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Arduino Programming: Jon Flanders @jonflanders

The document discusses the Arduino programming language and IDE. It describes the Arduino language as a simplified version of C that removes complex parts of C. It outlines basic syntax like comments, data types, operators, and flow control. It also discusses using libraries, writing sketches in the IDE, and how sketches are compiled and uploaded to boards.

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views

Arduino Programming: Jon Flanders @jonflanders

The document discusses the Arduino programming language and IDE. It describes the Arduino language as a simplified version of C that removes complex parts of C. It outlines basic syntax like comments, data types, operators, and flow control. It also discusses using libraries, writing sketches in the IDE, and how sketches are compiled and uploaded to boards.

Uploaded by

Gaming Purpose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arduino Programming

Jon Flanders
@jonflanders
What you will learn?

 How to use the Arduino programming language.


 The ins and outs of the Arduino IDE.
The Arduino programming language

 Is a simplified version of C
 Most of the “hard” parts of C are removed
 You don’t need to be a hardcore C programmer to program Arduino
 You will need to be if you decide to dive deeper
Basic syntax

 Not surprisingly the language contains the basic syntax you’d expect
 Comments
 //single line
 /* multi-line*/
 Curly braces define scope of functions and control structures
 {}
 Each line of code must end with a semi-colon
 #include to bring in additional header file for libraries (more on this
later)
 #define to define a constant
 replaced when found in code during pre-processing
Data types

 Again, no surprises
 void Basic data types you’d expect
in a modern C derived language
 boolean (true/false)
 char
 unsigned char
 byte
 int
 unsigned int
 word
 long
 unsigned long
 short
 float
 double
 array
 string (char array)
String

 In addition to string (note - lowercase) the language includes a String


object (note - upper case S)
 String is an object more like a Java or .NET String type
 functions added to make it easier to use than an array of chars
 things like concat, indexOf, toLowerCase etc.

char charString[] = “This is an ‘old’ style string”;

String strObj = “This is a ‘new’ style


string”;
String lower = strObj.toLowerCase();
Operators

 Operators you’d expect (not an inclusive list)


 equality (==)
 assignment (=)
 and (&&), or(||), not (!)
 Does include reference and dereference operators
 & and *
 Generally only used in very advanced scenarios - unless you are building shields or
the like you won’t need to use

+-/%
Flow Control

 In many ways loop is the main flow control construct in a sketch


 Language contains the typical flow control constructs you’d expect
 if, if..else, for, switch case, while, do...while, break, continue, return, goto
 Also includes time functions
 delay and delayMicroseconds to pause execution
 millis and micros report time since last reset
The Arduino IDE

 Environment based on the Processing (http://www.processing.org/)


environment
 To ease transition between the two environments
 Targeted specifically for Arduino
 Programs are known as “sketches”
 generally a single file with no extension
 no notion of “project” or “workspace/solution” in the IDE
 Runs on OSX, Windows, and Linux
 Built using Java
IDE Preferences

 Normal preferences dialog on each platform


 You can set font size etc
 These (plus more) preferences stored in text file
 /Users/<USERNAME>/Library/Arduino/preferences.txt (Mac)
 c:\Documents and Settings\<USERNAME>\Application Data\Arduino\preferences.txt
(Windows)
 ~/.arduino/preferences.txt (Linux)
Writing a sketch

 Generally a sketch follows a typical pattern


 #includes for any libraries you are using
 variables and constants for global use
 the setup function to initialize the board
 the loop function to execute your main logic
Tabs

 You can organize your code by using tabs


 Click on the tab button in the IDE
 down arrow on far right
 Can add, rename, delete, and move between tabs
 All tabs are files without extension
 All these files are added together as part of your sketch automatically
Sketch “building” (or how a sketch becomes an
executable)
 Arduino takes your sketch and pre-processes it
 turns it from “Arduino C” into legal “C”
 Compiles it using avr-gcc into an object file (binary)
 Links it against the Arduino binary libraries
 includes the appropriate “main”
 Output is a single Intel hex file

Your object Hex


Sketch files File
Sketch uploading

 Once the sketch has been compiled the IDE connects to the board
 Serial connection whether USB or serial
 uses avrdude to connect
 The hex file is written to the flash memory of the chip
 The Arduino bootloader loads the program and causes it to execute
 Bootloader takes up some of the flash memory
 For example the Uno has 32k - .5k is used by the bootloader
 You can (advanced) remove the bootloader and using an external chip programmer
 Sketch runs continuously until reset button is hit on the Arduino
 Once reset - the bootloader loads the program again and it starts over again
 Nice to have a “clear” (empty setup, empty loop) sketch around
Execution of a sketch

 setup function called first


 loop function called over and over
 Sketches never stop execution

SetSS
Setup

eSet
1801801
Loop

80
Arduino constructs

 To simplify programming against the board and common accessories


the language includes constants and functions for specific functionality
 No need to write code directly against the hardware
Functions & Constants

 pinMode - configures one of the digital pins for either input or output
 pinMode(pin,mode)
 Mode is one of three constants
 INPUT - pin accepts input
 OUTPUT - pin output
 INPUT_PULLUP - pin accepts input, but the result is inverted from INPUT
 digitalWrite will change the voltage of a pin set to OUTPUT mode
 digitalRead reads the voltage of a pin set to INPUT or INPUT_PULLUP
 HIGH and LOW constants are used to write or compare read values
 HIGH == 5v
 LOW == 0V
Other objects

 Stream base class for reading and writing binary and character streams
 not used directly
 Serial object used to read and write messages to the board over the
serial (again usually serial over USB) connection
 Can be used for diagnostics
Using libraries

 A number of standard libraries come with the Arduino IDE


 Ethernet,
 GSM
 Servo
 WiFI
 LiquidCrystal (LCD)
 Often a shield vendor will ship a library with a shield
 Using a library is as simple as adding the #include to the header file
 #include <Ethernet.h>
 You can create your own re-usable libraries as well
Building a library

 You might want a library for common functionality you use in multiple
sketches
 Steps
 create header file with class definition
 create a source file (C++) for that class
 Make a directory with same name as header and source file, put that inside of the
libraries subdirectory
 #include header file in your sketch
Summary

 The Arduino language is a simple but powerful language for controlling


boards, shields, and devices
 The IDE is a useful program for writing, organizing, and uploading your
sketches

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