalent of one of our larger manufacturing companies with 60 to
70 thousand personnel. It should also be stated that this effort
would undoubtedly be spread throughout the Industry and not
concentrated in one company and the previous statement is only for
comparison.

The military and civilian personnel required to support the

lunex program is estimated as follows:
Space Personnel 1^5
Lunar Expedition 1^5 •
(21 men at expedition facility, crew
rates of 5)
Ground Personnel 3677
lunar Squadron 100
launch Squadron 873
Instrumentation S q u a d r o n 2 9 X
Assembly & Maintenance Squadron 660
Supply Squadron 562
Bane Support Units 639
Administration 350
9.5 WDLAR-S-U58
Orhhr-r
U.UJUJ*» ''-A-.^-yi
 ***."

; £.*. te^Ltj^r&& Personnel

*(Space plus Ground)

Overhead 1£87

Range Tracking 9I4O

Logistic Support Organization 3kf

Grand Total Personnel 5109

9-2 TRAINING PROGRAM

The remaining portion of this section of the lunar Expedi-

tion Program Flan (lunex) presents the Training Program. It is
based on the limited data and information available at the time
of preparation. The knowledge gained from the state-of-the art
development of tbis program vlll of necessity have to be applied
directly to the training areas to insure "concurrency" of the
programs training development. lurther, the training knowledge
and experience acquired from current research and development
programs must be studied for application to this program.

The concepts and plans projected in this part of the PSPP

will be subject to constant revision and/or updating. Use of
various simulators and synthetic training devices must be a part
of the training program. Identification of the required '
twining equipment and real property facilities to house them
must be accomplished early in the program development to Insure
training equipment and facilities being available to meet the
training need dates-

The unique mission of the Lunex program requires a compre-

hensive and timely source of personnel equipment data (FED).
Tais information is required for space crew and support positions
required to operate and maintain the space vehicles and support
equipment. Development of such data must be initiated as part
of the design effort to reduce the time element for follow-on
personnel sub-system requirements.

Ho effort is made in this section to specify requirements

for the Space Launching System since they are delineated in the
Space Launching System Package Program.

This section of the Proposed System Package Program was

developed under the premise that Air Training Command would be
assigned the individual aerospace crew and technical training
responsibilities for this program- Therefore, ATC must develop
their* capability concurrent with hardware development through
the engineering design phases to support the expedition.

'9.6 WDLAB-S-^58

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-*<-\ ' a m m n r i ***

J. . ' l ^ ^ M . . ! •> - M . I « M ! W T - " " F - - f - •» "' I •>-- ' "-^~~"-^r- -i—^-n-T. -

 9.3 PUNNING FACTORS AND GROUND RUI£S C6KUPIUUU*
a. Scope;
Ibis section is conceptual In nature at thiB time and
embodies the basis for the training to be accomplished in support
of the lunar Expedition Program. It includes guidance for
individual, field, unit and crew training.

b- Definitions:

(1) Aerospace Crey Personnel:

Personnel performing crev duty in the lunar

Transport Vehicle.
(2) Cadre P e r s o n n e l :

Those personnel necessary for logistic planning,

AH? 80-lU Testing Programs, and ATC instruction and preparation
of training materials. The requirements for participation In the
testing programs will include test instruments for category
testing in accordance vith paragraph 5 & (l) and (2), APR GO-Xk,
end Job Training Standards for the Integrated Systems Testing
Program in accordance with paragraph 8 g (3)> AIR 80-1^.

(3) Main Complement Personnel:

Personnel employed i n the r e c e i p t , check-out,
I n s t a l l a t i o n , repair, maintenance and operation of the system.

(10 Support Personnel:

Air Force Logistic Command personnel required for

support functions as v e i l as other agencies' supervisors and
planners 1

(5) Types of Training:

(a) Type I (Contract Special Training) • Special

training courses conducted by contractors a t an ATC i n s t a l l a t i o n ,
contractor f a c i l i t y or any other designated s i t e .

(b) Type I I . (ATC Special Training) Special

T r a i n i n g Cffflrfiftfi flOT?ifll)EtPfl b y ATC t r a i n i n g RffTrhwrs* Ing-h-HifftwH
a t an ATC i n s t a l l a t i o n , contractor f a c i l i t y , or any other
designated s i t e .
(c) Type H I . Career t r a i n i n g . toTwnrMTIBi
9.7 . HDLAR-S-458

' • • • . ; « '
'~*3!-.,..,..•-..... ;X*) ^ype IV. Special training provided by ATC
training detachment Instructors at the Bite of the organization
requiring the training.

(6) TeBtlnq Programs:

(a) Component - the testing of the components of

a sub-system, such as the guidance package, or ecological
package.

(b) Subsystem - components assembled Into a sub-

system as the Re-Entry Vehicle Subsystem and tested as a unit.

(c) Integrated System - the Re-Entry Vehicle,

lunar Launching Stage and lunar landing Stage assembled together
and tested as a whole system.

c. Assumptions:

(1) Die man-rated lunar transport Vehicle vlll be

available for use by the lunar Expedition In I968.

(2) ATC personnel -will observe, participate and study

the training programs developed for current research and
development programs conducted under other government agencies
and/or contractors. x

(3) AJH 80-lU vill be used at a guide for accomplish-

ing the program testing.

(k) The terminology for normal levels of maintenance,

i.e., organizational., field, depot, and shop, vehicle assembly
and maintenance as specified in AFW (AMC) letter M M , dated
25 July i960, subject: Standard Maintenance Terms and Mainten-
ance Facility nomenclature for Missile Weapon Systems frill
apply.

(5) The Air Force Maintenance policy of maximum

maintenance at the lowest feasible level vlll prevail.

