Utran: Radio Subsystem Basic Package - Bit Rate Adaptation FD012220A - UMR3.5

UTRAN
Feature Description
Radio Subsystem
Basic Package - Bit Rate Adaptation
FD012220A - UMR3.5
A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
ND-59083-131(E)-06
Basic Package - Bit Rate Adaptation Feature Description
FD012220A - UMR3.5 Radio Subsystem
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The same text in German:

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A30808-X3247-X910-*-7618, which is shipped with each product. This class also corresponds to the limits for a
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Copyright (C) Siemens AG / NEC Corporation 2004-2006.
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Siemens AG, Communications, Hofmannstrasse 51, 81359 München, Germany and
NEC Corporation, 7-1, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Technical modifications possible.

Technical specifications and features are binding only insofar as they are specifically and expressly agreed upon in a written contract.
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
2 NEC Corporation:ND-59083-131(E)-06
Feature Description Basic Package - Bit Rate Adaptation
Radio Subsystem FD012220A - UMR3.5
Reason for Update

Summary: Clarification on determination of the initial rate during bit rate adaptation.
Details:
Chapter/Section Reason for Update
2.3.1 Clarification on determination of the initial rate

during bit rate adaptation.
Issue History
Issue Date of issue Reason for Update
Number
1 08/2004 First issue for new release.
2 01/2005 Description on handling of special UEs improved.
3 05/2005 Description on forced rate decrease updated.
4 08/2005 Additional bearer available.
5 12/2005 Description on event A updated (UMR4.0 onward),

initial rates 64/384 kbit/s and 64/128 kbit/s added
(UMR5.0 onward). Document updated due to review
comments.
6 09/2006 Clarification on determination of the initial rate during

bit rate adaptation.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

NEC Corporation: ND-59083-131(E)-06 3
This document consists of 40 pages. All pages are issue 6.
Contents
1 Short Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 In General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Customer Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Inter-Working / Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality During a PS BE Call in Uplink . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality During a PS BE Call in Downlink . . . . . 7
2.1.2.1 Thresholds for Event A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2.2 Thresholds for Event F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.2.3 Update/Reset of Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Evaluation of the Need of the Service in Dedicated Channels. . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Uplink Traffic Volume Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Downlink Buffer Utilization Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Data Rate Allocation Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.1 Initial Data Rate Assignment on Dedicated Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 Subsequent Data Rate Allocation During Bit Rate Adaptation. . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Signaling Procedures for Bit Rate Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.1 Node B Dedicated Measurements for Bit Rate Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 Overall Model Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.1 PS I/B + SRB Service Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5.2 PS I/B + CS AMR/UDI + SRB Service Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 Iur Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6.1 SRNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6.2 DRNC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.7 Soft Handover Failure for PS I/B RABs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.8 Restriction Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.9 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.10 Inter-Frequency Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.11 Upgrade Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.12 Handling of Early UEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.12.1 Channel-Type Switching Triggered by RRC INITIAL TRANSFER. . . . . . . . 29
2.12.2 Handling of Special UEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Functional Split. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 Man-Machine Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5 Operating the Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
1 Short Description
This chapter serves as short introduction to the Bit Rate Adaptation feature. The chapter
is subdivided into the following sections:
• In General
• Customer Benefits
• Inter-Working / Dependencies
• Prerequisites
1.1 In General
The Bit Rate Adaptation feature introduces new algorithms that focus on Quality of
Service (QoS) improvements for packet services, in other words end-users perceive
fewer delays while browsing the web or downloading files. In comparison to UMR3.0
that handles rate adaptation in macro scenarios, UMR3.5 provides endusers with the
data rates they need for the various types of packet connections they access while sav-
ing resources on the air interface at the same time, in other words capacity increases
for the whole network without impacting User Equipment (UE).
1.2 Customer Benefits

The Bit Rate Adaptation feature helps cut costs and increase subscriber satisfaction by
improving dedicated radio resource usage and QoS. Bit rate adaptation helps to reduce
maximum end-to-end delay for subscribers accessing various packet services by
providing a more flexible rate adaptation that also reduces the call drop rate.
1.3 Inter-Working / Dependencies

The Bit Rate Adaptation feature is part of the basic software package for UMR3.5. This
basic software package is the first step toward the capacity driven phase of UMTS that
focuses on end-user perception. It is also the basis for using the optional feature set to
reduce expenses and generate additional revenue through value- added services.
The optional feature set of UMR3.5 offers remote modem access services via UMTS,
and realtime gaming for mobile gaming communities, as well as capacity increases us-
ing the new macro&micro mixed cell scenarios.
1.4 Prerequisites
Core Network: Additional Bearer Services have to be supported by the Core Network.
User Equipment: Additional Bearer Services have to be supported by the mobile
phones.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

2 Functional Description
The aim of this feature, which is based on a general bit rate adaptation concept, is to
provide QoS for dynamically changing data rates of packet services. Bit rate adaptation
is a mechanism that adjusts the data rate of dedicated channels to the current need of
the service and accounts for the radio link quality. Thus, the usage and user QoS of the
dedicated radio resources is improved and the maximum end-to-end delay is reduced.
The Bit Rate Adaptation (BRA) measurements are employed in the evaluation of the
radio link quality of incoming call requests handled by the PS Best Effort (PS BE). In
order to be able to estimate the transmission power required by a new service it is
necessary to ascertain the current transmission power, which is done using the current
Tx power together with the initial SIR target.
Radio link quality

The radio link quality of a high rate RAB decreases as it approaches the border of its
data rate coverage area. The cells in WCDMA systems, however, may not be planned
to support the full range of bit rates throughout the entire coverage area.
The data rate coverage areas of a cell depend on:
• The bit rate of the assigned RAB
High rate RABs require more transmission power than low rate RABs and are
therefore expected to have a smaller coverage area, see Fig. 2.1.
• The cell load
The coverage area changes dynamically for each data rate depending on the current
cell load.
384 kbit/s 128 kbit/s 64 kbit/s
Fig. 2.1 Coverage area for different bit rates
Bit rate adaptation triggered by radio link quality minimizes call drop due to poor radio
link conditions and failures of PS interactive/background RAB establishment.
Up to UMR3.5, radio link quality measurements were not taken into account when
assigning PS data rates. Thus, a rate outside its coverage area could have been
assigned to a PS interactive or background bearer leading to a potential radio link
failure. Furthermore, the radio link quality was not monitored during the lifetime of the
PS I/B RAB. Therefore high rate PS I/B RABs moving away from their coverage area
were not reconfigured to a lower rate and could potentially have experienced radio link
failure.
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
Need of the service

The introduction of Bit Rate Adaptation triggered by the need of the service improves
the dedicated radio resource usage and user QoS (maximum end-to-end delay is
reduced).
Up to UMR3.5, the UTRAN was not aware of the types of applications which were using
interactive or background packet services. Therefore, it was impossible to make
assumptions on the expected traffic patterns. Additionally, it could not be predicted how
the data rate is affected by limitations and congestion on external packet-switched
networks.
In UMR3.0, the main mechanism to adjust the data rate on the air interface to the current
need of the service is Channel-Type Switching (CTS), which performs transitions
between dedicated and common transport channels (DCH and FACH). The maximum
available rate is assigned upon transition to DCH. A simple bit rate adaptation version
was implemented to reconfigure the DCH rate of PS I/B + CS AMR/UDI multi-call serv-
ices.
UMR3.5 provides a general bit rate adaptation mechanism that adapts the dedicated
rate to the need of the service covering single PS RABs and independent UL and DL
triggers.
2.1 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality

A low initial rate is assigned and the rate is increased in small steps during PS BE call
setup and rate increase since in most cases measurements are unavailable to estimate
the radio link quality. With this approach the potential call drop due to assignment of high
data rate is minimized.
Several measurement quantities, however, are defined to estimate the radio link quality
during a PS BE call. The following sections describe the measurements used to
estimate the radio link quality in uplink and downlink. For additional information see
3GPP TS 25.215 Physical Layer Measurements.
2.1.1 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality During a PS BE Call in Uplink

