Coordinates: 51°N 9°E

Germany
Germany (German: Deutschland, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]
( listen) ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany,[e] is a
Federal Republic of Germany
country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German)
country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous
member state of the European Union. Germany is situated
between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to
the south; covering an area of 357,022 square kilometres
(137,847 sq mi), with a population of over 83 million within
its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north,
Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Flag
Coat of arms
Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium,
and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and Anthem: "Deutschlandlied"[a]
largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the (English: "Song of Germany")
largest urban area is the Ruhr.
0:00 / 0:00
Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of
modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named
Germania was documented before AD 100. In the 10th
century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy
Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German
regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation.
Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the
Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was
formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation-state
when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-
dominated German Empire. After World War I and the
German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced
by the semi-presidential Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of
power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World
War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in
Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was
divided into the Federal Republic of Germany, generally
known as West Germany, and the German Democratic
Republic, East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany
was a founding member of the European Economic
Community and the European Union, while the German
Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and
member of the Warsaw Pact. After the fall of communism,
German reunification saw the former East German states join
the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990—
becoming a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. Location of Germany (dark green)
– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the – in the European Union (light
largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy green)
by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global Capital Berlin[b]
leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors, and largest city 52°31′N 13°23′E
it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of
goods. As a developed country, which ranks very high on the Official language German[c]
Human Development Index, it offers social security and a and national
language
universal health care system, environmental protections, and a
tuition-free university education. Germany is a member of the Demonym(s) German
United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. It
Government Federal
has the fourth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage parliamentary
Sites. republic
• President Frank-Walter
Steinmeier
• Chancellor Angela Merkel
Contents • Vice Chancellor Olaf Scholz
Etymology Legislature
History • Upper house Bundesrat
Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire • Lower house Bundestag
East Francia and Holy Roman Empire Formation
German Confederation and Empire • Unification 18 January 1871
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany • Monarchy abolished 9 November
1918
East and West Germany • Nazi Germany 23 March 1933
Reunified Germany and the European Union • West–East division [d] 23 May 1949
Geography • Reunification 3 October 1990
Climate Area
Biodiversity • Total 357,022 km2
(137,847 sq mi)[4]
Politics (63rd)
Constituent states • Water (%) 1.27 (as of
Law 2015)[5]

Foreign relations Population

Military • 2020 estimate 83,190,556[6]
(18th)
Economy • Density 232/km2
Infrastructure (600.9/sq mi)
Tourism (58th)
GDP (PPP) 2021 estimate
Demographics
• Total $4.743 trillion[7]
Religion
(5th)
Languages • Per capita $56,956[7]
Education (15th)
Health GDP (nominal) 2021 estimate
Culture • Total $4.319 trillion[7]
(4th)
Music
• Per capita $51,860[7]
Art and design (15th)
Literature and philosophy
Gini (2019) 29.7[8]
Media low
Cuisine
HDI (2019) 0.947[9]
Sports very high · 6th
See also Currency Euro (€) (EUR)
Notes Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
References • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Sources Driving side right
External links ISO 3166 code DE
Internet TLD .de

Etymology
The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar
adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine.[11] The German term Deutschland, originally diutisciu land ("the
German lands") is derived from deutsch (cf. Dutch), descended from Old High German diutisc "of the people"
(from diot or diota "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and
its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "of the people" (see also the
Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- "people",
from which the word Teutons also originates.[12]

History
Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago.[13] The first non-modern human fossil
(the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley.[14] Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has
been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments
ever found,[15] the 40,000-year-old Lion Man,[16] and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels.[17] The
Nebra sky disk, created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.[18]

Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire

The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age.[19] From
southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the
Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.[20]

Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by
Arminius.[21] By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the
Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg,
southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman
provinces.[22][23][24] Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.[25] After the
invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther
southwest: the Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria,
and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes.[22]

East Francia and Holy Roman Empire

Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843[26] and the Holy Roman Empire
emerged from the eastern portion. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the
west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps.[26] The Ottonian rulers (919–1024)
consolidated several major duchies.[27] In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his
cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed
northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power
through the Investiture controversy.[28]
 Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes
encouraged German settlement to the south and east (Ostsiedlung).
Members of the Hanseatic League, mostly north German towns,
prospered in the expansion of trade.[29] Population declined starting
with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of
1348–50.[30] The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the
constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the
emperor by seven prince-electors.[31]

