HOMEWORK 3

SECTION 1. LEXICO – GRAMMAR:

Part 1. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following questions and write your answers
in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. Under the threat of a strike, the management ____________ and agreed to reinstate annual pay increases for
all employees.
A. caved in B. ebbed away C. held off D. wore down
2. The poor girl was absolutely ____________ with him, not knowing that his tastes lie in quite a different
direction.
A. infatuated B. incapacitated C. captivated D. encapsulated
3. Those remarks were ____________. No wonder they provoked such an angry reaction.
A. below par B. below the belt C. below the radar D. below the salt
4. I may seem confident when I'm leading a training seminar, but I'm really shaking in my ____________ most
of the time.
A. trousers B. suits C shirts D. shoes
5. It is difficult to get skips in this age group capable of keeping their ____________ up at this level of
competition.
A. end B. self C. frame D. edge
6. There is a big investigation ____________, but I don't know when.
A. in the offing B. off the peg
C. on the blink D. over the hill
7. As I said before, the report will be released in the ____________ of time. I can't estimate when that will be.
A. rightness B. fullness C. greatness D. correctness
8. What a bad day: I left my phone in the grocery store, my car broke down on the way home, and, to
____________ it all off, my groceries broke through the bag as I was walking to the front door.
A. top B. sum C. total D. peak
9. I was ____________ when I heard that the MP for Burnham had been arrested for fraud.
A. leveled B. floored C. hurled D. heaved
10. Disagreements among party members have led to a major political ____________.
A. tussle B. wrangle C. scrap D. squabble
11. Only after buying the cottage did we discover that it was ____________ with mice.
A. inflicted B. infested C. invaded D. infected
12. She has a(n) ____________ mind which kept her alert and well-informed even in old age.
A. examining B. demanding C. enquiring D. querying
13. My sunburnt nose made me feel rather ____________ for the first few days of the holiday.
A. self-effacing B. self-centred C. self-conscious D. self-evident
14. The old man led a ____________ existence after she left and refused even to see his children.
A. reclusive B. deserted C. remote D. vacant
15. If we ____________ over the details, we’ll never finish filming this episode by today.
A. niggle B. discuss C. huddle D. mob
Part 2. Use the correct FORM of the word in capitals to fit each gap. Write your answer in the numbered
box
1. Great cities and ____________ are developed by visionaries who instil pride and optimism in their fellow
citizens. (URBAN)
2. She ____________ the things we need to buy - sugar, tea and sandwiches. (NUMBER)
3. Working hours, including those accruing on a ____________ basis, are monitored by line managers locally
and no central figures are available. (TIME)
4. ____________ to me, he had rented out the apartment while I was away. (KNOW)
5. He was fascinated by her ____________ - the prominent nose, brooding eyes and thick hair. (PHYSIC)
SECTION 3: READING:
Part 1: Read the following passage and do the following tasks:
The Deep Sea
A. At a time when most think of outer space as the final frontier, we must remember that a great deal of
unfinished business remains here on earth. Robots crawl on the surface of Mars, and spacecraft exit our solar
system, but most of our planet has still never been seen by human eyes. It seems ironic that we know more
about impact craters on the far side of the moon than about the longest and largest mountain range on earth. It is
incredible that human beings crossed a quarter of a million miles of space to visit our nearest celestial neighbour
before penetrating just two miles deep into the earth own waters to explore the Midocean Ridge. And it would
be hard to imagine a more significant part of our planet to investigate – a chain of volcanic mountains 42,000
miles long where most of the eart’s solid surface was born, and where vast volcanoes continue to create new
submarine landscapes.
 
B. The figure we so often see quoted 71% of the earth's surface – understates the oceans’ importance. If you
consider three-dimensional volumes instead, the land dwellers’ share of the planet shrinks even more toward
insignificance: less than 1% of the total. Most of dying oceans’ enormous volume, lies deep below the familiar
surface. The upper sunlit layer, by one estimate, contains only 2 or 3% of the total space available to life. The
other 97% of the earth’s biosphere lies deep beneath the water’s surface, where sunlight never penetrates. Until
recently, it was impossible to study the deep ocean directly. By the sixteenth century, diving bells allowed
people to stay underwater for a short time: they could swim to the hell to breathe air trapped underneath it rather
than return to the surface. Later, other devices, including pressurized or armoured suits, heavy metal helmets,
and compressed air supplied through hoses from dying surface, allowed at least one diver to reach 500 feet or
so. It was 1930 when a biologist named William Beebe and his engineering colleague Otis Barton sealed
themselves into a new kind of diving craft, an invention that finally allowed humans to penetrate beyond the
shallow sunlit layer of the sea and the history of deep-sea exploration began. Science then was largely incidental
– something that happened along the way. In terms of technical ingenuity and human bravery, this part of the
story is every bit as amazing as the history of early aviation. Yet many of these individuals, and the deep-diving
vehicles that they built and tested, are not well known.