During a PS BE call, the UL data rate is adapted to the estimated uplink radio link quality.
The UE continuously monitors the state of each transport format combination based on
its required transmission power in comparison to the maximum UE transmission power
on the downlink. Transport format combinations requiring excessive power are removed
from the list of allowed transport format combinations.
2.1.2 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality During a PS BE Call in Down-

link
The downlink radio link quality during a PS BE call is controlled by the power control
mechanism. When the DL power reaches its maximum, the power control can no longer
increase it and radio link quality degradation is highly probable.
Situations where the power is close to its maximum and the radio link quality is likely to
degrade are detected by measuring the DL transmitted code power, see Fig. 2.2. The
DL transmitted code power reflects the power on the pilot bits of the DPCCH. The DL
transmitted code power is measured at the Node B by NBAP/RNSAP dedicated
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

measurements specified by 3GPP TSG RAN WG3: NBAP Specification, TS 25.433 and
3GPP TSG RAN WG3: UTRAN Iur Interface RNSAP Signaling. TS 25.423.
DL Transmitted T-Measurement Hysteresis Time

code power
Maximum
DL Transmitted Bad Link Radio Quality
code power
Event A
Threshold TA TA
Unknown Link Radio Quality TF
Event F
Threshold TF
Good Link Radio Quality
Report A Report F Report F Report A Time

below above
Fig. 2.2 Description of the measurement reports used to trigger events A and F
Bad radio link conditions are detected by measurement event A. Whereas good radio
link conditions are detected by measurement event F. Events A and F are configured
per radio link set. Fig. 2.3 shows the quality state transitions of a downlink radio link set.
Initial
Unknown
Event F
Event A below
Event F Event F
above above threshold
threshold threshold
Event A
Bad Good
Event F
below threshold
Fig. 2.3 Downlink radio link set quality state transition
As soon as the quality state of a radio link set becomes “bad”, rate decrease is triggered.
Upon completion of the bit rate adaptation procedure the quality state of the radio link
set is reset to “unknown”. Therefore, events Fabove/Fbelow are ignored while decreasing
the rate after receiving Event A.
The radio link set quality is initialized to “unknown” upon radio link setup, when a radio
link set is created. Furthermore, the radio link set quality is reset to unknown after
update/reset of thresholds.
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
The active set quality is updated every time a radio link set quality is updated.
The quality states of the active set are:
• Bad
At least one of the radio link sets reports bad quality.
• Good
All radio link sets have good quality.
• Unknown
None of the above conditions is valid.
2.1.2.1 Thresholds for Event A

The Node B reports event A when the DL transmitted code power rises above
Threshold A and stays there for the requested hysteresis time. Threshold A for a single
radio link is defined as an offset relative to the maximum DL Tx code power per cell:
Threshold Acell [dBm] = MaxDPDCHcell + PO3 - Poff_Acell + P-CPICH Powercell
where:
MaxDPDCHPowercell (dB) = min (SIRtarget - 10log(SF) + Poffset , Max power value)
The power offset, the maximum power value, and the power threshold for event A can
be configured by the operator per cell. PO3 is the power offset between the DPDCH
power and the power of the pilot bits (DL Tx code power). PO3 cannot be specified by
the operator.
SIRtarget and spreading factor SF are RAB-specific and defined for each RAB/multi-RAB
combination. SIRtarget is the initial SIRtarget and cannot be specified by the operator.
It is recommended to set the maximum power value and the power threshold for event
A to the same value for cells belonging to the same Node B in the same frequency band
because the power of all radio links in a radio link set is the same. The Node B behavior
is not tested for a scenario where different radio links of the same radio link set have
different maximum powers. The same restriction applies for the event A offset.
If radio link sets have radio links with different maximum power, the RNC assumes that
the maximum transmission power of a radio link set is determined by the smallest
maximum transmission power of the radio links in the radio link set:
UMR3.5
(max DPDCH power)RLS = min (max DPDCH power)RL in the RLS
where Event A threshold is relative to (max DPDCH power)RLS:
(Event A threshold)RLS [dB] = max DL Tx power - Poff_A =
= (max DPDCH power)RLS + PO3 - Poff_A
The radio link with maximum power limitation determines which threshold A offset shall
be used.
UMR4.0
Threshold Acell [dBm] = MaxDPDCHPowercell + PO3 - Poff_Acell + P-CPICH Powercell
Threshold ARLS [dBm] = MIN [Threshold Acell] for all cells in the RLS
The threshold is first calculated per radio link. After the thresholds are determined per
cell, the minimum threshold in the radio link set is chosen as threshold for event A.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

2.1.2.2 Thresholds for Event F

The Node B reports event F when the DL transmitted power falls below Threshold F and
stays there for the requested hysteresis time. Event F is also reported when the DL
transmitted power rises above Threshold F and stays there for the hysteresis time.
Threshold F is defined in relation to Threshold A:
(Threshold F)RLS [dB] = (Threshold A)RLS - (Poff_F)RNC
The offset Poff_F is configurable per RNC. The thresholds for events A and F may be
cell and data rate dependent in line with the network configuration.
Threshold F is used as a safeguard against rate increase. If traffic requires a higher data
rate, the rate is only increased when the active set quality is good enough.
Good enough active set quality means that the power increase due to the data rate
increase will not enter the bad quality area.
During a rate increase, the estimated power increase depends on the difference
between the SIRtarget and the spreading factor:
Poff_F =
f (SIRtarget, high rate - SIRtarget, low rate ,SFhigh rate - SFlow rate, POhigh rate - POlow rate)
Threshold A and Threshold F are recalculated whenever (max DPDCH power)RLS
changes because of SIR or SF change or active set update, in other words rate
reconfiguration or service change.
2.1.2.3 Update/Reset of Thresholds

Thresholds A/F are calculated relative to the smallest maximum DPDCH transmission
power of all radio links in a radio link set. A and F thresholds need to be calculated every
time there is a change on (max DPDCH power)RLS due to:
• Active set update
• SIR or SF change (rate reconfiguration or service change)
After update/reset of thresholds A and F the radio link state for every radio link set
involved in the update is reset to 'unknown’.
During compressed mode the DL power is increased in the compressed frame and no
power is required in the compressed mode gap. The average DL power during
compressed mode should be the same as the average power without compressed
mode.
Node B power drift may trigger rate decrease in good radio link conditions. Higher layer
filtering is used to minimize this effect. Higher layer filtering is described in 3GPP TS
25.433. The RNC will include the “filter coefficient” in the NBAP/RNSAP DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT CONTROL INITIATION message.
The dedicated measurement events A/F are deactivated on all radio link sets before this
radio link set is set up on a new frequency during an inter-frequency handover. This
avoids unnecessary rate reduction of the bit rate adaptation mechanism due to
unsynchronized radio link sets. Measurement events A/F are activated on the new
frequency when the radio link set is synchronized. The thresholds, however, may be
different on the new frequency.
For connections via the Iur interface, a single set of Thresholds A/F is used for all radio
links on the Iur interface. Thresholds A/F are set relative to the smallest value for the
maximum DPDCH power of all radio links on the Iur interface.
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
The DRNC distributes the measurement activation/deactivation to all Node Bs that are
connected via the Iur interface. The SNRC sets up/deletes dedicated measurements for
all Iur radio links with a single DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INTIATION REQUEST
message.
2.2 Evaluation of the Need of the Service in Dedicated

Channels
This section provides an overview of:
• Traffic volume measurements
• Buffer utilization measurements
2.2.1 Uplink Traffic Volume Measurements

RRC traffic volume measurement events 4A and 4B are used to monitor the UE RLC
buffer payload on dedicated channels. The RNC sets up the traffic volume measure-
ments for the bit rate adaptation and channel-type switching during the PS
interactive/background RAB setup.
A single RRC MEASUREMENT CONTROL message is used to configure the events for
bit rate adaptation and the FACH to DCH trigger as follows:
– Event 4A on DCH => UL bit rate adaptation rate increase
– Event 4B on DCH => UL bit rate adaptation rate decrease
– Event 4A on RACH => channel-type switching FACH to DCH
In order to avoid unwanted measurement reports, the RNC deactivates event triggering
when the PS interactive/background RAB is configured to a rate that does not allow rate
increases or decreases.
The RNC stops:
• Event 4A
if the PS interactive/background RAB is on the maximum allowed UL data rate
• Event 4B
if the PS interactive/background RAB is on the minimum allowed UL data rate
Traffic volume measurements are valid for the duration of the PS interactive/background
call except in DCH INACTIVE state. The channel-type switching DCH to FACH trigger
does not use traffic volume measurements.
2.2.2 Downlink Buffer Utilization Measurements

