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Introduction To Digital Logic

The document provides an overview of basic computer structures and introduces digital logic and number systems. It discusses the binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal numbering systems. Key points include: - Computers use the binary numbering system to represent data and instructions internally using the digits 0 and 1. - Different numbering systems have different radix or base numbers - binary is base 2, decimal is base 10, octal is base 8, and hexadecimal is base 16. - Each digit position in a number has a place value or weight determined by its place in the system's base. - Conversions can be done between numbering systems by expressing the value as a weighted sum of its digits based on the new

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yashmit mavi
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36 views

Introduction To Digital Logic

The document provides an overview of basic computer structures and introduces digital logic and number systems. It discusses the binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal numbering systems. Key points include: - Computers use the binary numbering system to represent data and instructions internally using the digits 0 and 1. - Different numbering systems have different radix or base numbers - binary is base 2, decimal is base 10, octal is base 8, and hexadecimal is base 16. - Each digit position in a number has a place value or weight determined by its place in the system's base. - Conversions can be done between numbering systems by expressing the value as a weighted sum of its digits based on the new

Uploaded by

yashmit mavi
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module I (8L)

Basic Structures of Computers


Introduction to Digital Logic, Basic Structure of Computers: Computer Types, Functional Units, Input Unit,
Memory Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit, Output Unit, Control Unit, Basic Operational Concepts: Fixed
and floating point Representation and Arithmetic Operations, Performance, Historical Perspective.

Introduction to Digital Logic:


Introduction to Number Systems : The binary numbering system and the representation of digital codes
with binary representation are the fundamentals of digital electronics. In this chapter a comprehensive
study of different numbering systems like decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal, are carried out. The
conversion and representation of a given number in any numbering system to other and a detailed analysis
of operations such as binary addition, multiplication, division and subtraction is introduced.

The System Radix


The base of a system, more properly called the RADIX, is the number of different values that can be
expressed using a single digit. Therefore the decimal system has a radix of 10, the octal system has a radix
of 8, hexadecimal is radix 16, and binary radix 2.

The Decimal Number System: The Decimal Number System uses base 10 and represented by arranging the
10 symbols i.e. 0 through 9, where these symbols were known as digits. The position of each symbol in a
given sequence has a certain numerical weight. It makes use of a Decimal point. The decimal number
system is thus represented as a weighted sum representation of symbols. Table 1.1 represents the weight
associated with the symbol in decimal numbering system.

…. 10000 1000 100 10 1 • 0.1 0.01 0.001 ….


…. 104 103 102 101 100 Decimal point 10-1 10-2 10-3 ….
Table 1.1: Weights associated with the position in Decimal numbering system.

Example : 835.25 = 8 x 102 + 3 x 101 + 5 x 100 + 2 x 10-1 + 5 x 10-2


= 8 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 5 x 1 + 2 x 0.1 + 5 x 0.01
= 800 + 30 + 5 + 0.2 + 0.05
= 835.25

The left most digit, which has the highest weight, is called the most significant digit, and the right most
digit, which has the least weight, is called the least significant digit.

The Binary Numbering System


The Binary Number System uses base 2 and represented by 0 and 1, these are known as bits also as Binary
Digits. The position of each bit in a given sequence has a numerical weight. It makes use of a Binary point.
Thus binary number system can be represented as a weighted sum of bits.

Equivalent
weight in …. 16 8 4 2 1 • 0.5 0.25 0.125 ….
decimal
Binary Binary
…. 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 ….
Powers point
Table1.2 represents the weight associated in binary numbering system.

Example: 101.11(2) = 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2


The Octal Numbering System
The Octal Number System uses base 8 and uses symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, these are known as Octal
digits. The position of each bit in a given sequence has a numerical weight. It makes use of a Octal point.
Thus binary number system can be represented as a weighted sum of digits. Table 1.2 represents the
weight associated in binary numbering system.

in
decimal … 4096 512 64 8 1 • 0.125 0.015625 … …
Equivale
nt weight
Octal
… 84 83 82 81 80 8-1 8-2 … …
point

Table 1.4: Weights associated with the position in Octal numbering system.
Example: 710.16 (8) = 7 x 82 + 1 x 81 + 0 x 80 + 1 x 8-1 + 6 x 8-2
Different Number Systems and Conversions
Binary, (base 2)
Binary has only two values 0 and 1. If larger values than 1 are needed, extra columns are added to the left.
Each column value is now twice the value of the column to its right. For example the decimal value three is
written 11 in binary (1 two + 1 one).
Octal, (base 8)
Octal has eight values 0 to 7. If larger values than 7 are needed, extra columns are added to the left. Each
column value is now 8 times the value of the column to its right. For example the decimal value twenty-
seven is written 33 in octal (3 eights + 3 ones).
Hexadecimal, (base 16)
Hexadecimal has sixteen values 0 to 15, but to keep all these values in a single column, the 16 values (0 to
15) are written as 0 to F, using the letters A to F to represent numbers 10 to 15, so avoiding the use of a
second column. Again, if higher values than 15 (F in hexadecimal) are needed, extra columns to the left are
used. Each column value is sixteen times that of the column to its right. For example the decimal value
sixty-
eight is written as 44 in hexadecimal (4 sixteens +
ones).
Each digit in the number is multiplied by the system radix raised to a power depending on its position
relative to the radix point. This is called the EXPONENT.

Hexadecimal exponents 98.216 = (9 x 161) + (8 x 160) + (2 x 16-1)


Octal exponents 56.28 = (5 x 81) + (6 x 80) + (2 x 8-1) (8 * 8-2)
Binary Exponents 10.12 = (1 x 21) + (0 x 20) + (1 x 2-1)

4 Bit Binary Representation


hen a number is stored in an electronic system, it is stored in a memory location having a fixed number of
binary bits. Some of these memory locations are used for general storage whilst others, having some
special function, are called registers. Wherever a number is stored, it will be held in some form of binary,
and must always have a set number of bits. Therefore a decimal number such as 13, which can be
expressed in four binary bits as 11012 becomes 000011012 when stored in an eight-bit register. This is
achieved by adding four NON SIGNIFICANT ZEROS to the left of the most significant ‘1’ digit.

Using this system, a binary register that is n bits wide can hold 2n values.
Therefore an 8 bit register can hold 28 values = 256 values (0 to 255)
A 4 bit register can hold 24 values = 16 values (0 to 15)

Binary to Decimal Conversion


101.11(2) = 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= 1 x 4 + 0 x 1 + 1 x 1 + 1 x 0.5 + 1 x 0.25
= 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 5.75(10)
Note: If you want to convert a number from any radix (R) to decimal then
Follow the formula:
Decimal Value = ∑i=0 (diri)
For Example:
101.11 (r) = 1 x r2 + 0 x r1 + 1 x r0 + 1 x r-1 + 1 x r-2
= Decimal Value
234.32 (8) = 2 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 4 x 80 + 3 x 8-1 + 2 x 8-2
= 2 x 64 + 3 x 8 + 4 x 1 + 3 x 0.125 + 2 x 0.015625
= 128 + 24 + 4 + 0.125 + 0.03125
= 156.15625 (10)

0.427 (8) = 4x 8-1 + 2 x 8-2 + 7 x 8-3


= 4 x 0.125 + 2 x 0.015625 + 7 x 0.001953125
= 0.544921875 (10)

Decimal To Any other Radix(r):


Let (B3 B2 B1 B0 .B-1 B-2 )10 = ( --- )r
(B3 B2 B1 B0 )/r  Apply division with the Radix
(B-1 B-2)* r  multiply with the radix until it repeats its result.

For Example: Write the binary equivalent of 29.625 (10) and 45 (10).

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