(6) Sue to the time phasing of the subsystems, special

consideration must be given to the training facilities require-
ments funding for the Re-Entry Vehicle technical training
programs^

(7) Testing Pates:

->-. . »>>~*^&) Start of Component Testing Dates are:

t
^2.
He-Entry Vehicle - June 1963-

lunar launch Stage -February 1965-

93^ ' *" WDLAR-Swfc58

oHId
 2- Lunar lending Stage - Wr.y I965.

(b) Start of Subsystem Testing Dates Are:

1. Re-Entry Vehicle - November 196k.

2. Lunar launch Stage - May 1966.

3. Lunar landing Stage - July 1966.

d. Peculiar Requirements and/or Limitations:

(1) The unique mission of this progrom mrOtes it mbnde-

tory that the following actions he accomplished concurrent vith
the development of the hardware:

(a) The contractors vlll develop the Personnel-

Equipment Data information concurrent vith the design of the
hardware. This information must be available to ATC personnel
for early planning purposes.

(b) Type I training dates reflected in the time

phasing chart v i U require the use of R&D and test equipment as
training equipment.

(c) Production schedules for R&D and Expedition

equipment vill include the training equipment required to support
Type II and. Type III training. Allocation and delivery priorities
vill be in accordance vith AFB 67-8.

(2) An identification of personnel necessary to support

this system has been made in order to assist in defining the
training parameters* Changes to these estimates vill be made as
more conclusive information becomes available. See Charts IX
A and B.

(3) Jfaximum Cross-Training vill be provided es required

to all personnel associated Vith this program.

(k) The requirement for follow-on training and "Uie

value of past experience is recognized and maximum retention of
personnel is mandatory.

(5) Hew and peculiar training problems are envisioned

for the-tecfanical personnel.

(6) -The training of the aerospace crew personnel vlll

require the development of a program which is unique to the Air
Force.
9.9 WDLAR-S-U58

{HUH .^apNOS*
 L
^^s^*f3C^^ SB6BS .*v^|

e. Qualitative and Quantitative Personnel Requirements

Information
•
(1) A QQPRI prepared in accordance with Mil Spec
26239A vlll be required to develop the training courses, course
material and substantiation for the Personnel Classification
changes.

(2) ATC and other applicable commands vlll furnish

personnel for theftQPRIintegration team and provide technical
guidance to the contractor during preparation.

0.4 TRAINIIJQ

a. Training Responsibilities and Concepts:

(l) Engineering Design Effort

(a) ATC vlll participate in the engineering

design effort to insure that technical data is collated vith
, the personnel sub-system for follow-on training program require-
ments.

(b) ATC will be responsible for training required

in support, of the R&D effort under AER 50-9-

(c) Selection of the initial aerospace crew

personnel and ATT .erospace crew training Instructors for the
lunar Transport Vehicle will commence 8 months prior to the .
start of Category I Testing-

(d) All lunar Transport Vehicle crews and

military space launching support personnel will be phased into
special training (Type i), 6 months prior to Category I Testing.

(e) Environmental space training for the selected

crews and instructor personnel will start 9 months prior to the
start of Category II testing and will be conducted by tile Aerospace
Medical Center, Brooks AFB, Texas.

(f) ATC Lunar Transport Vehicle crews will be

phased out of training 30 days prior to the requirement for
Type XI or III aerospace crew training to provide follow-on
training capability in this area.

(2) flight Testing & Expedition Program:

(a) ATC will be responsible for all individual

training, i.e., technical, aerospace crev, AGE and additional job
tasks as required..
 ^p'nF
ttCDEL. * * * . « * *

c (b) All requirements for Type I Special Training,

APR 50-9, In Bupport of this effort will be contracted, for by ATC.

(c) ATC will maintain liaison with the contractor

concerning engineering changes in the program during its develop*
ment to keep training information in coneonance vita the program
sub-program configurations and other concepts having a direct
implication, to training.
(d) flight Testing & Expedition Crew proficiency
will be the responsibility of the Lunex Program Director unless
ATC is requested to furnish this training.

9-5 TRAINIHC PERSONNEL

a- Field Training Detachment (FTD)

The number of personnel required to provide training

for lunar vehicle personnel will be determined during Hha
training programming conference. QQFRI, TBI's, Personnel Plan,
Operational Plan and Maintenance Plan will be available at this
time-

b. Contractor Technical Service Personnel (AFR 66-18)

Contractor technical service personnel may be initially

required to augment Field Training Detachment (FTD) personnel.
CTSP requirements in support of this program will be phased out
as blue suit capability is achieved.

c. Trained Personnel Requirements (TPR)

TPR will be developed by commands concerned upon

approval of QQPRI, and will be tabulated as gross require-
ments by command, by AFSC and by fiscal quarter. These require-
ments will be phased on anticipated need dates for personnel to
be in place at the testing sites, launch sites, and maintenance
areas, and will be furnished Hq. ATC in sufficient time to allow
proper planning for required training.

9.6 TAMHUVG EQUIPMENT PACKAGE

a. General;

Training equipment requirements will be developed t o

support:
( l ) Check-out and ground maintenance t o be performed
by the direct support personnel for the Lunar Transport Vehicle.
9.11 TOLAR-S-U58
jJEftnrf
-ffiff
 ii
msr' -fe*fc
(2) flight test operations and maintenance to be
performed by the responsible crews. In consideration of this,
present and near future systems experience gained in the aero-
space area vill be applied to the Lunex program to assist in the
identification of training equipment. She training for this
program must be conducted in the most realistic environment
practicable.

(3) Post mission maintenance and test equipment.

b. Equipment Selection:

Selection of training equipment will be based on the

following general rules:

(1) Maximum utilization will be made of training

equipment programmed for other missile and space system train-
ing programs.

(2) During the initial phases, equipment programmed

for test, development, and the expedition programs will be
used to the maximum extent practicable when regular training
periods can positively be scheduled In the use of that equipment.
The lack of availability of such equipment will result in
degradation of training.