The decision to increase/decrease the channel bit rate is based on the average
utilization of the channel because of unreliable rate measurements, which is due to the
short lifetime of a typical web browsing tasks and typical transport control protocol
effects. If the average utilization exceeds or falls below certain thresholds, a request for
increased or decreased bit rate is made.
The utilization is the sum of cycles (frames) in which the radio link control buffer is non-
empty during the averaging period divided by the number of cycles this period lasts,
see Fig. 2.4.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

averaging period averaging period

time
scales
time [frames]
RLC buffer
content
utilization
1-
0-
Frame counter = maximum util. curve (100 %)
utilization
counter Utilization counter
average utilization 10/15 = 66 % 11/15 = 73 %
Fig. 2.4 Measuring and averaging buffer utilization
The average dedicated-channel utilization of a bearer is evaluated cyclically at the end

of each averaging period. This duration of the averaging period is static and common to
all users.
Two counters are maintained to determine the average utilization for each UE:
• Cycle counter
The cycle counter is reset at the beginning of each averaging period and
incremented after each frame. At the end of the averaging period, the cycle counter
is equal to the averaging period duration in frames.
• Utilization counter
The utilization counter is reset for each averaging period and incremented after each
frame if the RLC buffer is non-zero.
At the end of the averaging period, the average utilization is computed by dividing the
utilization by the averaging period duration. This yields an utilization in the range of
percentages:
Average utilization = utilization counter / averaging period duration
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
• Average utilization is below uthr_decr

The Time-To-Trigger_low is incremented, whereas the Time-To-Trigger_high is
reset. If the Time-To-Trigger_low has reached or exceeded Thr_low, a trigger is
issued requesting a lower bit rate.
Thr_low is initially set to the corresponding TTTlow value. If the trigger has been
reported, it is re-set to a corresponding PTATlow + TTTlow value. Meanwhile, the
TTThigh value remains as before.
• Average utilization is above uthr_incr
The Time-To-Trigger_high is incremented, whereas the Time-To-Trigger_low is
reset. If the Time-To-Trigger_high has reached or exceeded Thr_high, a trigger is
issued requesting an increased bit rate.
Thr_high is initially set to the corresponding TTThigh value. If the trigger has been
reported, it is re-set to a corresponding PTAThigh + TTThigh value. Meanwhile, the
TTTlow value remains as before.
• Otherwise
If neither threshold is violated, the Time-To-Trigger_high and Time-To-Trigger_low
are reset. Therefore, a threshold has to be exceeded or under run for the duration
Thr_high or Thr_low before a trigger is issued.
2.3 Data Rate Allocation Strategy

This section provides an overview of the assignment of an initial data rate on dedicated
channels and the subsequent data rate allocation during bit rate adaptation.
2.3.1 Initial Data Rate Assignment on Dedicated Channels

Bit rate adaptation assigns a low initial data rate. Subsequently, the data rate is
increased in small steps. This mechanism minimizes potential call drop due to assign-
ment of high data rates.
The RNC determines the initial data rate in the case of:
• PS BE RAB establishment on dedicated channels
• PS BE RAB reestablishment
• Channel-type switching from common to dedicated channels
• DCH INACTIVE to DCH ACTIVE transitions
The allocated initial rate is the largest RNC supported data rate that is equal to or less
than all of the following:
• The maximum UE capabilities
• The initial PS interactive/background data rate parameter
• The maximum rate for bit rate adaptation
The “initial PS interactive/background data rate” parameter is configurable by the oper-
ator and limits the maximum initial PS interactive and background data rate allocation.
It is recommended to choose an initial rate that is equal to or less than the rate that cov-
ers the entire cell in order to minimize call loss due to a high initial rate assignment.
There is a trade-off relation between the quality (throughput) and the capacity:
• Quality Priority: Initial rate = 64/384 kbit/s or 64/128 kbit/s (UMR5.0 onward)
• Capacity Priority: Initial rate = 32/32 kbit/s or 64/64 kbit/s
From UMR5.0 on, the RNC assigns a PS radio bearer with the minimum rate instead of
the initial rate if the RRC establishment cause is “Registration”. For this establishment
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

cause usually no U-Plane data occurs and the minimum rate, for example 8/8 kbit/s, is
sufficient.
If the maximum PS rate requested by the core network is less than the minimum RNC
supported rate, the RNC assigns the supported rate which is closest to the maximum
PS rate requested by the core network. Admission control rejects the new configuration
if the estimated new load is too high.
The initial rate allocation function is performed during radio bearer translation. It takes
into account:
• Core network requirements
• UE capabilities
• The operator-preferred initial rate
• The list of supported rates
The chosen rate combination is used as an input for the M2 step of radio bearer
translation which outputs the transport format set (see below).
The following section describes the additions required for radio bearer translation of PS
interactive or background RABs.
Step M1 - mapping to the radio bearer type, radio link control and Iu transport
parameters
Step M1 is performed upon PS I/B RAB establishment. The radio bearer type is used to
derive the Iu/Iub and radio link control parameters.
The radio bearer type is selected in three steps:
• Step 1
The RNC creates a list of permitted rates by selecting all rates that are equal to or
less than the maximum UE-supported rate for a single PS BE RAB from the list of
supported UL/DL rate combinations for single PS BE RABs. The RAB assignment
fails if no permitted rates are found.
For information on supported rates of early UEs see "Handling of Special UEs" on
page 30.
• Step 2
The RNC selects all rates from the list created in Step1 that are equal to or less than
the maximum bit rate requested by the core network. If the final list of permitted rates
is empty, the RNC uses the list of permitted rates created in step 1.
• Step 3
If there is more than one permitted rate after step 2, the RNC selects the permitted
rate which is closest to the maximum bit rate requested from the core network. If
more than one permitted rate has the same minimum distance, the RNC chooses
the one with the highest DL rate.
The final rate is used to select the radio bearer type.
The closest rate is defined as the UL/DL permitted rate with the smallest distance:
( x1 – xi ) + ( y1 – yi )
2 2
di =
where (x1, y1) is the coordinate for the maximum bit rate requested by the core network
and (yi, yi) is the coordinate of the permitted rates.
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Step M2 - mapping to the transport format set

This mapping function provides the transport format set as a function of the “Radio
Bearer Type” and the “Rate”.
The input parameter “Rate” is the initial rate described below during:
• PS BE RAB establishment on dedicated channels
• PS BE RAB reestablishment
• Channel-type switching from common to dedicated channels
• DCH INACTIVE to DCH ACTIVE transitions
During bit rate adaptation, the “Rate” is chosen as described in "BRA target rate alloca-
tion" on page 18.
Initial rate and maximum rate selection

The RNC performs the following steps:
• Step 1
The RNC creates a list of permitted rates by selecting all rates that are equal to or
less than the maximum UE-supported rate from the list of supported UL/DL PS BE
rates for the service combination. The RAB assignment fails if no permitted rates are
found.
• Step 2
The RNC selects all rates from the list created in Step1 that are equal to or less than
the maximum bit rate requested by the core network. If the final list of permitted rates
is empty, the RNC uses the list of permitted rates created in step 1.
• Step 3
The RNC selects from the list of permitted rates the initial and maximum rates that
can be used during bit rate adaptation with the new service combination:
– Step 3a: Maximum rate:
If more than one permitted rate remains in the list after step 2, the RNC selects
the rate which is closest to the maximum bit rate requested by the core network.
If there is more than one permitted rate with the minimum distance, the RNC
chooses the one with highest DL rate. The selected rate is used as maximum rate
for bit rate adaptation. Furthermore, the list of permitted rates from step 1 and
step 2 is restricted so that the UL rate of all permitted rates is less than or equal
to the UL rate of the maximum rate and the DL rate of all permitted rates is less
than or equal to the DL rate of the maximum rate. This set of permitted rates are
the rates used for bit rate adaptation.
– Step 3b: Initial Rate:
The RNC restricts the permitted rates from step 3a to rates that are equal to or
less than the initial rate of the OMC. The governing procedure fails if no rate is left
in the list of permitted rates. If more than one permitted rate remains in the table,
the RNC selects the rate which is closest to the maximum bit rate requested from
the CN. The closest rate is defined as the UL/DL permitted rate with the smallest
distance from the maximum bit rate requested by the core network. If there is
more than one permitted rate with the minimum distance, the RNC chooses the
one with the highest DL rate.
The RNC applies a data rate of UL: 64 kbit/s, DL: 64 kbit/s for early UEs. If this
rate is restricted by the operator, the RNC chooses the next closest rate support-
ed by the special UE type. For more information on early UEs see "Handling of
Special UEs" on page 30. Finally, the rate chosen in step 3 is used for the “Rate”
parameter in step M2.
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The closest rate is defined as the UL/DL permitted rate with the smallest distance:
( x1 – xi ) + ( y1 – yi )
2 2
di =
where (x1, y1) is the coordinate for the maximum bit rate requested by the core network
and (xi, yi) is the coordinate of the permitted rates.
From UMR5.0 on, the RNC assigns a PS radio bearer with the minimum rate instead of
the initial rate if the RRC establishment cause is “Registration”. For this establishment
cause usually no U-Plane data occurs and the minimum rate, for example 8/8 kbit/s, is
sufficient. If the UE is identified as an early UE of “Type A” or “Type B”, the RNC
allocates the next available rate closest to 0/0 kbit/s, that is 64/64 kbit/s.
Minimum rate selection