Johannes Gutenberg introduced

The Kingdom of East Francia in 843. moveable-type printing to Europe,
laying the basis for the
democratization of knowledge.[32]
In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation; the 1555 Peace of
Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism), but also decreed
that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects (cuius regio, eius
religio).[33] From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–
1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced
the population.[34][35]

The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial

Estates;[34] their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose Roman
Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion.[36]
The legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately
1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Martin Luther (1483–1546),
Diet.[37] The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the Protestant Reformer
death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of Austrian Succession and
the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as
Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Emperor.[38][39]

From 1740, dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated
German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the
Partitions of Poland.[40][41] During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic era and the
subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic
territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved;
France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the
Napoleonic Wars.[42]

German Confederation and Empire

Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of
39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the
Congress's rejection of Prussia's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise
of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von
Metternich.[43][44] The Zollverein, a tariff union, furthered economic unity.[45] In light of revolutionary
movements in Europe, intellectuals and commoners started the revolutions of 1848 in the German states,
raising the German Question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with
a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the
movement.[46]
King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President
of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with
Denmark in 1864; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the
Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German
Confederation which excluded Austria. After the defeat of France in
the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the
founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant
constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its
Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.[47][48]

In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany,

Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany secured
Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding
The German Confederation in 1815
war.[48] However, under Wilhelm II, Germany took an imperialistic
course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries.[49] A dual
alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary;
the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect
against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[50]
At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German
South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun.[51] Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to
include holdings in the Pacific and China.[52] The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day
Namibia), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as
punishment for an uprising;[53][54] this was the 20th century's first genocide.[54]

The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to
attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million
German soldiers were killed,[55] a general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November
1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a
federal republic. Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the
Allies. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of
Adolf Hitler.[56] Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in
Africa and the South Sea.[57]

Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany

On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution.[58] In the
subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements elsewhere
attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the
occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt
restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic
innovation and liberal cultural life.[59][60][61]

The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a
policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932.[62] The Nazi
Party led by Adolf Hitler won a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of
Germany on 30 January 1933.[63] After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first
Nazi concentration camp opened.[64][65] The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power,
overriding the constitution;[66] his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the
League of Nations, and dramatically increased the country's rearmament.[67] A government-sponsored
programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the autobahn.[68]
 In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the
Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities.[69] Germany also
reacquired control of the Saarland in 1935,[70] remilitarised the Rhineland in
1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the
Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied
Czechoslovakia in March 1939.[71] Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) saw
the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass
arrests of Jewish people.[72]

Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi

Germany (1933–1945)

In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated the

Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe
into German and Soviet spheres of influence.[73] On 1
September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning
World War II in Europe;[74] Britain and France declared
war on Germany on 3 September.[75] In the spring of
1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing
the French government to sign an armistice. The British German-occupied Europe in 1942 during World War
repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the II
same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia,
Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and
her allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory at the Battle
of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered
repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe; the Western allies landed in France
and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of
Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.[74][76] Following the end of the
war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.[77][78]

In what later became known as the Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities, including
interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically
murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of
Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious
opponents.[79] Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million
Poles,[80] 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war.[81][77]
German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million,[82] and around 900,000 German civilians
died.[83] Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost
roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.[84]

East and West Germany

After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four
occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States,
were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik
Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (German:
Deutsche Demokratische Republik; DDR). They were informally
known as West Germany and East Germany.[86] East Germany
selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as
a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution
was temporary.[87]

West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic

with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany
became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall
Plan.[88] Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor of
Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth
American, Soviet, British, and
(Wirtschaftswunder) beginning in the early 1950s.[89] West Germany
French occupation zones in
joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European
Germany and the French-controlled
Economic Community.[90] Saar Protectorate, 1947. Territories
east of the Oder-Neisse line were
East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military transferred to Poland and the Soviet
control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Union under the terms of the
Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power Potsdam Conference.[85]
was exercised solely by leading members (Politbüro) of the
communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by
the Stasi, an immense secret service.[91] While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the
GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the
West for freedom and prosperity.[92] The Berlin Wall, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from
escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the Cold War.[93]

Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's
Ostpolitik.[94] In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria,
causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had
devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to
help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led
to an acceleration of the Wende reform process culminating in the Two Plus Four Treaty under which
Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the
accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR.[95] The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a
symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and Die
Wende.[96]