C. It was not until the 1970s that deep-diving manned submersibles were able to reach the Midocean Ridge and
begin making major contributions to a wide range of scientific questions. A burst of discoveries followed in
short order. Several of these profoundly changed the whole fields of science and their implications are still not
fully understood. For example, biologists may now be seeing – in the strange communities of microbes and
animals that live around deep volcanic vents – clues to the origin of life on earth. No one even knew that these
communities existed before explorers began diving to the bottom in a submersible. Entering the deep, black
abyss presents unique challenges for which humans must carefully prepare if they wish to survive. It is an
unforgiving environment, both harsh and strangely beautiful, that few who have not experienced it firsthand can
fully appreciate. Even the most powerful searchlights penetrate the only lens of feet. Suspended particles scatter
tile light and water itself is for less transparent than air; it absorbs and scatters light. The ocean also swallows
other types of electromagnetic radiation, including radio signals. That is why many deep-sea vehicles dangle
from tethers. Inside those tethers, copper wires or fibre optic strands transmit signals that would dissipate and
die if broadcast into open water.

D. Another challenge is that the temperature near the bottom in very deep water typically hovers just four
degrees above freezing, and submersibles rarely have much insulation. Since water absorbs heat more quickly
than air, the cold down below seems to penetrate a diving capsule far more quickly than it would penetrate, say,
a control van up above, on the deck of the mother ship. And finally, the abyss clamps down with crushing
pressure on anything that enters it. This force is like air pressure on land, except that water is much heavier than
air. At sea level on land, we don’t even notice 1 atmosphere of pressure, about 15 pounds per square inch, the
weight of the earth’s blanket of air. In the deepest part of the ocean, nearly seven miles down, it’s about 1,200
atmospheres, 18,000 pounds per square inch. A square-inch column of lead would crush down on your body
with equal force if it were 3,600 feet tall.

E. Fish that live in the deep don’t feel the pressure, because they are filled with water from their environment. It
has already been compressed by abyssal pressure as much as water can be (which is not much). A diving craft,
however, is a hollow chamber, rudely displacing the water around it. That chamber must withstand the full
brunt of deep-sea pressure – thousands of pounds per square inch. If seawater with that much pressure behind it
ever finds a way to break inside, it explodes through the hole with laserlike intensity. It was into such a
terrifying environment that the first twentieth-century explorers ventured.

Write the correct letter. A, B, C or D

1. In the first paragraph, the writer finds it surprising that _______________
A. we send robots to Mars rattier than to the sea bed.
B. we choose to explore the least accessible side of the moon.
C. people reached the moon before they explored the deepest parts of the earth’s oceans.
D. spaceships are sent beyond our solar system instead of exploring it.
2. The writer argues that saying 71 % of the earth’s surface is the ocean is not accurate because of it
___________________
A. ignores the depth of the world’s oceans.
B. is based on an estimated volume.
C. overlooks the significance of landscape features.
D. refers to the proportion of water in which life is possible.
3. How did the diving bell help divers?
A. It allowed each diver to carry a supply of air underwater.
B. It enabled piped air to reach deep below the surface.
C. It offered access to a reservoir of air below the surface.
D. It meant that they could dive as deep as 500 feet.
4. What point does the writer make about scientific discoveries between 1930 and 1970?
A. They were rarely the primary purpose of deep-sea exploration.
B. The people who conducted experiments were not professional scientists.
C. Many people refused to believe the discoveries that were made.
D. They involved the use of technologies from other disciplines. 

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?
YES, if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO, if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN, if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

5.  The Mid-ocean Ridge is largely the same as when the continents emerged.
6.  We can make an approximate calculation of the percentage of the ocean which sunlight penetrates.
7.  Many unexpected scientific phenomena came to light when exploration of the Mid-ocean Ridge began.
8.  The number of people exploring the abyss has risen sharply in the 21st century.
9.  One danger of the darkness is that deep-sea vehicles become entangled in vegetation.
10.  The construction of submersibles offers little protection from the cold at great depths.

Complete the summary using the list of words A-I below.

Deep diving craft
A diving craft has to be 11____________ enough to cope with the enormous pressure of the abyss, which is
capable of crushing almost anything. Unlike creatures that live there, which are not 12 ____________because
they contain compressed water, a submersible is filled with 13____________If it has a weak spot in its
construction, there will be a 14____________explosion of water into the craft.
A.  ocean
B.  air
C.  deep
D.  hollow
E.  sturdy
F.  atmosphere
G.  energetic
H.  violent
I.  heavy

PART 2. You are going to read an extract from a novel. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the
extract. Choose from the paragraphs A–H the one which fits each gap( 1-7). There is one extra paragraph
which you do not need to use.