The minimum rate for a given service combination is defined as the RNC supported rate
which is closest to the UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s rate:
( x1 – xi ) + ( y1 – yi )
2 2
di =
where (x1, y1) is the coordinate for the UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s rate and (xi, yi) is the
coordinate for the permitted rates.
If there is more than one permitted rate with the minimum distance, the RNC chooses
the one with the highest DL rate. The minimum rate only depends on the supported PS
BE rates for a given RAB combination. The calculation is done upon RNC restart and is
stored in common memory.
Initial rate assignment failure

Failure of initial rate assignment is defined as:
• Admission control failure due to:
– Soft blocking: Admission control at the RNC rejects the new service because the
estimated new load is above the interactive and background thresholds or there
are no codes available.
– Hard blocking: Admission control at the Node B rejects the new service and the
Node B sends an NBAP failure message to the RNC.
– Rate restriction: Admission control at the RNC rejects the new service because
the new rate is above the maximum allowed rate for the cell.
• Radio bearer translation failure while mapping the requirements onto a supported
rate
The RNC performs a retry with the minimum rate upon any of the above failures if the
initial rate was greater than the minimum supported rate.
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2.3.2 Subsequent Data Rate Allocation During Bit Rate Adaptation

The rate allocation follows an incremental increase and decrease of data rates through
all supported rates once the PS BE RAB is established/reestablished on CELL_DCH or
switched to CELL_DCH. If possible, uplink and downlink rates are adapted
independently according to the supported configurations.
The bit rate adaptation algorithm decides on rate increase and decrease based on the
following information:
• Radio link quality measurements, see "Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality" on
page 7
• Traffic volume measurements, see "Uplink Traffic Volume Measurements" on
page 11
• Buffer utilization measurements, see "Downlink Buffer Utilization Measurements" on
page 11
The target rate is chosen depending on the limitations of the supported rates, maximum
core network requested rate, and UE capabilities by the BRA target rate allocation
function described in "BRA target rate allocation" on page 18. The target rate is then
introduced into the radio bearer translation, see "Step M2 - mapping to the transport for-
mat set" on page 15. Admission control checks if the current load situation allows the
rate reconfiguration.
Fig. 2.5 shows the general rate allocation in downlink and uplink.
Next higher DL bit rate (e.g. 128 kbit/s) Next higher UL bit rate (e.g. 128 kbit/s)
Buffer utilization = low

Buffer utilization = high OR UL buffer overflow UL buffer underflow
AND Active set quality = bad
Active set quality = good
Current DL bit rate (e.g. 64 kbit/s) Current UL bit rate (e.g. 64 kbit/s)
Buffer utilization = low

Buffer utilization = high OR
AND UL buffer overflow UL buffer underflow
Active set quality = bad
Active set quality = good
Next lower DL bit rate (e.g. 32 kbit/s) Next lower UL bit rate (e.g. 32 kbit/s)
Subsequent rate allocation in downlink Subsequent rate allocation in uplink
Fig. 2.5 Subsequent rate allocation
The increase/decrease of the downlink rate is triggered by:

• Increase
(Buffer utilization = high) AND (Active Set Quality = Good)
• Decrease
(Buffer utilization = low) OR (Active Set Quality = Bad)
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The increase/decrease of the uplink rate is triggered by:

• Increase
UL RLC buffer overflow, where buffer overflow = traffic volume measurement event
4A
• Decrease
UL RLC buffer underflow, where buffer underflow = traffic volume measurement
event 4B
BRA target rate allocation

When bit rate adaptation decides to increase or decrease the uplink or downlink rate,
the final UL/DL combination may not be supported by the RNC. The highest rate
required by the service for a given direction is matched as long as the active set quality
is good. If the service requires an asymmetric data rate, the direction with the highest
data rate requirement will be matched and the other direction may be assigned a rate
higher than required due to limitation of rates.
When rate increase is triggered, the data rate in the direction that triggered the event is
increased to the next supported rate. The rate in the other direction should remain
unchanged. If the final combination is not supported, the rate in the other direction can
be increased in order to match a supported combination. The DL rate, however, can only
be increased if the active set quality is good. If no supported combination is found, the
bit rate adaptation procedure fails, in other words no rate change takes place. The data
rate is never increased above the maximum rate defined in "Initial rate and maximum
rate selection" on page 15.
When rate decrease is triggered, the data rate in the direction that triggered the event is
decreased to the next supported rate. The rate in the other direction should not be
changed. If this combination is not supported, the rate in the other direction can be
decreased in order to match a supported combination only if there was no rate increase
triggered previously for this direction. If no supported combination is found, the bit rate
adaptation procedure fails.
If, however, rate decrease is triggered by “bad active set quality”, the downlink rate must
be reduced regardless of the need of the service even if the uplink rate also needs to be
decreased.
Two Boolean variables are maintained by the RNC to prevent rate decrease caused by
a trigger in the other direction (forced rate decrease) due to the limitation of the
supported rates:
• Prevent_UL_rate_decrease
• Prevent_DL_rate_decrease
These variables are initialized to TRUE, that is rate decrease is prevented when a DCH
is assigned to a PS RAB upon RAB establishment or channel-type switching to dedicat-
ed channels. The value of the variables is maintained when the service combination is
changed between:
PS I/B + SRB <-> PS I/B + CS AMR + SRB <-> PS I/B + CS UDI
At the end of a successful UL data rate decrease procedure, the
Prevent_UL_rate_decrease flag is re-set to TRUE. If both directions resulted in a rate
decrease, the Prevent_DL_rate_decrease flag is also re-set to TRUE.
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Bit rate adaptation failure

Two types of bit rate adaptation failure are defined depending on whether the failure
takes place before or after the RNC sends an NBAP/RNSAP synchronized radio link
commit.
The following failures are taken into account before the RNC sends an NBAP/RNSAP
synchronized radio link commit:
• Admission control failure due to soft, hard blocking or rate restriction
• Radio bearer translation failure because the target rate for bit rate adaptation is not
available
• ALCAP failure
If any of the above failures occurs, the bit rate adaptation procedure is aborted and the
UE remains on the existing rate.
If bit rate adaptation fails after the RNC has sent an NBAP/RNSAP synchronized radio
link commit, the behavior depends on the cause value within the RRC TRANSPORT
CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION FAILURE message:
• “Incompatible Simultaneous Reconfiguration”, “Protocol Error”, or
“Invalid_Configuration”
The RRC connection is released.
• “Configuration Unsupported”
RRC connection reestablishment is triggered and all bit-rate-adaptation triggers are
switched off. The UE is allowed to perform channel-type switching between
Cell_DCH (initial rate) and Cell_FACH as well as transitions between DCH ACTIVE
(initial rate) and DCH INACTIVE (if DCH INACTIVE is an allowed state). This
handling is intended for early UEs which may not support some new dedicated rates.
• Other causes
RRC connection reestablishment is triggered.
2.4 Signaling Procedures for Bit Rate Adaptation

Bit rate adaptation comprises the following signaling procedures:
• NBAP/RNSAP synchronized radio link reconfiguration (for all radio links in the
active set)
Configures the radio links in the active set to the new configuration provided by radio
bearer translation.
• RRC transport channel reconfiguration
Configures the UE with the new configuration provided by radio bearer translation.
• NBAP/RNSAP dedicated measurement modification
Updates dedicated measurement events A and F. The radio link quality of all affected
radio links (radio links for which A/F events are updated/reset) is initialized to
“unknown”.
Traffic volume measurement event 4A is disabled after rate increase due to bit rate
adaptation if the final rate UL is the maximum rate. Buffer utilization measurement for
high utilization is disabled after rate increase if the final rate DL is the maximum rate.
If the final DL rate after rate decrease due to bit rate adaptation is the minimum rate,
traffic volume measurement 4B is disabled. Buffer utilization measurement for low
utilization is disabled after rate decrease due to bit rate adaptation if the final rate DL is
the minimum rate.
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2.4.1 Node B Dedicated Measurements for Bit Rate Adaptation