Reunified Germany and the European Union

United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West

Germany so it retained its memberships in international
organisations.[97] Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again
became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique
status of a Bundesstadt (federal city) retaining some federal
ministries.[98] The relocation of the government was completed in
1999, and modernisation of the east German economy was scheduled
to last until 2019.[99][100]
The Berlin Wall during its fall in 1989,
Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the
with the Brandenburg Gate in the
European Union, signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the
background
Lisbon Treaty in 2007,[101] and co-founding the Eurozone.[102]
Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan
as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.[103][104]

In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government
approved a €50 billion stimulus plan.[105] Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century
are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition (Energiewende) for a sustainable energy
supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate (pronatalism), and high-
tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0.[106] Germany was
affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015: the country took in over a million migrants and developed a
quota system which redistributed migrants around its states.[107]

Geography
Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe;[4] bordering Denmark to
the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast,
and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium
are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is
also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea.
German territory covers 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of
348,672 km2 (134,623 sq mi) of land and 8,350 km2 (3,224 sq mi) of water.

Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze
at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea
(Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The
forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany
(lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at Physical map of Germany
3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level [108]) are traversed by such major
rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include
iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.[4]

Climate

Most of Germany has a temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north to continental in the east and
southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to mild and are generally overcast with limited
precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have
prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and
increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.[109]

From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C
(37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019.[110] Average monthly precipitation
ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February
2020.[111] Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019.[112]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was 42.6 °C on 25 July 2019 in Lingen and the lowest
was −37.8 °C on 12 February 1929 in Wolnzach.[113][114]

Biodiversity

The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions: Atlantic mixed forests, Baltic mixed
forests, Central European mixed forests, Western European broadleaf forests, and Alps conifer and mixed
forests.[115] As of 2016 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14%
is covered by settlements or infrastructure.[116]

Plants and animals include those generally common to Central

Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches, oaks,
and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests;
roughly 60% are conifers, particularly spruce and pine.[117] There are
many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals
include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep),
fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver.[118] The
blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.[119] Berchtesgaden National Park

The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National

Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz
National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black
Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the
Berchtesgaden National Park.[120] In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves,[121] and 105 nature
parks.[122] More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany.[123] The Berlin Zoo, which opened in
1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.[124]

Politics
Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative
democratic republic. Federal legislative power is vested
in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal
Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together
form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected
through direct elections using the mixed-member
proportional representation system. The members of the
Bundesrat represent and are appointed by the
governments of the sixteen federated states.[4] The
German political system operates under a framework
laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the
Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally Frank-Walter Steinmeier Angela Merkel
require a two-thirds majority of both the Bundestag and President Chancellor
the Bundesrat; the fundamental principles of the
constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal
structure, and the rule of law, are valid in perpetuity.[125]

The president, currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier, is the head of state and invested primarily with
representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an
institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates.[4] The second-
highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (president of the Bundestag),
who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.[126] The third-
highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after
being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the Bundestag.[4] The chancellor, currently
Angela Merkel, is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet.[4]

Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social
Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However,
the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance '90/The Greens have also been junior partners in
coalition governments. Since 2007, the left-wing populist party The Left has been a staple in the German
Bundestag, though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election,
the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament
for the first time.[127][128]

Constituent states

Germany is a federal state and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as
Länder.[129] Each state has its own constitution,[130] and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal
organisation.[129] As of 2017 Germany is divided into 401 districts (Kreise) at a municipal level; these consist
of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.[131]

Schleswig-Holstein
Mecklenburg-
Hamburg Vorpommern

Bremen
Lower Saxony Berlin
Saxony-
Anhalt Brandenburg

North Rhine-
Westphalia Saxony
Thuringia
Hesse

Rhineland-Palatinate

Saarland
Bavaria
Baden-
Württemberg

Nominal GDP
Nominal GDP
Area Population per capita
State Capital billions EUR
(km2) [132] (2018) [133] EUR
(2015) [134]
(2015) [134]
Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,751 11,069,533 461 42,800
Bavaria Munich 70,550 13,076,721 550 43,100
Berlin Berlin 892 3,644,826 125 35,700
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,654 2,511,917 66 26,500
Bremen Bremen 420 682,986 32 47,600
Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,841,179 110 61,800
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,265,809 264 43,100
Mecklenburg-
Schwerin 23,214 1,609,675 40 25,000
Vorpommern
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,593 7,982,448 259 32,900
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,113 17,932,651 646 36,500
 Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,854 4,084,844 132 32,800
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 990,509 35 35,400
Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,077,937 113 27,800
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,452 2,208,321 57 25,200
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,802 2,896,712 86 31,200
Thuringia Erfurt 16,202 2,143,145 57 26,400
Germany Berlin 357,386 83,019,213 3025 37,100