(3) Equipment selection will be made in considera-

tion of future and/or subsequent programs to provide maximum
training capability in similar systems with m-<"•*"•""• cost,

(k) Maximum use and development of training films,

training graphics, and synthetic training aids, and devices will
be made to reduce requirements for critical operational items
during the Initial phases of the program.

(5) Training equipment will be identified in suffi-

cient time to enable procurement and delivery In advance of
equipment for use in the flight test and expedition program.

c. Harming lactors:

Planning factors for determination of Training Equip-

ment Requirements:

presently available, definitive planning factors upon which

over-all equipment requirements may be based cannot be provided.
However, for preliminary planning, the following factors may
be applied to subsystems of the program t o determine order of

9.12 VDLAR-S-U58
M
A M M M
VECnCr
 w
fXSf^wafti^^
magnitude. Provided Control Centers used for other space vehicles
will be applicable to the Luna*- Transport Vehicle, category * I ,
**II, and ***III training equipment requirements as specified in
USAF letter dated 30 January 1961. subject: Weapon System
Training Equipment Support Policy will be as follows:

Major Vehicle Sections Per cent of Sub-System Cost

Required for Training Items

(a) He-entry Vehicle 250#

1- Complete R/V - 1 ea

2. Sub-systems of R/V - 1 ea

^. Major components of each

sub-system for Bench Items - 1 ea

(b) Lunar launch Stage 150^

1. Sub-systems of Launch
Stage - 1 ea

2. 50# of Major Components

"~ for Bench Items

(c) lunwr Landing Stage 100^6

Major Components - 1 ea

(d) Cargo Package 2JQ0#

Complete Cargo Package

(e) Aerospace Ground Equipment 200jt

1. Complete set for handling

and testing vehicle sections
and included equipment

2. Complete set as bench items

_ _ . . for maintenance training
*
** Cat I Trainers — - — —
Cat II Barts/Components/End Items — ^
*#* Cat III Training Aids/accessories

9.I3 WDLAR-S-^58

L.r* •0
H i . O C K M M nnielnt Inionotlan afhetint (»• H l t a m l dafana of HM UniUs » M « wiftHi Hi. WMaing ri * • bplMaa-. U w i , I K *
IS, U.S.C., Saitlan 1*3 and 7*4, r*. ttommhittm or malalien of wliitli In m y • • • " » • " wevthorliail patia* a p r o M U M by lav.
 - "-^m,

e
(2) Training films and transparencies requirements
will be developed as soon as possible.

(3) Spare parts support will be required for ell

Category I and II training equipment.

(k) A continuing requirement vill exist for the

modification of training equipment. These modifications should
be provided by review and processing of training equipment
change proposals concurrent with operational equipment change
proposals.

(5) Funding of V-kOO money will be omitted in

consonance with AFR 3X5-**, Para 12.

9-7 FACILITIES

a. General:

The needs for training facilities should be est= bllshed

approximately three years prior to the d?,tes at which Type XI
training equipment will be required. Facilities must incor-
porate sufficient flexibility to accommodate future updating of
training equipment resulting from program configuration changes.

b. AeroBpace Crew Training Facilities: ^~

(1) Initial training for aerospace crew personnel

will -require toe use of existing space training facilities.
Joint-use agreements between NASA and other USA.F agencies and
the Air Training Command will be required to insure maximum
utilization of these facilities. Aerospace Medical Center1s
facilities (Brooks AFB, Texas) -will be utilized to the fullest.
Inter-service agreements with the Navy for use of specific
training device facilities should be considered for crew
training.

(2) The establishment of a centralized space training

facility would have a direct bearing on the over-all specific
requirements for this type of training. The results of the
System Study Directive (SSD) Hr 7990-17610, titled: "Central-
ized Space TralniTy; nwr.-mty," win h » w iM-p-**. Tw^-Mug m t>>»
posture of the training facilities of the future. For this
reason, facilitarjeauirements for follow-on training are not

WI*LAR-S-U58

TI1I1 oamMat n M a i u tnbnmfoa affnHm tfca Mlionol M n u * D) flu U I H M I lMM> -llWn Ika naaftlna at Urn faplonoa* lowt, TiH*
I I , U.S.C., Sactinn 7 M m«l 794, Hw (roninrHteo « nnlaHaa af which hi any mmrmt (a an aaaatkariiad a m h ankibttad by low.

l-J - n.-—:.
 IVX.Wl-.rf

e
c. Other Training f a c i l i t i e s : f
. I t i s anticipated t h a t technical Training Centers now
inTexlstence can absorb the additional technical t r a i n i n g load
lout increasing the f a c i l i t i e s . However, modification of
Lsting f a c i l i t i e s t o provide t r a i n i n g laboratories v i t h
jcialized pover and environmental systems t r i l l be necessary.
[E requirement must be identified In sufficient time t o permit
f a c i l i t y programming through normal procurement cycles.
9-fi HTOET ABB FUJAHCE
i
a.
Training Equipment Costs
Flmdlng v i l l be required for 'braining equipment i d e n t i -
fied In Section 9.6, Training Equipment lackage.
b. Training facilities Costs
•iSBz*
funding and costs of training facilities will be
determined once the decision is made whether to build a Central-
ized Space Training Facility or to continue vith decentralized
procedures. Funding can then be determined for the required
facilities and modifications,

« £

9-15 WDLAR~S-4?8

rey/Q'"
V *

Thil sofuntnt tMMlni informaHwi aHactlna n * lutianol daftm* of Hit UMNd wan wftfcin lt» naaaiag af Hw EtplMiaw L a n , TIIH
IB. U:S,C., S«l!vi 793 and 7 W , Hw fruminiiaiDfi e* nrwIallM mt wtrica iii any Mannar fo an HAOHlBariiad naru" It oraBtbftad ay lew-

*" 1
 I*-? 1 ^ ;: f ,i •

CHART DC - A
* Proposed PROJECTED MAJTNnC AJSC'e
«* Numbers are estimates for FORttJNAHTRAHSPORT VEHICIE PROGR
Type I Training Cp.4re