Node B dedicated measurements are required for the following service combinations:
• PS I/B
• PS I/B + CS AMR
• PS I/B + CS UDI
Setup
The measurements are set up whenever a PS interactive/background RAB is
established. They are also set up when a new radio link set is set up and there is an
existing PS interactive/background RAB in the service combination. If the new radio link
set is set up on a new Node B, the dedicated measurements are configured after the
RRC ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE message has been received. This means,
report A due to initial synchronization is avoided. If a new radio link is added to the active
set, uplink synchronization is achieved before downlink synchronization and the
ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE message is received before the NBAP/RNSAP
RADIO LINK RESTORE INDICATION message.
The dedicated measurement object is set to “ALL RLS”. Thresholds A and F are
calculated for all radio links. The absolute values of threshold A and F (dBm) are
rounded to the nearest 0.5 dBm boundary and included in the NBAP/RNSAP
DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INTIATION REQUEST message.
Release
Node B dedicated measurements are released after:
• Release of the PS interactive/background RAB
• Transition to UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s (DCH INACTIVE) from a dedicated rate
Modification
Node B dedicated measurements are modified by releasing the current measurement
and setting up a new measurement.
Measurements A/F are updated in the following scenarios:
• Bit-rate-adaptation transition (including fast bit rate adaptation)
The RNC calculates A and F thresholds of all radio link sets during every bit-rate-
adaptation transition and updates them if they are different from the current
A/F thresholds.
• Soft handover procedure
The RNC calculates A and F thresholds of the radio link sets affected during every
soft handover procedure and updates them if they are different from the current
A/F thresholds.
• Change of the RAB combination
The RNC recalculates the A and F thresholds for all radio link sets. If they are
different, a modification procedure is required for every radio link set affected.
If a bit-rate-adaptation transition is triggered due to bad radio link quality, the RNC resets
events A and F for all radio link sets. Additionally, the RNC ignores dedicated measure-
ment reports A until event A is reset to:
• Ensure that event A can be reported again if the DL power remains above the
threshold
• Avoid triggering of unnecessary bit-rate-adaptation rate decrease due to multiple
reports from different radio link sets
• Ensure that events A/F are aligned with the radio-link-set quality state model
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After the update/reset of thresholds A and F, the radio link state is reset to “unknown”
for every radio link involved in the update.
2.5 Overall Model Description

The general PS models for transitions due to bit rate adaptation and channel-type
switching depends on:
• The RAB combination
• The value of the operator-configurable parameter “DCH Inactive”
Fig. 2.6 shows the logical model for PS I/B + CS AMR services with “DCH Inactive”
= “on” and Fig. 2.7 shows the model for PS I/B + CS AMR services with “DCH Inactive”
= “off” or PS I/B + CS UDI service combinations.
PS data rate transitions PS data rate transitions

for Single PS I/B + SRB for PS I/B + CS AMR + SRB
CELL_DCH CELL_DCH
BRA DCH ACTIVE (BRA)
Maximum rate Maximum rate

BRA trigger BRA trigger BRA trigger BRA trigger
rate increase rate decrease rate increase rate decrease
PSI/B RAB CS RAB establishment

establishment PSI/B RAB
on CELL_DCH CS RAB/Iu release establishment
Initial rate Initial rate on CELL_DCH
Initial
direct
transfer
Minimum rate Minimum rate
UL AND DL
UL AND DL DTCH inactivity
UL OR DL RLC
DTCH inactivity (timer DCH->FACH)
PSI/B RAB buffer overflow
(timer DCH->FACH)
establishment
CELL_FACH
on CELL_FACH CS RAB establishment
FACH ACTIVE
CS RAB/Iu release
UL AND DL
UL OR DL UL AND DL
DTCH inactivity
DTCH activity DTCH inactivity detection UL OR DL
detection
timer FACH->PCH DTCH activity
timer FACH->PCH
CS RAB establishment
FACH INACTIVE DCH INACTIVE
CS RAB/Iu release
Cell update No IU CS AND

(UL data/paging SRB4 inactivity 0/0 kbit/s
response)
CELL_PCH CS Iu Release AND
/ URA_PCH SRB4 inactivity
Fig. 2.6 Model for PS I/B + CS AMR (“DCH Inactive” = “on”) services
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PS data rate transitions PS data rate transitions

for Single PS I/B + SRB for PS I/B + CS + SRB
CELL_DCH CELL_DCH
BRA DCH ACTIVE (BRA)
Maximum rate Maximum rate

BRA trigger BRA trigger BRA trigger BRA trigger
rate increase rate decrease rate increase rate decrease
PSI/B RAB CS RAB establishment

establishment PSI/B RAB
on CELL_DCH CS RAB/Iu release establishment
Initial rate Initial rate on CELL_DCH
Initial
direct
transfer
Minimum rate Minimum rate
UL AND DL
UL AND DL DTCH inactivity
UL OR DL RLC
DTCH inactivity (timer DCH->FACH)
PSI/B RAB buffer overflow
(timer DCH->FACH)
establishment
CELL_FACH
on CELL_FACH CS RAB establishment
FACH ACTIVE
CS RAB/Iu release
UL OR DL UL AND DL
DTCH activity DTCH inactivity detection
timer FACH->PCH
CS RAB establishment
FACH INACTIVE
Cell update No IU CS AND

(UL data/paging SRB4 inactivity
response)
CELL_PCH /
URA_PCH
Fig. 2.7 Model for PS I/B + CS AMR (“DCH Inactive” = “off”) or PS I/B + CS UDI services
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The logical model of bit rate adaptation and channel-type-switching transitions for PS
interactive/background RABs uses the following internal RNC states:
• DCH ACTIVE
CELL_DCH sub-state when a PS interactive/background RAB is combined with a
CS AMR/UDI RAB.
Contains all supported PS interactive/background data rates for RAB combinations
except UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s.
Bit rate adaptation is performed. Fast rate switching is performed. If the CS RAB is
AMR and “DCH Inactive” = “on”, inactivity detection is performed.
• DCH INACTIVE
CELL_DCH sub-state when a PS interactive/background RAB is combined with a
CS AMR and “DCH Inactive” = “on”. Contains the PS interactive/background data
rate UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s.
Activity detection is performed. SRB4 inactivity is monitored.
• FACH INACTIVE
CELL_FACH sub-state when the PS interactive/background RAB is inactive.
SRB 4 inactivity is monitored.
• FACH ACTIVE
CELL_FACH sub-state when the PS interactive/background RAB is active. Inactivity
detection is monitored.
The above RNC states are only applicable when there is an existing PS I/B RAB in the
RAB combination and rate control is allowed, in other words for the following service
combinations:
• PS I/B
• PS I/B + CS AMR
• PS I/B + CS UDI
2.5.1 PS I/B + SRB Service Combinations

A single PS interactive/background RAB can be established on dedicated or common
channels. The initial rate allocation when establishing the PS RAB on Cell_DCH is
described in "Initial Data Rate Assignment on Dedicated Channels" on page 13.
If the RNC determines during initial rate allocation that there is only one possible rate,
the RNC disables all bit rate adaptation triggers. Therefore, dedicated measurement
events A/F, bit-rate-adaptation-related traffic volume measurements, and buffer
utilization measurements are not set up.
After the transition due to bit rate adaptation, the A/F thresholds for dedicated measure-
ments are updated if required and the radio link set quality is initialized to “unknown” for
all radio link sets whose event A/F has been modified.
If the conditions for bit rate adaptation and channel-type-switching transitions are
satisfied at the same time, channel-type switching of a single PS BE service is
performed.
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The following triggers are specified for transitions between Cell_DCH and Cell_FACH
(channel-type switching):
• FACH -> DCH
The trigger for FACH to DCH transition is:
(UL RLC Buffer Overload) OR (DL RLC Buffer Overload)
• DCH -> FACH
The trigger for DCH to FACH transition is:
UL AND DL DTCH Inactivity (timer DCH->FACH)
If the above trigger condition is satisfied, the RNC triggers a transition to Cell_FACH
(FACH ACTIVE)
PS DTCH inactivity monitoring is performed on all data rates of Cell_DCH. The period
of time for inactivity is defined by operator-configurable “timer for the switch from DCH
to FACH”. PS DTCH inactivity monitoring is also performed on Cell_FACH to trigger
transition to Cell_PCH.
2.5.2 PS I/B + CS AMR/UDI + SRB Service Combinations