Husband and Wife

Detective Inspector Luke Thanet was a happy man. He had an interesting job, no pressing financial worries, two
healthy, lively children and, perhaps best of all, a wife who was all that any man could wish for.
1.__________
Reaching for his pipe, he tapped it out, scraped it, inspected it, blew through it, then filled it with loving care.
‘It’s nine o’clock,’ Joan said. ‘D’you want the news?’ ‘I don’t think so. Do you?’ ‘Not particularly.’
2.__________
Now she fidgeted, crossed and re-crossed her legs, fiddled with her hair, chewed the tip of her thumb.
Eventually, ‘Book no good?’ Thanet enquired. She looked up at once. ‘Mmm? Oh, it’s all right. Very
interesting, in fact.’ ‘What’s the matter, then?’ She hesitated, gave him a speculative look. He laid down his
newspaper. ‘Come on, love. Out with it.’
3.___________
‘Oh?’ he said, warily. She looked at him with something approaching desperation. ‘It’s just that ... oh dear ...
Look, you know we’ve said all along that when Ben starts school I’ll go back to work? Well, that’s only six
months away now. So I really ought to start thinking about what I want to do.’ ‘I see,’ Thanet said slowly.
‘There you are. I knew you wouldn’t like it.’ ‘Darling, don’t be silly. It’s just that, well, the idea will take a bit
of getting used to after all this time, that’s all.’ ‘Don’t pretend,’ she said. ‘You’re dead against it really, aren’t
you? I can tell.’
4.___________
Now, in a flash, he saw all of that changing. Uncomfortable adjustments would have to be made, there would be
inconvenience, irritation, arguments. Theory and practice, he now realised, were very different matters. All very
well, in the past, to contemplate with equanimity the prospect of Joan returning to work one day, but to accept
that that day was almost here ... No, he didn’t like it at all.
5.___________
‘No. Oh, I did consider it seriously, at one time. I’m very interested, as you know. But ... I don’t know, I’d like
to feel I was doing something, well, less self-indulgent, more useful. Oh, dear, does that sound horribly
priggish?’
6.___________
‘Not in the least. What sort of thing did you have in mind?’ ‘Well, that’s the trouble. I’m just not qualified for
anything. That’s why I feel I ought to start thinking about it now, so that if I have to do a course, or any special
training, I can get organised for September.’ ‘Yes, I can see that. You haven’t gone into it yet, then?’
7.___________
Very much later, he told himself, as he drove to work next morning. And preferably not at all.

A Not very inspiring, he thought guiltily, assessing the situation in the light of Joan’s projected foray into the
world of work. ‘I meant it, you know. You go ahead, make enquiries, find out the sort of thing you’d enjoy.’
But the false heartiness in his tone did not deceive and she bit her lip, glanced away from him.
B ‘Nonsense,’ he said. ‘We’ve always said you would, when the children were old enough.’ ‘Oh, I know you’ve
always said you wouldn’t mind. But that’s very different from not minding when it actually happens,’ she
replied. ‘Anyway, I thought you’d more or less made up your mind to do an art course.’

C She went back to her book. Thanet picked up the newspaper. He hadn’t been reading for more than a few
minutes, however, when he realised that Joan was unusually restless. Normally, when she was reading, she
plunged at once into total absorption. On one occasion, Thanet had counted up to a hundred from the time he
asked her a question to the moment when she looked up, eyes unfocused, and said, ‘What did you say?’

D ‘I wanted to speak to you about it first. Oh, darling,’ and she came to kneel before him, took his hands,
‘you’re sure you don’t mind?’ ‘No,’ he lied valiantly, ‘I knew, of course, that the time would come, sooner or
later ...’ 

E He grinned. ‘To be honest, yes. But I know what you mean.’ ‘Do you?’ she said eagerly. ‘You don’t think
I’m being stupid?’

F And so it was that on this blustery March evening, blissfully unaware of the nasty little shock that Fate was
preparing for him, he stretched his toes out to the fire, settled back into his armchair and reflected that he
wouldn’t change places with any man in the world.

G And she was right, of course, he was. They had been married for eight years now and for all that time Joan
had been the good little wife who stayed at home, ran the house efficiently and without fuss, coped with two
children and made sure that everything was geared to Thanet’s convenience. Unlike the wives of so many of his
colleagues, Joan had never complained or nagged over the demands of his job, the irregular hours.