Law

Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law.[135] The
Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for
constitutional matters, with power of judicial review.[136] Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for
civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other
affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the
Federal Administrative Court.[137]

Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches
Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection
of the public.[138] Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious
political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges (Schöffen) sit side by side with
professional judges.[139][140]

Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 as of 2016.[141] In 2018, the overall crime rate
fell to its lowest since 1992.[142]

Foreign relations

Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad[144] and

maintains relations with more than 190 countries.[145] Germany is a
member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and
the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since
its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all
neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of
a more unified European political, economic and security
apparatus.[146][147][148] The governments of Germany and the United Germany hosted the G20 summit in
States are close political allies.[149] Cultural ties and economic Hamburg, 7–8 July 2017.[143]
interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in
Atlanticism.[150]

The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The
German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.[151] It
was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.[152]

Military
Germany's military, the Bundeswehr, is organised into the Heer (Army and special forces KSK), Marine
(Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force), Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr (Joint Medical Service) and
Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th
highest in the world.[153] In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP,
well below the NATO target of 2%.[154][155]

As of January 2020, the Bundeswehr has a strength of 184,001 active

soldiers and 80,947 civilians.[156] Reservists are available to the
armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments
abroad.[157] Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at
age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a
voluntary service.[158][159] Since 2001 women may serve in all
functions of service without restriction.[160] According to SIPRI,
Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world
from 2014 to 2018.[161]
A German Navy Brandenburg-class
frigate In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of
Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become
commander-in-chief of the Bundeswehr.[162] The role of the
Bundeswehr is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal
Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders
of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of
Germany anywhere in the world. As of 2017, the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign
countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against
Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.[163][164]

Economy
Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour
force, a low level of corruption, and a high level of
innovation.[4][166][167] It is the world's third largest exporter and third
largest importer of goods,[4] and has the largest economy in Europe,
which is also the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal
GDP,[168] and the fifth-largest by PPP.[169] Its GDP per capita
measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the
EU27 average (100%).[170] The service sector contributes
approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture Frankfurt is a leading business
1% as of 2017.[4] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat centre in Europe and the seat of the
amounts to 3.2% as of January 2020, which is the fourth-lowest in the European Central Bank.[165]
EU.[171]

Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 450 million consumers.[172] In
2017, the country accounted for 28% of the Eurozone economy according to the International Monetary
Fund.[173] Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro, in 2002.[174] Its monetary policy is
set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt.[175][165]

Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive
and innovative in the world,[176] and is the fourth largest by production.[177] The top 10 exports of Germany
are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport
equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.[178] Germany is one of the largest exporters
globally.[179]
Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the Fortune Global
500, 29 are headquartered in Germany.[180] 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the
German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange.[181] Well-known international
brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Bosch and
Deutsche Telekom.[182] Berlin is a hub for startup companies and has become the leading location for venture
capital funded firms in the European Union.[183] Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised
small and medium enterprises, known as the Mittelstand model.[184] These companies represent 48% global
market leaders in their segments, labelled Hidden Champions.[185]

Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy.[186] In 2018 Germany
ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published.[187] Research
institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, and the Fraunhofer
Society and the Leibniz Association.[188] Germany is the largest contributor to the European Space
Agency.[189]

Infrastructure

With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the
continent.[190] Its road network is among the densest in Europe.[191]
The motorway (Autobahn) is widely known for having no federally
mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles.[192] The
InterCityExpress or ICE train network serves major German cities as
well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to
300 km/h (190 mph).[193] The largest German airports are Frankfurt
Airport and Munich Airport.[194] The Port of Hamburg is one of the
An ICE 3 on the Cologne–Frankfurt
top twenty largest container ports in the world.[195] high-speed rail line

In 2015, Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of

energy.[196] The government and the nuclear power industry agreed
to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021.[197] It meets the country's power demands using 40%
renewable sources.[198] Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting
biodiversity, low emission standards, and water management.[199][200][201] The country's household recycling
rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%.[202] The country's greenhouse gas emissions per
capita were the ninth highest in the EU in 2018.[203] The German energy transition (Energiewende) is the
recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.[204]

Tourism

Germany is the ninth most visited country in the world as of 2017,

with 37.4 million visits.[205] Berlin has become the third most visited
city destination in Europe.[206] Domestic and international travel and
tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German
GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports
4.2 million jobs.[207]

Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Cologne

Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria
Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, the Dresden
Frauenkirche, Neuschwanstein Castle, Heidelberg Castle, the
Wartburg, and Sanssouci Palace.[208] The Europa-Park near Freiburg
is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.[209]
Demographics
With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census,[210] rising to 83.1 million as of 2019,[6]
Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second-most populous country in Europe
after Russia, and the nineteenth-most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227
inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is
80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females).[4] The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per
woman (2011 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the lowest fertility rates in the
world.[4] Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing
increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of
well-educated migrants. Germany has the third oldest population in the world, with an average age of 47.4
years.[4]

Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in
their respective regions for centuries:[211] There is a Danish minority in the northernmost state of Schleswig-
Holstein;[211] the Sorbs, a Slavic population, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg; the Roma
and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast
and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.[211]

After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. The
majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents,
18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons
descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates).[212] In 2015, the Population Division of
the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest
number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants.[213] As of
2018, Germany ranks fifth amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's
population, at 12.9%.[214]

Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions. The country's
largest city is Berlin, while its largest urban area is the Ruhr.[215]

Religion

The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion

in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8%
of those not being church members.[216] 31.7% declared themselves
as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in
Germany (which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and
administrative or confessional unions of both traditions) and the free
churches (German: Evangelische Freikirchen); 31.2% declared
themselves as Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers constituted
Cologne Cathedral is a UNESCO
1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the
World Heritage Site.
Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the
population.[217][218] Islam is the second largest religion in the
country.[219] In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population
(1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a
disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have
made use of their right not to answer the question.[220] Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from
Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions
comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.[219]
A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or
denomination,[221] though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is
strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of
state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.[222][223]

Languages

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.[224] It is one of 24 official and working
languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the European
Commission.[225] German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100
million native speakers.[226]

Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian,
Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for
Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish,
the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be
able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.[224]

Education

Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily

organised within the individual states. Optional kindergarten
education is provided for all children between three and six years old,
after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years.
Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.[227] Secondary
schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue
academic or vocational education.[228] A system of apprenticeship
called Duale Ausbildung leads to a skilled qualification which is
almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in
vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade Heidelberg University is Germany's
school.[227] This model is well regarded and reproduced all around oldest institution of higher learning
the world.[229] and generally counted among its
most prestigious.
Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students
traditionally study without fee payment.[230] The general requirement
for university is the Abitur. According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading
destination for international study.[231] The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in
the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest.[232] The Humboldt University of
Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic
model for many Western universities.[233][234] In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven
Universities of Excellence.

Health

Germany's system of hospitals, called Krankenhäuser, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the
world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s.[236] Since
the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a
health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health
insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization,
Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23%
privately funded as of 2013.[237] In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its
GDP on health care.[238]

Germany ranked 20th in the world in 2013 in life expectancy with 77

years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant
mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births). In 2019, the principal cause of
death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%.[239] Obesity in Germany
The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in
has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study
Lübeck, established in 1286, is a
showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was
precursor to modern hospitals.[235]
overweight or obese.[240]

Culture
See also Science and technology in Germany.

Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and

popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically,
Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker ("the
land of poets and thinkers"),[241] because of the major role its writers
and philosophers have played in the development of Western
thought.[242] A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that
Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the
world in 2013 and 2014.[243][244]
A typical German Weihnachtsmarkt
Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest (Christmas market) in Dresden
and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas
pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices.[245][246]
As of 2016 UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List.[247] There are a
number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of
Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit (German Unity Day).[248]

Music

German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-
known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg
Friedrich Händel were influential composers of the Baroque period. Ludwig
van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and
Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann
and Johannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers. Richard Wagner
was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late
Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Wolfgang Rihm
are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.[249]

As of 2013, Germany was the second largest music market in Europe, and
Ludwig van Beethoven fourth largest in the world.[250] German popular music of the 20th and 21st
(1770–1827), composer
centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock,
heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie, Volksmusik (folk music), schlager
pop and German hip hop. German electronic music gained global influence,
with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre.[251] DJs and artists of the techno and house
music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Felix Jaehn, Paul Kalkbrenner, Robin
Schulz and Scooter).[252]

Art and design

German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht

Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald
and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German
artists of the Renaissance, Johann Baptist Zimmermann of
the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg
of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and
Max Ernst of Surrealism. Several German art groups
formed in the 20th century; Die Brücke (The Bridge) and
Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) influenced the
development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The C.D. Friedrich, Franz Marc, Roe Deer in
New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism Wanderer above the the Forest (1914)
during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad Sea of Fog (1818)
trends in German art include neo-expressionism and the
New Leipzig School.[253]

Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors
of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance
and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance).[253] Vernacular
architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing (Fachwerk) traditions and varies across
regions, and among carpentry styles.[254] When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a
distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as Gründerzeit style. Expressionist
architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles. Germany
was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann
Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius.[253] Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he
conceived of the glass façade skyscraper.[255] Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Pritzker
Prize winners Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto.[256]

German designers became early leaders of modern product design.[257] The Berlin Fashion Week and the
fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.[258]

Literature and philosophy

German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der
Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales
published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level.[259] The Grimms also
gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles;
their Deutsches Wörterbuch, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in
1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.[260]

Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich
Böll and Günter Grass.[261] The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States
and China.[262] The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading,
 with a tradition spanning over 500 years.[263] The Leipzig Book Fair also
retains a major position in Europe.[264]

German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's

contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant;
the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte,
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling;
Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the
formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels;
Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's
contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works
The Brothers Grimm on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the
collected and published Frankfurt School has been particularly influential.[265]
popular German folk tales.

Media

The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel
Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some
38 million TV households.[266] Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety
of free-to-view public and commercial channels.[267] There are more than 300 public and private radio stations
in Germany; Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio and the public Deutsche Welle is the
main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.[267] Germany's print market of
newspapers and magazines is the largest in Europe.[267] The papers with the highest circulation are Bild,
Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt.[267] The largest magazines include
ADAC Motorwelt and Der Spiegel.[267] Germany has a large video gaming market, with over 34 million
players nationwide.[268]

German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to

film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an
audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was
established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the
world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German
expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau.
Director Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) is referred to as the first major
science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate
post-war period can be characterised as Trümmerfilm (rubble film).
East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio DEFA,
Babelsberg Studio near Berlin, the
while the dominant genre in West Germany was the Heimatfilm world's first large-scale film studio
("homeland film").[269] During the 1970s and 1980s, New German
Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim
Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.

The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production Die
Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum) in 1979, to Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa) in 2002, and to Das
Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in
other films. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the
European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden
Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. The "Lolas" are annually
awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards.[270]
Cuisine

German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions
share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and
Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International
varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and
doner kebab are also popular.

Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce

about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls
(Brötchen).[271] German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese
produced in Europe.[272] In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany
was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages
in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts.[273] The
national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands Bavarian Bratwurst with
at 110 litres (24 imp gal; 29 US gal) in 2013 and remains among the highest in mustard, a pretzel and beer
the world. [274] German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th
century. [275] Wine is becoming more popular in many parts of the country,
especially close to German wine regions.[276] In 2019, Germany was the ninth largest wine producer in the
world.[277]

The 2018 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, giving the country a cumulative
total of 300 stars.[278]

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than

7 million official members, the German Football Association
(Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest single-sport organisation
worldwide,[279] and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts
the second highest average attendance of all professional sports
leagues in the world.[280] The German men's national football team
The German national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014,[281] the
after winning the FIFA World Cup for
UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996,[282] and the
the fourth time in 2014. Football is
FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.[283]
the most popular sport in Germany.
Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world.
Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers
in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (as of 2017).[284]
The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven
Formula One World Drivers' Championships.[285] Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful
Formula One drivers of all time.[286]

Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-
time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last
country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936: the Berlin Summer Games and
the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.[287] Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.[288]

See also
Index of Germany-related articles
 Outline of Germany

Notes
a. From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Deutschlandlied" was the national anthem, but only the third
verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national
anthem.[1]
b. Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former
provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal
city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.[2]
c. Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter
for Regional or Minority Languages.[3]
d. The Federal Republic of Germany was proclaimed on the British, American and French
occupation zones on 23 May 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed from
the Soviet occupation zone on 7 October 1949.
e. German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen))[10]

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External links
Official site of the Federal Government (http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/EN/Homep
age/_node.html)
Official Germany tourism website (http://www.germany.travel/en/index.html)
Germany (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607) from the BBC News
Germany (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/). The World Factbook.
Central Intelligence Agency.
Germany (https://web.archive.org/web/20081013203955/http://www.oecd.org/germany) from
the OECD
Germany (https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/germany_e
n) at the EU
Geographic data related to Germany (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/51477) at
OpenStreetMap

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