If a CS AMR RAB exists, an additional PS interactive/background RAB is established on
CELL_DCH and the initial PS I/B rate allocation is described in "Initial Data Rate Assign-
ment on Dedicated Channels" on page 13.
If the RNC determines during initial rate allocation that there is only one possible rate,
the RNC disables all bit rate adaptation triggers. Therefore, dedicated measurement
events A/F, bit-rate-adaptation-related traffic volume measurements, and buffer
utilization measurements are not set up.
If the PS interactive/background RAB exists, the CS AMR/UDI RAB of a PS
interactive/background + CS AMR/UDI service combination can be established as
follows:
• Existing PS interactive/background RAB on CELL_DCH
The RAB combination is established on DCH ACTIVE. The data rate of the PS
interactive/background RAB is maintained.
If the current rate is not supported in combination with the CS RAB, the next lower
supported rate is chosen. If there is no supported rate lower than the current rate,
the minimum supported rate is chosen.
The values of the variables Prevent_UL_rate_decrease and
Prevent_DL_rate_decrease are maintained.
The RNC performs a retry with the minimum supported rate if admission control fails
the CS RAB assignment due to:
– Soft blocking (RNC admission control failure)
– Hard blocking (Node B admission control failure)
• Existing PS interactive/background RAB on CELL_FACH (FACH ACTIVE)
The RAB combination is established on DCH ACTIVE. The data rate of the PS
interactive/background RAB is set to the minimum rate.
• Existing PS interactive/background RAB on CELL_FACH (FACH INACTIVE)
The RAB combination is established on DCH INACTIVE if the CS RAB is AMR and
the operator-configurable parameter “DCH Inactive” is set to “on”. The data rate of
the PS interactive/background RAB is set to UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s.
Otherwise the RAB combination is established on DCH ACTIVE and the data rate is
set to the minimum rate.
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DCH ACTIVE
After the transition due to bit rate adaptation, the A/F thresholds for dedicated measure-
ments are updated if required and the radio link set quality is initialized to “unknown” for
all radio link sets whose event A/F has been modified.
Channel-type switching can only be performed for single PS BE RABs because CS
RABs are not supported on common channels. Therefore, a fast bit rate adaptation
switching is defined in DCH ACTIVE for PS interactive/background + CS AMR/UDI
service combinations. Thereby dedicated resources are saved and the number of bit
rate adaptation transitions are reduced when PS RABs become inactive. Fast bit rate
adaptation switching is triggered by the “UL AND DL DTCH Inactivity” timer, that is the
same trigger as channel-type switching from DCH to FACH.
If this trigger condition is satisfied, the RNC performs a rate reconfiguration to the
minimum rate. The thresholds for the dedicated measurement events A/F are updated
after a fast bit rate adaptation transition if required. The radio link set quality is initialized
to “unknown” for all radio link sets whose measurement events A/F have been modified.
PS interactive/background data inactivity (UL and DL DTCH) is monitored in all rates of
DCH ACTIVE state.
Two inactivity timers are used depending on the DCH ACTIVE rate:
• Timer DCH->FACH
is used to trigger a transition from any DCH active rate to the minimum rate.
• Timer FACH->PCH
is used to trigger a transition from the minimum rate to UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s (DCH
INACTIVE).
Both timers can be configured by the operator.
There are two scenarios for releasing the CS AMR/UDI RAB on DCH ACTIVE:
• PS I/B data rate different from the minimum rate
The CS RAB is released and the PS I/B data rate is maintained. If the current rate
is not supported for single PS I/B RABs, the next lower supported rate is chosen.
The minimum supported rate is chosen if there are no supported rates which are
lower than the current rate.
• PS I/B data rate equal to minimum rate
The CS RAB release triggers channel-type switching to Cell_FACH
(FACH ACTIVE). The values of the variables Prevent_UL_rate_decrease and
Prevent_DL_rate_decrease are maintained.
This behavior also applies if the minimum rate is equal to the maximum rate and
when bit rate adaptation is switched off.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

DCH INACTIVE
The Node B-dedicated measurements are stopped while the UE is in DCH INACTIVE
state and restarted upon exiting this state.
The PS I/B data activity is monitored in DCH INACTIVE state, in other words the
DL DTCH in the platform and the UL DTCH in the UE are monitored by traffic volume
measurements. Upon detection of activity, a transition to the initial rate of the DCH AC-
TIVE state is triggered. In the event of a failure during admission control, a retry is at-
tempted with the minimum supported rate. If a second failure occurs, the RNC initiates
the release of the PS I/B RAB by sending a RANAP RAB RELEASE REQUEST mes-
sage to the PS core network with the cause value set to “Release due to UTRAN Gen-
erated Reason”.
If the UE is in DCH INACTIVE state when receiving the IU RELEASE COMMAND
message from the CS core network, the RNC checks the status of the SRB4 inactivity
detection:
• If the SRB4 is inactive, the RNC triggers a transition to CELL_PCH state.
• Otherwise, the RNC triggers a transition to CELL_FACH (FACH INACTIVE).
Upon receiving a RAB ASSIGNMENT REQUEST message (for release) from the CS
core network, the RNC triggers a transition to FACH INACTIVE state if the UE is in DCH
INACTIVE state.
PS I/B RAB release

The associated channel-type-switching and bit-rate-adaptation triggers are released if a
PS I/B single RAB or the PS I/B RAB of a PS I/B + CS AMR/UDI RAB is released while
the RRC connection is maintained. The associated channel-type-switching and bit-rate-
adaptation triggers are traffic volume measurements, buffer utilization, DTCH inactivity,
and SRB4 inactivity.
The internal RNC states are no longer applicable upon releasing the PS
interactive/background RAB. Thus the state is changed to:
• CELL_DCH if the PS interactive/background RAB is released from DCH ACTIVE or
DCH INACTIVE state
• CELL_FACH if the PS interactive/background RAB is released from FACH ACTIVE,
FACH INACTIVE or Cell PCH state
Upon PS I/B RAB release from Cell PCH state, the connection is switched to Cell FACH
state.
2.6 Iur Interface

Bit rate adaptation is applied for connections via the Iur interface.
Node Bs only support the dedicated measurement object types “ALL RLS” and
“ALL RLs”. Therefore, a single set of Thresholds A/F is used for all radio links on the Iur
interface because the DRNC distributes the measurement activation/deactivation
messages to all Node Bs that are connected via the Iur interface.
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
2.6.1 SRNC
The SNRC sets up/deletes dedicated measurements for all Iur radio links with a single
DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INTIATION REQUEST message.
Thresholds A/F are related to the smaller maximum DPDCH power of all radio links via
the Iur interface:
(max DPDCH power)Iur = min (max DPDCH power)All Iur RLs
Thresholds A/F are modified as described in "Modification" on page 20 with the
following differences:
• (max DPDCH power)Iur is used instead of (max DPDCH power)RLS at the update of
thresholds A/F due to bit rate adaptation, the change of the service combination, and
soft handover. The update is applicable for all Iur radio link sets.
• The thresholds A/F of all radio link sets are reset after BRA rate decrease due to
poor radio link quality even if the thresholds are unchanged. The RNC ignores event
A reports during BRA rate decrease due to bad radio link quality.
The maximum DPDCH power for each Iur radio link is obtained from the “Maximum DL
Tx Power” IE in the following messages:
• RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
• RADIO LINK ADDITION RESPONSE
• RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION READY
The SRNC uses the event A/F power offsets specified by the operator for cells over the
Iur interface.
2.6.2 DRNC
The DRNC performs the NBAP-dedicated measurement initiation/termination
procedure to all Iur radio links upon reception of an RNSAP DEDICATED MEASURE-
MENT INITIATION/ TERMINATION REQUEST message.
2.7 Soft Handover Failure for PS I/B RABs

The introduction of the Bit Rate Adaptation feature allows the definition of a generic
handling for PS I/B RABs upon soft handover failure for the following service
combinations and states:
• PS I/B + SRB on Cell_DCH
• PS I/B + CS AMR + SRB on Cell_DCH (DCH ACTIVE)
• PS I/B + CS UDI + SRB on Cell_DCH (DCH ACTIVE)
In the event of a soft handover failure after event 1A or 1C, the PS I/B data rate is
reduced to the minimum rate if the current rate is higher. Afterward a second soft
handover is attempted. If a failure occurs or the rate is already at the minimum, RRC
connection reestablishment is triggered.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

2.8 Restriction Control

In the event of a soft handover to a rate-restricted cell, the behavior of the RNC depends
on the value of the “HO_PSRateRestrictionHandler” parameter:
• restrict_then_handover
The SRNC reconfigures the existing PS bearer to the minimum rate and proceeds
with the soft handover procedure for the radio link(s).
If the bit rate adaptation procedure fails due to any reason, the SRNC triggers the
RRC reestablishment procedure. If the soft handover procedure fails due to any
reasons, the RRC reestablishment procedure is performed.
• handover_then_restrict
The SRNC performs the soft handover branch addition by calling the current soft
handover procedure. The admission control then temporarily ignores the minimum
spreading factor restriction. Afterward, the SRNC reconfigures the existing PS
bearer to the minimum rate.
On the Iur interface, this handling is not possible. Therefore, the rate is restricted
before the handover for both values of the “HO_PSRateRestrictionHandler”
parameter.
If the soft handover branch addition procedure fails due to any reasons, the RRC
reestablishment procedure is performed. If the bit rate adaptation procedure fails
due to any reasons, the SRNC triggers the RRC reestablishment procedure.
• no_handling
The normal soft handover failure handling is applied.
The handling described above applies for the following service combinations:
• PS I/B + SRB
• PS I/B + CS AMR + SRB
• PS I/B + CS UDI + SRB
The restriction control check is performed by the admission control in UMR3.5.
2.9 Congestion Control