1 Major Segment Cadre

* of System Requirement AFSC ABM 35-1 Title
PART A
* Vehicle Crev 1 (AP5C) 13XX *Aerospace n i g h t Test
Pilot

1 (ATC) 13XX Aeroape.ce Pilot

1 (AFSC) 15XX *Aerospace Performance
Engineer Se Bavlgator

1 CATC) 15XX

1 (AFSC) 3OXX *Aerospace Communications

Electronics & Computer
Specialist

1 (JOB) 3OJ0C
vWtfL < • *

PARTB

Vehicle Support **Z (AFSC) 30551/ Electronic Digital Data

71 Processing Repairman/
Maintenance Technician

1 (ATC)
9.16

1»
 fe >
r*

Major Segment Cadre

of System Requirement AFSC AFM 35-I Title System

Vehicle Support a (AFSC) 29373 Airbor-e Radio and Operat

(Continued) Elect: .iic Counter- and r&
measure Operator
Technician

1 (A!K)
^ Instrument Repairman/ Vehicl
a (AFSC) '12250/
70 Technician

2 (AFSC) l»225l/ Mechntfiical Accessories Ma Inte

71 and Equipment Repair- access
man/Technician

1 (ATC)

2 (AFSC) 30151/ Aircraft Electronic Mainta

71 Ife.vigf.tlon Equipment equipm
-
Hepaiman/lfalntenance
Technician

1 (ATC)

1 (AFSC) 30150/ Aircraft Radio Repair- SHFj U

70 man/ftolntenance Tech.

1 (AFSC) 30153/ Aircrnft Electronic Repair

73 Counterme&&ures/ Elint
Maintenance Technician

1 (AFSC) U6250/ Weapons Mechr\nlc/ Capsul

70 Maintenance Supervisor loadin

9.17

^ , -
 tfUM*
Major Segment Cadre
of System Requirement AFSC ATM 35-1 T i t l e System

Vehicle Support 1 (AFSC) 56850/ Liquid fuel Systems Liquid Air

(Continued) 70 feintenance Specialist/ systems.
Technician
1 (ATC)
2 (AFSC) 53^50/ Airframe Repsirman/ Airframe in
70 Technician

1 (ATC)
2 (AFSC) U2152/ Aircraft end Missile Repeirs Hyd
72 Pneudrexilic Repsir- Systems.
man/Technlcien
1 (ATC)
2 (AFSC) 1*2353/ Flight Control/Auto Checks out
73 P i l o t Systems Repe.Ir- pilot syste
man/Technicir>j3
2 (AFSC) 31150/ Guidance Systems Maintains e
70 l>fechsnic/Technici>;n guidance sy
detections
equipment,

1 (ATC)
? w*#
2 (AFSC) 31250 Control Systems Mechanic/ Maintains ?
70 Technicir-Ji control sy
1 (ATC)
2 (AFSC) 00370 / b o r t System Vehicle r-fcdnttins
Technician •;bort syst
 1 * '•

Major Segment Cadre

of System Requirement AFSC AJM 35-1 ratafee;** Syst

Vehicle Support 2 (AFSC) ^3351/ Missile Engine Propulsio

(Continued) 71 Mechanic/Technician rockets.

1 (ATC)

2 (AFSC) 42350/ Aircraft and Missile Electrica

70 Electrical Repairman/
Technician

1 (AFSC) "56650/ Refrigeration Specialist/ Maintain

70 Supervisor ventilati

1 (ASSC) 30152/ Aircraft Early Warning Radar Dop

72 Radar Maintenance Repair- Equipment
man/Technician
1 (ATC)
2 (AFSC) 27250/ Air Traffic Control Operates
70 Operator/Technician precision
1 (APSC) 30551/ Electronic Digital Data Insures p
71 Processing Repairman repair of
Operator/Technician
•
1 (ATC)

Additional Specialist 62271 Diet Supervisor Supervis

90150/ Aeromedical Specialist/ Sub-prof

70 Technician physical

58250/ Fabric, Leather and

70 Rubber Products Repair-
man/Repair Supervisor

92250/ Personal Equipment

70 Specialist/Supervisor

»:&
 I. ••- '

'ft
ttr»*M*w

CHABT EC - B

LUHEX/SPACE LAUNCHING SYSTEM

1. lhe estimates for the launch system ere not included in view o

Launching System (SL5) study. It can, however, be estimated that

personnel utilized in both the liquid/solid propellant type booster

a team for support of this system.

2. At such time as the S.L.S. 1B designated as the primary launch

will be made for the launch vehicle Mid support AFSC's as a part o

9.20

OEQQQt
 MOOKAM SCMBMM

RE-ENTRY VEHICLE CY 61 CY 6i

Chart IX-C
1ATC Input to P S P P
9 SOR or ADO Published A
1SPO Established H
4 ATC SPO Rep Appointed
.yprlme Training Center Selected
I SSP Prepared. Finalized j
I Contractor Selected n
j 1
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f PEP Effort Starts
M Training Facilities Requirements
II OQPRI Effort Starts (Components)
g TEPI Effort Starts (Components)
n Test Directive Coordinated
H OQPRI Integration Team (Component)
B u
II OQPRI Review (Component)
M Draft QQPRI Received (Components)
» P r e l i m OQPRI Approved fComponents) "i
II Draft TEPI Received (Components)
If Test Plan Prepared
N
M Training Parts Pre-provisioning H
II Tyaitdtij P^gi-fTTi Conference
II Training Program Requirements
a Training Parts Provisioning
H Crew Selection
g Mock-Up and DEI
M Tech.Spec! Tng (50-9) for Component T e s t
p Test of Components
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» Subsystem QQPRI Integrated
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M Subsystem Testing Begins
14 Evaluation of Tng Starts
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a '^raining F a c i l i t i e s R e q u i r e m e n t s
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Chart DC-F

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SECTION X

" :SS=7-

INT2TIJGENCE ESTIMATE

<&.*

LUHAS EXPEDITION (U)

(LUNSX)

SSSi*

10.1 TOWR-S^S*

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 RECORD OP CHANGSS

CHANGE DESCRIPTION OF CHANCE DA1E OF CHAHOE REFERENCE

NO. TO BASIC
PARI

. VDLAR-S-U58
i t.

* * V,
Tkii BBCaawm (ealaim lahnaatla* offadlaa H M iatianal A n n * * af Iha UfiHad » a h » wHtita Hw nwrniiii af H M Eiplaaata law!, TUIa
I I , U.J.C.. WrKw 7*3 and 7 M . laa rnaimlulen *r lavaletiaa af wkkh la ajfy,.i«ninar M an aaaaHiarivd panan ii oranlbltad a» lew.
 •J*. -

INDEX

1 0 , 1
TITIE PAGE.
10
RECORD OP CHANGES * *2
10
INDEX -3
10
10-0 ijmiODUCTIOK *5
10
10.1 FOREWORD *5

10.2 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY . . . . . • • • 10-5

10
10-3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS '6

10.3

'Vt

IM> dvcBHant « M o t m lafanaNan aHactlng ttm H K I H I o a f m * • ' ln» UnlMd S m u wMiln th» • . o n i n t •* the Eielsneta U w i , Till*
I I . U.S-C. Section 7V3 and TV4, the hsnmiuioa •> wralet'HHi »F which In an<r monnni to AD HMMhsiIuri OWIM i l pralilUM by '<••>•
 •T'Z •

This page intentionally l e f t blank

Site1-

WDLAS-S-^56

» h I K I I I I M nfttatm tabrimHaa offxtlnt «W H t i w n l d a l m * st Hw I h i l M Stolw W M I B Ifc* Manias <f t t * Elpfenaaa 1 m , THto

I I , U.S.C., SadlM 7*3 and 79*. Ifct hanuaiiilM ar mvataHaa af «kidi in any * m < i i r* an • u w f l M t i n ^ nanail h sraklblM W low.
 10. INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATES

lo.o" INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this section of toe program plan is to

estimate the foreign threat in terms of technical capabilities
and probable programs which may affect the establishment of a
lunar expedition. The threat vill he defined in terms of major
performance capability and dates of operational availability.

10.1 FCREWCRD

The f o l l o v i n g d a t a was o b t a i n e d from D C S / I n t e l l i g e n c e ,

Hq AKDC and published I n t e l l i g e n c e e s t i m a t e s .

10.2 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITY

The Soviets have flown geophysical and component'equipment

payloads on t h e i r v e r t i c a l rockets for the development, modifi-
cation, and acceptance t e s t i n g of instrumentation f o r use on
t h e i r s a t e l l i t e and lunar a i r c r a f t . They developed and used
complex s c i e n t i f i c instrumentation on Sputnik I I I , and s t a b i l i -
zation, orientation and control equipment on Lunik H I and Sputnik
IV. Presently, by using t h e i r v e r t i c a l rockets, the Soviets are
t e s t i n g infrared equipment, i n addition t o c o l l e c t i n g data on the
background noise level of the e a r t h ' s surface. I t i s believed
t h a t a development program e x i s t s -uhich eventually could lead t o
c detection and reconnaissance s a t e l l i t e s . The development program
•which led t o the photographic system used in Lunik I I I i s e;q«cted
to continue, vith an eventual application in photographic reconnais-
sance and weather s a t e l l i t e s .

The Soviet space launch capability i s shown i n the following

table of Sputnik end Lunik booster t h r u s t l e v e l s :
Sputnik I 300,000 pounds

Sputnik I I 300,000 pounds

Sputnik I I I • 432*000 pounds

Lunik I , I I , and I I I 456>000 pounds

Lunik IV, V, and VI 466,600 pounds

There i s also evidence of a c l u s t e r of f i v e 140,000 pound

units. The Soviets are developing engines of 1 t o 2 j m i l l i o n

10.5 WKLAR-s-458

c
Tkh aocnwat cMHahn k i h n M l H i a f t e t W t t * H t t n o l M « K of H » UniMd SMIn wMIn Urn M a i l s * at * a E i » : « m * U w i . T M *
l i , U.S.C., Sartlon 793 and T M , I t * •nmniuion m m a t a t M af tnMia In any • • • • • ' ta • » ••aalfcialjaJ * » ' ! • • b •MftlbBrt fcr • * .
 pound t h r u s t . The e s t i m a t e d t i n e f o r a b o o s t e r t o mctch t h i s I
engine i s a s f o l l o w s :

S i n g l e engine b o o s t e r - 1963

C l u s t e r e d engine b o o s t e r - 1965

In g e n e r a l , i t t a k e s approximately h a l f t h e time f o r development

required in the U.S.

The rn^yiimm S o v i e t o r b i t c a p a b i l i t y , v i t h p r e s e n t ICBM

b o o s t e r s u s i n g f i v e ( l 4 o , 0 0 0 pound t h r u s t ) engines and f o u r
(6,600 pound t h r u s t ) engines i s 10,000 pounds i n low a l t i t u d e
o r b i t . A l l Lunik and Sputnik v e h i c l e s u t i l i z e d a t h i r d s t a g e
having 12,500 pound t h r u s t engine b u r n i n g f o r approximately
420 seconds.

By u s i n g h i g h e r energy chemical p r o p e l l e n t s i n modified

Upper s t a g e s , t h e payload can be i n c r e a s e d up t o 15,000 or £0,OCO
pounds during 1 9 6 1 . However, approximately 50,000 pounds of
payload may be a t t a i n e d by 1962 i f ICBM launch v e h i c l e t h r u s t i s
Increased.

I n t h e 1965-1970 p e r i o d , a new c l u s t e r e d c h e a i c a l b o o s t e r
should allow t h e S o v i e t s t o p l a c e 5° to 100 tons i n o r b i t j n
i n d i v i d u a l l a u n c h e s . This u i l l permit l e n d i n g a rsan on t h e upon. _

10.3 SUMMARY ADD CONCLUSIONS

Very e a r l y t h e S o v i e t s r e a l i z e d t h e propaganda v a l u e o b t a i n -
a b l e from space adventures and, a c c o r d i n g l y , b-p.ve s t r i v e n con-
t i n u o u s l y f o r " f i r s t s " . This h a s a p p a r e n t l y i n f l u e n c e d t h e
d e t a i l e d p a t t e r n f o r t h e i r space p l a n n i n g . Even though t h e
Soviets have achieved " f i r s t s " i n :

1) Establishment of an a r t i f i c i a l e a r t h s a t e l l i t e

2 ) Rocketing p a s t t h e moon and p l a c i n g a v e h i c l e i n t o

a solar orbit

3) Hard impact on t h e moon

k) Photographing t h e s i d e of t h e moon n o t v i s i b l e from

the earth _____

5) S a f e l y r e t u r n i n g mammals and men from o r b i t

i t seems obvious t h a t t h e S o v i e t a t t e m p t s t o score " f i r s t s " w i l l

continue.
• # • *

;
" 10-6 * WDLAR-S-^56

Thii dotsmmf coM.au WibniuribA iffeclina the u i i o n i l detenu of * « Unilcd Staiei within the meaning of Ihe Etpienege Lewi. Till*
IB. U.S.C., Section 793 Hid 744. the ujntmiuion or iival.iion of which in iny mennei to en i*i*uthorintt perion is prohibited by law.
 ^*^

Although large orbiting spacecraft appear to be the prime

Soviet technical objective during the period of this estimate, it
is believed they will continue to uBe and Improve their current
lunar probe capability since there are many "firsts" yet to be
accomplished in the exploration of the moon. These include lunar
satellites, lunar soft landings, lunar soft landings and return
•with actual samples of the lunar surface, and, finally, a tankette
for a true lunar exploration.
It is expected that the Soviets will continue to launch
iss:-;:s- unmanned lunar rocket probes for the purpose of reconnoitering
^ the moon and near moon environment for the application of this
knowledge to the development of manned lunar exploration systems.
Since soft landings are essential for obtaining data on the
lunar surface, it is believed that the Soviets definitely will have
to develop techniques for achieving lunar soft landings, especially
soft landings and return to earth, to establish the procedures to
"'/,'_*' be employed in accomplishing the main objective of establishing a
manned lunar station. The first of these test vehicles could be
•IS;-*
very similar to their Arctic automatic weather stations that
presently are Jettisoned from aircraft. This vehicle would be
able to record temperature, micro-meteorite impact, various types
of radiation, particle concentration, seismic disturbances, solid

c resistivity, and depth of probe penetration. As landing techniques

are improved, larger payloads with increased instrumentation for
terminal control and lunar re-startft-".dlaunch capabilities will
undoubtedly be developed.
Circumlunar flights by manned space vehicles, and eventually
"7" lunar landings, will be required in order to know more precisely
the environmental situation preliminary to the eventual establish-
•< ment of a lunar base and the complete conquest of this body. This
j_.-_ is considered to be a more distant objective of the Soviet program
and its attainment w i n appear, if at all during this decade,
toward the end of the period.
Although the landing of a "tankette" on the moon falls under
the category of a soft landing, the size and weight of such a vehi-
cle mates it a sufficiently worthy subject for special consideration.
—- The Soviets have published extensively on such a vehicle, and
=*a Yu D. Kbelbtsvieh, Chairman of the Science Technical Committee for
Hadio Remote Control of Cosmic Rockets, has published his preliminary
design of a lankette laboratory for lunar exploration. Graduate
students of Moscow High Technical School now are experimenting with
models of a tankette in layers of powdered cement to simulate
powdered soil conditions which might be expected on the moon.

c WDLAR-S-^58

t h i i dDcim>ent conta in* information jflecling Ihe najtonal tfefemj of (ha United 5 l * t « within tht meaning of *he Eicnonagc Law*. Till*
IS, LL5X*, Section 793 and 794, the trantmiHtan of revelation of which in any manner to en unautharfcied partem h prohibited by lew,
 V

Actual accomplishment of the project will have to await the

availability and flight testing of the new booster with thrust in
the millions of pounds category in the 1965 time period.

The Soviets do not differentiate between military and non-

military space systems. They have talked of a peaceful Intent of
their space program but there are many pounds of payload in their
eatellites ufaich cannot be accounted for on the basis of data given
out. It should be presumed that this could be military payloads.
With this in mind, it can be stated that during the early 1970'B
it is possible that space weapon systems will be developed as a
supplement to earth-based delivery systems- It is also possible
that military facilities may have been established on or in orbit
around the moon. Atmospheric and climatic conditions will demand
an air conditioned environment for moon-based delivery systems.
For increased survival security and decreased requirements for
"imported" construction material, it seems reasonable to assume
that these would be constructed under rather than above the moon's
surface.

IDETifTiAL
10-8 WDIAR-S-U58

-ftvlt document cenraint Hifomation aflecting Hie national defend of Hie United Mam wilhin Hie meaning af the Espionage Law!. Title
18, U.5.C., Section 793 and 7*4, Hw lnmmi»lon or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthoiiied pcnon i i prohibited by law.
 nFKTfJil

LUNAR RE-ENTRY VEHICLE

( 3 MEN )

MANNED
LUNAR
PAYLOAD CARGO PACKAGE
r~s (•)

LUNAR LAUNCH STAGE

CARGO
PAYLOAD

LUNAR LANDING STAGE (t)>

— SPACE LAUNCHING SYSTEM-

(BOOSTER COMBINATION)

VEHICLE M VEHICLE C

FIGURE A-l LUNAR TRANSPORT VEHICLE

iTOHiiramH
WDLAR -S-4S6
 cam

LUNAR RE-ENTRY VEHICLE

( 3 MEN)

MANNED
'LUNAR
PAYLOAD CARGO PACKAGE

LUNAR LAUNCH STAGE CARGO

PAYLOAD

LUNAR LANDING STAGE

c SPACE LAUNCHING SYSTEM'

(BOOSTER COMBINATION)

FIGURE 2 - 2 LUNAR TRANSPORT VEHICLE

WDLAR-S-4S8
 *• *

FIGURE k-2
MANNED VEHICLE SYSTEM
CENTER OF GRAVITY, AXIS SYSTEM
AND STATION DIAGRAM

ENTRY VEHICLE AT LANDING

VEHICLE PRIOR TO ENTRY

VEHICLE AT BEGINNING OF
LUNAR LAUNCH

VEHICLE AT BEGINNING OF
LUNAR LANDING

MANNED VEHICLE AT EXIT

SW. itOii

HDIAR-S-^58

r T
S K ^ - ^ i S B l * ! - - 1 — .•-a|jg"*y~»"''ir"'--- - 'T- .- - r l i i ' - *.-*:
 ; - = * f t-
•*TTF «... s.'. \ , '-•

Cargo Factoge
The Lunar Cargo Package (See Figure A-l, item e) i s t h a t p w t
of the Cargo Payload vhich represents a package consisting of
supplies, equipment, e t c . , needed on the lunar surface.
Preliminary design data indicates t h a t an amount i n excess
of 40,000 pounds must and can be delivered to the lunar
surface.
Cargo payload
n » Cargo Payload i s th=,t psxt of the Lunar Tr°-nspprt Vehicle
vhich i s placed on a selected lunar trajectory 8 * ,d i s bonsted
to earth escape velocity, i t consists of tvo sajor p a r t s .
These a r e :
Lunar Landing Stage

Caxgo Package
This division i s schematically represented in Figure A-l by
the parts labelled b end e . The cargo payload does not in*
elude a Lunar Launch Stage since the cargo pacfc&ge regains
on the lunar surface. The -weight Of the Cargo package i s
equivalent t o t h e combined veight of the Lunex Re-entry
Vehicle (3 men) and the Doner Launch Stage, The Cargo
Payload weighs 13^,000 pounds a t earth escape-
Circumlunax
- A highly e l l i p t i c a l t r a j e c t o r y t h a t goes around the moon and
dt
'" returns to the e a r t h .
Circualunar proTMlsion stage

A stage attached to the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle t o provide a,

suitable propulsion and control capability for maintaining
the Re-entry Vehicle on a circumlunar t r a j e c t o r y .

Delayed Procurement Concept

k^s,s- Concept of deferring the f i n a l ordering and production of

high-cost insurance type spares u n t i l mariimrn f l i g h t
-***i- experience i s available^

High-Speed Re'-e'ntry Test

A t e s t program using a special Re-entry Test Vehicle designed
p.- -fti-nw
"**'""**fcQJSpbtaln fundamental re-entry data and specific configuration
data i t re-entry v e l o c i t i e s of 25 t o k5 thousand_feet per second.

fth aViimtM ( M t a l M infermaHan eHatliiw Mn natianl riafana of tbt Unirad Stafai wHhln Iha uteulm ^ «h« Eiptanat* low., lilla
I I , U.&.C., 5.ctl.B 7*3 and 794, ttm traaamiitlofi sr rawttaiian af'whith la any Mannar to an unaaHiarlkan bartaa H praliibhad bv law-
•JW"S
V. Lunar Expedition F a c i l i t y

A f a c i l i t y designed t o be constructed under the lunar surface and

t o support the Lunar Expedition. I b i s f a c i l i t y w i l l be designed
BO that i t can be r e a d i l y expanded t o support future m i l i t a r y
requirements

lunar Landing Stage

The Lunar Landing Stage 1 B t h a t part of the Manned Lunar Payload

that v l l l land the Manned Lunar Payload at a s e l e c t e d s i t e on the
r.K-*r-. ' surface of the moon. The expended portion of t h i s stage i s l e f t
—-— on the lunar surface when the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle i s launched
for the return t r i p t o earth (See Figure A - l , item b . ) .

Lunar landing Stage - Cargo

The Lunar Landing Stage of the Cargo Payload (See Figure A - l ,

item b' ) i s i d e n t i c a l t o the landing stage of the manned Lunar
"_,;: Payload. i t provide the c a p a b i l i t y of s o f t landing the Cargo
package a t a p r e s e l e c t e d s i t e . The Cargo Payload i s unmanned and
jg^;,. the landing operation i s automatic. The Lunar Landing Stage r e -
;_ mains on the lunar surface v i t h the Cargo rayload-

Lunar Launch Complex

^ The Lunar Launch Complex c o n s i s t s of the base f a c i l i t i e s , i n t e -

gration bn J dings, check-out b u i l d i n g s , launch pads, propellant
manufacturing p l a n t s , t h e complex control center and a l l of the
equipment required t o earth launch and support the Lunar Expedition.

Lunar Launching Stage

The Lunar Launch Stage (See Figure A - l , item c ) i s t h a t part of

the Manned Lunar Payload that w i l l boost the lunex Re-entry
Vehicle t o lunar escape v e l o c i t y on a moon-to-earth t r a j e c t o r y -
I t w i l l be e j e c t e d prior t o earth r e - e n t r y .

Lunar Te*mi

The Lunar Team consists of Air Force technical personnel from

- various Air Force System Command organizations and the various
&&& Air Force Command organizations. This team was formed to assist
",", the BSD in establishing a sound Lunar Expedition program. The
. membership during the past two years has varied from 30 to 50
personnel;
Lunar Transport Vehicle

**--•-•flheXunazh.'Xranspjprt Vehicle i s required to transport men and

materials f o r the L^ihar/Expedition. The Iimar^QaMaaafaVehicle
C
***&*- WBUR-S-458
Tfcii dwaiaant tanfeiai kifariMllaa affactlng nW Mttonol (tetania af Nia United StaJti within l*a w » i " » erf rh* Eipionna* Lewi, T»ia
I I , U.5.C.. Saclim 793 and 7 W . tto tianiinhtiea at n n k i H a n of ohldi In any •aannai ta on unoirtheritad parian •> pfahibitad br low,
 _ _
***** (JUBMFU u . ' i -*
^ ^ '**if **• _ *

consists of 8 Hpace Launching Vehicle end one of two pay loads. ^"
One pay load 1 B the Manned Lunar Payload and the other is the
Cargo rayload (r«e Figure A-l)

__?_.
LUNEX I s s short t i t l e f o r the Lunar Expedition Program

Tunex Rrogrem Director

'-•'-• -'-v- The Lunex Program Director is the individual responsible for
t_. directing and controlling a l l facets of the Lunar Expedition
4
" '^'"' Program.
Lunex Re-entry Vehicle
The Lunex Re-entry Vehicle (gee Figure A - l , item d) i s the only
part of the Manned Lunar Fsyload t h a t returns t o the e a r t h . - I t
carries three men and a l l the necessary l i f e support, guidance,
and common!cation equipment that i s required. I t r e - e n t e r s the
•'•••-' e a r t h ' s atmosphere and uses aerodynamic braking t o slow down
and land l i k e a conventional airplane- The preliminary design
^ ^ of the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle calls for a vehicle 52 f t . long
"**••" with a return weight of 20,000 pounds.
i

Han-rated £
A vehicle, or system is considered to be "man-rated" when
sufficient ground and flight test data has been accumulated
to determine that the reliability objectives for the item
have been achieved and that the abort system satisfactorily
compensates for the inherent unreliability of the system.

Manned Lunar Fayload

The Manned Lunar rsyload is that part of the Lunar Transport

vehicle which is placed on a selected lunar trajectory and Is
boosted to an earth escape velocity of approximately 37,000 feet
per second. It consists of three major parts. These are:

- Lunar Landing Stage

Lunar Launch Stage

. „ * *

lunex Re-entry Vhlele (3 men)

This division Is schematically represented in Figure A-l by t i e

parts labelled b , e, and d. The complete Manned Lunar Payload
reigns 13^000 pounds at earth escape.

.--\*-; _m_P<lPRrTI_>£Jis * l'

TW. tfocsmwit C M M D lab—alitt afbcHng Mv avHcuBl d t f t t M af Hw. Unitod Stain wnkln K M Marina al Ik* Eiptonnaa' l a w ) , Till*
I I . U.S.C., I H I I M 7*3 and 7W, flit MniMlulan m moalaHaa a l wliick ia any m a m r a> an M H a H _ r _ d panan b piabiblM by law.
 Responsive Production Concept
A concept iftuereby long lead portions of high-cost operational
spares are purchased. unassembled to reduce costs until final
decision is made on spares procurement.
Space launching System
•MM The complete system, including ground facilities, propellent
manufacturing facilities, etc., as required to launch the
boosters required for space operations.
—- siaiTOARp TERMINOLOGY

AGE
A term used to describe the Aerospace Ground Environment
required for a specified system.
Abort. System
**** The Abort System includes all the equipment required to remove,
or return the crew members of the Lunex Re-entry Vehicle to a
position of safety in the event of a malfunction of the Lunar
\
PEP Transport Vehicle. *

P-E-P. are the initials for "Program Evaluation Procedure".

It is a management tool tfiich uses an electronic digital computer.
'i^-L It has the capacity to handle large masses of data quickly.
The PEP system provides information that will enable the lunex
Program Director to quickly identify, locate, and consequently,
correct program trouble spots-
9am.
A term used to describe Qualitative and Quantitative Personnel
Requirements Information that is required to properly plan for
personnel training.

* • * *
A term meaning Real Property Installed Equipment that 1B
'-.r 3 ^
synonymous with Technical f a c i l i t i e s . Technical Facilities are
those structural and related items vhich are built and/or in-
stalled by the Corps of Engineers and then turnedcwerto the
Air Force or an Air .Force contractor.

WXMR-S-Jf58

Tab dKHBanl ceMaln hforaialJan •ffatlin* (ha natiaMl aafam. af tha Uniwd Stain wHWa Urn amntna •> I h * Eiplsaaa* l a m , tttla
t l , U.S.C, S*c«ifn 7*3 9*4 79*, Hw traf»"ii»iM * mrtlBtion af vMrti in m r monmi to M Mautkorliwl p a n * * h p n h l b t M br tov.

{l.lifllL
 "*.9)-

• . , ;•• - »

tf

TTAT Lunar Chart

A, chart prepared to a scale of 1:1.000,000 and covering the

lunar Burface. Present plans call for the preparation of lkk
individual charts to cover the complete lunar surface.

HiOGRVM TITLES

BOSS

BOSS i s the designation for "Biomedical Orbiting f-atellite

System" - The BO.T5 program uses primates to provide l i f e
science data for designing manned space systems.

SftlHT

The rAIHT program vill develop and demonstrate orbital rendezvous

and satellite inspection techniques. It vill further demonstrate
the capability of closing, duelling, and refueling.

/'

*SS-

2M£H>. v ^rv*
-"^y?*1*!7 <•>•*..

A1.6

WDLAR-S-458
Tkh rfaumnt w i t s i a i SntanMfwn aftattfna I k . aatianal M H H at f * . UnHao1 Storm within tfta naming al rba EieiSfMtt Lowi, Tttb
I I , U,S:C, Saitlon 793 and 794, i*t tiBtu>iiii»iwt ar Mialatiaa a l w k i d ia anr nariiwr fa an *n«(harli*d parts. a aroklbrted by taw.