H To his surprise, she still did not respond. ‘Joan?’ He was beginning to feel the first faint stirrings of alarm.
She shook her head slowly then, a fierce little shake. ‘Oh, it’s all right. There’s nothing wrong, not really. It’s
just that I’ve a nasty feeling you aren’t going to like what I’m trying to pluck up the courage to say.’

PART 3. You are going to read an extract from an article about archaeological discoveries in a cave in
the south of Britain. For questions 1-10, choose from the sections (A–F). The sections may be chosen more
than once.

Kents Cavern: Inside the Cave of Stone-Age Secrets

A
The entrance to the cave was narrow and no more than 1.5 metres high. Only one person at a time could
enter, head stooped, a flickering light held in one hand pickaxe in the other. They were a group of 12
explorers on that summer’s day in 1825, including local coastguards, a man determined to discover an
ancient Roman temple, and a young Roman Cattolie priest with an anterest in fossils. Father John
MacEnery had recently arrived from Limerick as private chaplain to the Cary family at nearby Torre
Abbey. He was the last 20 enter this strange world of darkness - of vast chambers, narrow fissures and
magical stalactites that formed crystalline chandeliers and pillars glinting in the lantern light.
B
Breaking off from the rest of the party, who were vainly trying to break through the calcified floor, Father
MacEnery investigated areas of the cave where the ground had already been disturbed. Beneath the
stalagmites, in reddish brown earth, the rest saw something gleam. His candle reflected off ‘the enamel of
fossil teeth, He wrote later’ As I laid my hand on these relics of distant races…I shrank back
involuntarily… I am not ashamed to own chat, in the presence of these remains, I felt more awe than joy’
The priest continued his search in silence, keeping ‘my good fortune a secret, fearing that amidst the press
and avidity of the party to possess some fossil memorial of the day my discoveries would be damaged.

C
If he had known what he had stumbled upon, he might have held his finds even closer. For the teeth and
other remains found in the cave are rewriting human prehistory. It is now known that this cave, called
Kent’s Cavern, outside Torquay in Devon, had been home to prehistoric hominids and animals extinct for
half a million years. In 2011, Professor Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum announced that a
human jaw found in the cave in 1927 is 7,000 years older than was thought and, at 42 000 years, this
makes it the oldest Homo sapiens in northwest Europe. This is yet more evidence that modem humans
must have lived side-by-side with Neanderthals, an extinct cousin species, for tens of thousands of years.
D
But back in the 1820s, science knew nothing of humanity’s origins - or of what Britain was like
millennia ago. Between 1825 and 1829, Father MacEnery made more astonishing discoveries. He
unearthed the bones of extinct and exotic creatures, among them elephants, rhinos, sabre tooth tigers,
cave lions, bears and hyenas, from beneath the stalagmite cave floor. For the early 19th century, this
was momentous. It was just four years ‘since the professor of the new science of geology at Oxford,
William Buckland, had discovered similar fauna in a cave in Yorkshire. Science - and society as a
whole - were barely coming to grips with the idea that animals which now existed only in tropical
countries could once have tramped over the Dales in northern England. Now it seemed they had also
lived in the south of the country 
E
But Father MacEnery found something even more astonishing. As he dug, he discovered, on a bed of
dirty red colour, the singular phenomenon of flint instruments intermingled with fossil bones!’ They
were the unmistakable tools of Stone Age humans. ‘This’ he wrote - his intellectual shock palpable -
‘electrified me’. Father MacEnery was enthused by his momentous discovery and his realization that
it implied the co-existence of man and extinct beasts

F
The 19th century was a frenzy of the new. Rapid developments in transport, Industry and technology
were paralleled by radical new philosophies and a revolution in the understanding of the age and
nature of the Earth. The belief that our planet was just 6000 years old was fatally undermined by the
geologists who were revealing the great antiquity of our world Now it is acknowledged that Kents
Cavern is one of the most important archaeological and paleontological sites in Britain. Furthermore,
although now a splendid show cave it is still producing wonders. With the advance of new dating
techniques, this vast warren that has already revealed astonishing fossils and artifacts may again
revolutionize our understanding of our origins.
_________________________________________________________________________
In which section are the following mentioned?
surprise about the location of some findings                                                            1 .......
the present and possible future significance of the cave                                           2 .......
the danger of drawing attention to certain contents of the cave                               3 ........
subjects that people previously had no information on                                             4 .......
a reaction to what the presence of something in the cave indicated                          5 ........
a revised assessment of something found in the cave                                               6 .......
the different aims of people investigating the cave                                                  7 .......
the disproving of a theory by a body of evidence                                                    8 .......
a sign of previous activity in the cave                                                                    9 .......
the physical appearance of the cave                                                                      10 .......