Congestion control reduces the rate of a PS I/B RAB in combination with a CS AMR or
a CS UDI RAB to the minimum rate.
2.10 Inter-Frequency Handover

The dedicated measurement events A/F are deactivated on all radio link sets before the
radio link set is set up on the new frequency to avoid unnecessary BRA rate reductions
due to unsynchronized radio link sets.
Measurement events A/F are activated on the new frequency if the radio link set has
been synchronized. The thresholds may be different on the new frequency and should
be calculated according to "Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality During a PS BE Call in
Downlink" on page 7.
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
2.11 Upgrade Strategy

During the upgrade phase between UMR3.0 and UMR3.5, the UMR3.5 RNC needs to
handle UMR3.0 Node Bs.
There are two potential sources of interoperability problems:
• Power measurements
If the Node B does not support the dedicated power measurements, it fails the
dedicated measurement initiation procedure. Upon reception of the failure message,
the RNC does not take into account the power measurements of the faulty Node B
when evaluating if the trigger conditions for bit rate adaptation procedures are
satisfied.
• New PS I/B data rate combinations
Some of the new UMR3.5 bearer services are not supported by UMR3.0 Node Bs.
The general upgrade strategy for new bearer services is defined in the related
feature description.
An LMT-configurable flag defines whether UMR3.0 or UMR3.5 rates are used by the
RNC.
When taking into account the list of PS I/B supported rates for a given service
combination, the RNC takes the LMT flag into account. Data rates which are not
allowed according to the upgrade flag are not assigned by the RNC.
2.12 Handling of Early UEs

This section provides an overview of mechanisms for handling early UEs.
2.12.1 Channel-Type Switching Triggered by RRC INITIAL TRANSFER

Early UEs have problems to establish a second call in CELL_FACH state due to conflicts
between the cell update (cell reselection) procedure and the call setup procedure. Some
early UEs ignore DL RRC messages while performing cell reselection. Since these
messages are not RLC ACK, the RNC detects a radio link control error (MSU Alarm) and
releases the RRC connection. The probability of an MSU alarm is proportional to the
amount of signaling on Cell_FACH. Some early UEs do not support a CS UDI RAB in
combination with a PS BE RAB. Therefore, the PS BE RAB is released upon CS UDI
RAB setup which increases the amount of signaling on Cell_FACH and the probability
of call release.
The probability of call dropping in an environment using early UEs can be reduced by
performing call setup for multi-call services in CELL_DCH state rather than in
CELL_FACH. A patch is provided to enable channel-type switching triggered by an RRC
INITIAL DIRECT TRANSFER message. With this solution, UEs are switched from
CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH and the call setup of multi-call services is performed on
dedicated channels. This non-traffic related trigger from CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH
reduces the probability of direct transitions between CELL_FACH and multi-call services
on CELL_DCH, see Fig. 2.6.
When setting up a second bearer, a high CELL_DCH rate is assigned to inactive PS BE
RABs on CELL_URA/PCH. This rate is reduced if the appropriate trigger criteria is
satisfied but it takes a certain amount of time until optimum resource usage for this
connection has been reached. Therefore, the decision to use the patch depends on the
percentage of early UEs in the network and the severity of the call dropping problem.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

Two internal flags are defined:

• “CTS_by_initialDT”, applicable when PS Interactive/background RAB exists
• “CTS_by_initialDT_SRB” applicable when no PS RAB exists
If the “CTS_by_initialDT” flag is set to “on” and the UE has a PS Interactive/background
PS RAB on Cell_FACH, the RNC triggers a transition from Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH
upon reception of an INITIAL DIRECT TRANSFER message. The RNC, however,
triggers a transition from Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH upon reception of an INITIAL DIRECT
TRANSFER message if the “CTS_by_initialDT_SRB” flag is set to “on” and the UE is on
Cell_FACH with no PS RAB established (just signaling connection).
INITIAL DIRECT TRANSFER does not trigger the transition if the “CTS_by_initialDT”
and “CTS_by_initialDT_SRB” flags are set to “off”. The default value of the flags is “off”.
2.12.2 Handling of Special UEs

Some early UEs do not support all available PS BE rates both in single calls and in com-
bination with CS AMR services. The RNC identifies this early UEs and prevents the
assignment of non-supported rate combinations in order to reduce the blocking of the
call or the dropping of the rate.
The RNC identifies the following special-type UEs when receiving the UE capabilities
during the RRC connection setup procedure:
• Type A
– RLC Capability: “Total RLC AM Buffer Size” = 10
AND
– Transport channel capability -> Uplink transport channel capability
information elements:
“Support for turbo encoding” = TRUE
AND
“Max turbo coded bits transmitted” = 2560
AND
– Physical channel capability:
“Support of PCPCH” = TRUE
• Type B
AND
AND
AND
“Support of PCPCH” = FALSE
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
• Type C
AND
AND
AND
“Support of PCPCH” = FALSE
Whenever the RNC checks whether the DCH INACTIVE state is allowed it also checks
if the UE type is A or B. If DCH INACTIVE state is allowed and UE Type is A or B, the
RNC acts as if the DCH INACTIVE state was not allowed.
The RNC checks whether DCH INACTIVE state is allowed in the following transitions:
• CS AMR RAB added to existing PS BE RAB on FACH INACTIVE state
• DCH ACTIVE (minimum rate) state to DCH INACTIVE state
During the assignment of the initial rate, RNC checks whether or not the UE is of type
A, B, or C. For this UEs, the RNC always uses the UL:64 kbit/s, DL: 64 kbit/s rate. If this
rate is restricted by the operator, the RNC chooses the next closest rate supported by
the special UE type.
Tab. 2.1 shows the rate combinations that are supported by early UEs of
type A, B and C.
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

RAB combination RAB rate Special UE supported PS BE rate
RAB 1 RAB 2
RAB 1 RAB 2 UL DL UL DL Type A Type B Type C
8 8 -- -- Supported
16 16 -- -- --
32 8 -- -- --
32 32 -- -- --
Single call PS BE 32 64 -- -- --
64 8 -- -- --
64 64 Supported Supported Supported
64 144 -- -- --
64 256 -- -- --
128 128 -- -- --
128 384 -- -- --
144 144 -- -- --
12.2 12.2 0 0 -- -- Supported
12.2 12.2 8 8 -- -- Supported
12.2 12.2 32 32 -- -- --
12.2 12.2 64 64 Supported Supported Supported
Multi call AMR PS BE
12.2 12.2 64 256 -- -- --
UDI PS BE 64 64 8 8 -- -- Supported
64 64 64 64 -- -- --
Tab. 2.1 Rate combinations supported by early UEs
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
3 Functional Split
Not applicable
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

4 Man-Machine Interface
Parameter Type/Range Default Description/Remarks
Value
Event A configuration
Power offset for 0, 0.5, ..., 5.5, 6 (dB) 3 dB The power offset parameter is relative to
threshold A the maximum DPCCH DL Tx power and
(mandatory: per UTRAN threshold A. When the power exceeds this
cell) threshold, the PS I/B data rate is reduced.
Event A threshold (dB)= max Tx Code
Power - Power offset for threshold A
Power offset for 0, 0.5, … ,5.5, 6 (dB) 3 dB This parameter is used to define threshold
threshold A over Iur A on cells belonging to the DRNC.
Measurement hysteresis 1... 6000,… 10 ms Node B BB card limitation; (N*100ms)
time Actual range: 10 ms, rounded to the nearest 100 ms
20 ms, … 60000 ms (is performed by the Node B)
Measurement filter 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0 Filter coefficient for layer 3 filtering
coefficient 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, ...
Event F configuration
Power offset for 0, 0.5, … ,5.5, 6 (dB) 3 dB The power offset parameter is relative to
threshold F (relative to the power threshold A
threshold A) Event F threshold (dB) = Event A
threshold - Power offset for threshold F.
The default threshold should be changed
to 6 dB.
Power offset for 0, 0.5, … ,5.5, 6 (dB) 3 dB This parameter is used to define threshold
threshold F (relative to F on cells belonging to the DRNC.
threshold A) over Iur The default threshold should be changed
to 6 dB.
Measurement hysteresis 1... 6000,… 10 Node B BB card limitation (N*100ms)
time Actual range: 10 ms, (100 ms) rounded to the nearest 100 ms
20 ms, … 60000ms (is performed by the Node B)
Measurement filter 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0 Filter coefficient for layer 3 filtering
coefficient 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, ...
Tab. 4.1 Node B transmission code power dedicated measurement parameter
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
Parameter Type/Range Default Description/Remarks

Value
Averaging period 500 ... 50000 ms 1000 ms Downlink averaging period

(in steps of 100)
BRA rate decrease
Utilization threshold for 0 ... 100 % 20 % Describes the period of uplink and down-
BRA DL rate decrease (in steps of 1) link inactivity before the PS I/B RAB is
switched to the FACH;
0 means that inactivity is not monitored and
that the connection is not switched to the
FACH.
Time to trigger for BRA DL 0 ... 100 1 averaging Time to trigger for BRA
rate decrease averaging periods period DL rate decrease
(in steps of 1) The value should not be used. If 0 is used,
it has the same effect as the value 1.
BRA rate increase
Utilization threshold for 0 ... 100 % 80 % Describes the period of uplink and down-
BRA DL rate decrease (in steps of 1) link inactivity before the PS I/B RAB is
switched to the FACH;
that the connection is not switched to
FACH.
Time to trigger for BRA DL 0 ... 100 1 averaging Time to trigger for BRA
rate decrease averaging periods period DL rate decrease
(in steps of 1) The value should not be used. If 0 is used,
it has the same effect as the value 1.
Tab. 4.2 Buffer utilization measurement parameters
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

Parameter Range Default Description/Remarks

Value
BRA rate decrease

Time to trigger for BRA UL 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 1280 ms Time to trigger for BRA UL rate decrease
rate decrease 100, 120, 160, 200,
240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 (ms)
RLC buffer threshold for 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 8k bytes RLC buffer threshold for BRA UL rate
BRA UL rate decrease 256, 512, 1024, 2k, decrease
3k, 4k, 6k, 8k, 12k,
16k, 24k, 32k, 48k,
64k, 96k, 128k,
192k, 256k, 384k,
512k, 768k (bytes)
BRA rate increase
Time to trigger for BRA UL 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 1280 ms Time to trigger for BRA UL rate increase
rate increase 100, 120, 160, 200,
240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 (ms)
RLC buffer threshold for 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 64k bytes RLC buffer threshold for BRA UL rate
BRA UL rate increase 256, 512, 1024, 2k, increase
3k, 4k, 6k, 8k, 12k,
16k, 24k, 32k, 48k,
64k, 96k, 128k,
192k, 256k, 384k,
512k, 768k (bytes)
Tab. 4.3 Traffic volume measurement parameters
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
Parameter Range Default Description/Remarks

Value
Switching from DCH to FACH

Timer for the switch from 0 ... 65535 s 2s Period of uplink and downlink inactivity
DCH to FACH before the PS I/B RAB is switched to FACH;
the connection is not switched to FACH.
Switching from FACH to DCH
Timer for the switch from 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 20 ms Time to trigger for switching from FACH to
FACH to DCH 100, 120, 160, 200, DCH
240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 ms
Uplink upper transport 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 1024 Uplink upper transport channel traffic
channel traffic volume 256, 512, 1024, 2k, volume threshold
threshold 3k, 4k, 6k, 8k, 12k,
16k, 24k, 32k, 48k,
64k, 96k, 128k,
192k, 256k, 384k,
512k, 768k
Downlink upper transport 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 1024 Downlink upper transport channel traffic
channel traffic volume 256, 512, 1024, 2k, volume threshold
threshold 3k, 4k, 6k, 8k, 12k,
16k, 24k, 32k, 48k,
64k, 96k, 128k,
192k, 256k, 384k,
512k, 768k
Rate availability
Initial PS Interactive or 32/32, 64/64 kbit/s 64/64 kbit/s Maximum initial bit rate to be assigned
Background data rate during PS I/B RAB setup
UMR5.0 onward:
64/128, 64/384 kbit/s
Tab. 4.4 Radio bearer control parameters
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

5 Operating the Feature

The following parameter settings apply to the Bit Rate Adaptation feature:
1. Set the maximum initial PS interactive and back- ⇒ CLI command:

ground data rate. rbc (ini_pib)
GUI window:
Radio Bearer Control
Procedure:
-
2. Specify measurement information for event A and F. ⇒ CLI command:
dmi ; cell iub
GUI window:
- ; Cell
Procedure:
-
3. Specify uplink traffic volume information. ⇒ CLI command:
rbc
GUI window:
Procedure:
-
4. Specify downlink traffic volume information. ⇒ CLI command:
bumi
GUI window:
Buffer Utilization
Measurement Informa-
tion Window
Procedure:
-
5. Specify whether inactive PS interactive/background ⇒ CLI command:
RABs of multi-call services are reconfigured to rbc (dch_inact)
UL: 0 kbit/s, DL: 0 kbit/s. GUI window:
Procedure:
-
6. Specify whether fast bit rate adaptation switching is ⇒ CLI command:
triggered. rbc (tfach_dchue)
GUI window:
Procedure:
-
Additional tasks for radio resource management control are described in detail in the
OMN:Radio Network Configuration - Procedures.
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618
6 Abbreviations
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part
AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate
BB Baseband
BE Best Effort
BRA Bit Rate Adaptation
CM Configuration Management
CN Core Network
CS Circuit Switched
CTS Channel-Type Switching
DCH Dedicated Channel
DL Downlink
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DRNC Drift Radio Network Controller
DT Direct Transfer
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
I/B Interactive/Background
IE Information Element
Iu Interface between an RNC and a Core Network
Iur Interface between RNCs
FACH Forwarding Access Channel
HO Handover
LMT Local Maintenance Terminal
NBAP Node B Application Part
OMC Operation and Maintenance Center
PCH Paging Channel
PM Performance Measurements
PS Packet Switched
QoS Quality of Service
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RACH Remote Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part
RC Radio Commander
RL Radio Link
RLC Radio Link Control
RLS Radio Link Set
RNC Radio Network Controller
RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
RRC Radio Resource Control
SF Spreading Factor
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio
SMS Short Message Service
SRB Signaling Radio Bearer
Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

SRNC Serving Radio Network Controller

SSD Source Statistics Descriptor
TFC Transport Format Combination
TS Technical Specification
TTT Time-to-Trigger
Tx Transmit
UDI Unrestricted Digital Information
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Siemens AG:A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

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UTRAN

f Important Notice on Product Safety

The same text in German:

Copyright (C) Siemens AG / NEC Corporation 2004-2006.

Technical modifications possible.

Reason for Update

2.3.1 Clarification on determination of the initial rate

1 08/2004 First issue for new release.

2 01/2005 Description on handling of special UEs improved.

3 05/2005 Description on forced rate decrease updated.

4 08/2005 Additional bearer available.

5 12/2005 Description on event A updated (UMR4.0 onward),

6 09/2006 Clarification on determination of the initial rate during

Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

This document consists of 40 pages. All pages are issue 6.

5 Operating the Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

1.2 Customer Benefits

1.3 Inter-Working / Dependencies

Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

Radio link quality

384 kbit/s 128 kbit/s 64 kbit/s

Fig. 2.1 Coverage area for different bit rates

Need of the service

2.1 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality

2.1.1 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality During a PS BE Call in Uplink

2.1.2 Evaluation of the Radio Link Quality During a PS BE Call in Down-

Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

DL Transmitted T-Measurement Hysteresis Time

Good Link Radio Quality

Report A Report F Report F Report A Time

Fig. 2.3 Downlink radio link set quality state transition

2.1.2.1 Thresholds for Event A

Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

2.1.2.2 Thresholds for Event F

2.1.2.3 Update/Reset of Thresholds

2.2 Evaluation of the Need of the Service in Dedicated

2.2.1 Uplink Traffic Volume Measurements

2.2.2 Downlink Buffer Utilization Measurements

Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

averaging period averaging period

Frame counter = maximum util. curve (100 %)

average utilization 10/15 = 66 % 11/15 = 73 %

Fig. 2.4 Measuring and averaging buffer utilization

The average dedicated-channel utilization of a bearer is evaluated cyclically at the end

• Average utilization is below uthr_decr

2.3 Data Rate Allocation Strategy

2.3.1 Initial Data Rate Assignment on Dedicated Channels

Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

Step M2 - mapping to the transport format set

Initial rate and maximum rate selection

Siemens AG: A50016-G5000-Z131-6-7618

Minimum rate selection

Initial rate assignment failure

2.3.2 Subsequent Data Rate Allocation During Bit Rate Adaptation

Buffer utilization = low

Buffer utilization = low

Subsequent rate allocation in downlink Subsequent rate allocation in uplink

Fig. 2.5 Subsequent rate allocation

The increase/decrease of the downlink rate is triggered by: